A
Aberrations, chromatic, and lenses, 49, 51
Absolute index of refraction, definition, 49
Absorption
reflection role, 48
ADC, see Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
Adobe Acrobat®, PDF creation, 145
Algorithms
in files, 134
Aliasing, in image creation, 83
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
in digital imaging, 71
in quantization, 73
Angle of incidence, and reflection, 46–47
Angle of view, and lens type, 57–58
Anti-blooming technology, definition, 31
Aperture, in lens function, 54–55
Apochromatic lens, characteristics, 51
Area arrays, and digital backs, 18
Array processor, in quantization, 75
Arrays
and digital backs, 18
in sensor capture, 35
Artifacts, in hybrid digital photography, 173
Autofocus lens, characteristics, 58, 60
Average-value metering, and exposure, 104
B
Backs
digital backs, 18
scanning backs, 18
tethering, 20
Balancing
color, 163
daylight balance, 126
neutral tones, 114–116, 121–122, 130
post-capture correction, 153, 155
shift and stretch, 156–157, 159
Banding, as exposure factor, 76
Basic daylight exposure (BDE), characteristics, 94–95
Batch processing, and neutral tone balancing, 115–116
Bayer array
in color acquisition, 81
in sensor capture, 35
BDE, see Basic daylight exposure (BDE)
Bicubic resampling, for file expansion, 136
Binary numbering system, in files, 134
Bit color
and file size and detail, 135
in GIFs, 143
in hybrid digital imaging, 181
sensor size vs. film, 170
Bit order, in files, 136
Blooming
in capture, 69
definition, 31
Broughton, Christopher, on location workflow approach, 123, 125–127
C
Camera obscura
definition, 11
improvements to, 12
Camera operational controls
in digital workflow, 113
in studio digital workflow, 120
Camera systems
and JPEGs, 141
point-and-shoot, 12
tethered systems, 110, 116–120
view, 15
Capture
Capture devices
in mobile phones, 14
CCD, see Charge-coupled device (CCD)
CD, see Compact Disc (CD)
CEPS, see Color electronic prepress system (CEPS)
Charge-coupled device (CCD)
definition, 4
development, 4
in digital imaging, 71
Chips
active sites, 38
sensors as, 31
Chromatic aberrations, and lenses, 49, 51
CIE, see Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage (CIE)
Circle of confusion, in lens function, 54
Cleanliness, in digital workflow, 111
Clipping, and highlight-detail metering, 104
CMOS, see Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
CMYK, see Cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK)
Collimators, and digital lenses, 60–61
Color
acquisition in image creation, 81–82
balancing, and curves, 163
in hybrid digital imaging, 173, 181
sampling effects, 85
Colored gels, in studio digital workflow, 122
Color electronic prepress system (CEPS)
definition, 4
development, 5
and digital imaging, 2
Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage (CIE), for color system, 135
Compact Disc (CD), for photo storage, 176
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
development, 5
Compression
definition, 18
Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression, 140
in professional cameras, 18
Compuserve®, GIF development, 143
Computers, see also Software
and digital imaging, 2
and hybrid digital photography, 175–176
and image capture, 117
Macintosh®, and TIFFs, 140
TIFF compression, 140
Consumer cameras, types, 15–16
Crown glass, absolute index of refraction, 49
Curves
and color balancing, 159–160, 163
shift and stretch adjustments, 157, 159
Cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK), balancing curves, 160, 163
D
Daguerreotype, as early process, 4
Dark frame reduction, as exposure factor, 76–77
Dark noise, as exposure factor, 76
Dark-tone metering, and exposure, 101–102
Daylight balance, on location digital workflow, 126
dB, see Decibel (dB)
Decibel (dB), as exposure factor, 78
Depletion layer, as photodiode part, 28
Depth of field
overcoming photographic limitations, 129–130
in studio digital workflow, 120
Detail, in image creation, 82–83, 85
Diffraction, and lenses, 51
Digital backs, in professional cameras, 18
Digital imaging overview
and computers, 2
definition, 1
vs. film-based photography, 1
and fine artists, 5
image manipulation, 4
and mobile phones, 6
and Moore’s law, 2
Photoshop®, 6
and publishing field, 2
simplicity, 4
Digital prepress, see Color electronic prepress system (CEPS)
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), for photo storage, 176
Doping, photodiodes, 28
DVD, see Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
Dynamic range
as exposure factor, 78
in hybrid digital imaging, 177, 179, 181
E
Electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
definition, 28
as exposure factor, 75
Electronic processing, digital images, 71–72
Electronics, and hybrid digital photography, 175–176
Electronic sequencing, in image creation, 67–68
Electronic shutters, in image creation, 68
Electroplating, in sensor manufacture, 33
EMS, see Electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
Encapsulated Post Script (EPS), characteristics, 143
EPS, see Encapsulated Post Script (EPS)
Exposure
average-value metering, 104
basic daylight exposure, 94–95
highlight-detail metering, 102, 104
and ISO, f-stop, shutter speed, 92, 94
light meter types, 95–96, 98–99
on location digital workflow, 126
metering basics, 68, 95–96, 98–99
in studio digital workflow, 121–123
tonal placement metering, 100–101
F
File format
definition, 134
EPS, 143
GIF, 143
JPEG, 141
Photoshop®; Documents, 140–141
Files
bit order, 136
size reduction via software, 85
Fill factor
definition, 33
sensor size vs. film, 172
Film
vs. digital imaging, 1
vs. digital resolution, 85
in hybrid digital imaging, 170, 172–173, 177, 179
Filter matrix, in sensor capture, 35
Filters, and color acquisition, 81
Fine artists, and digital imaging, 5
Flare, in optics, 47
Flash, and spectral composition, 151
Flatbed scanners, sensors, 20, 22
Fluorescent light, and spectral composition, 151–152
Four-Thirds standard (4/3rds), in optics, 48–49
Foveon X3®; chip
and color acquisition, 82
for color capture, 36
color interpolation vs. scanned color, 173
in hybrid digital photography, 172
Frame interline transfer, sensor signal processing, 38
f-stop
in lens function, 54
overcoming photographic limitations, 129
Fuji®; SR sensor, photodiode use, 78
G
Gamma adjustment, and neutral tone balancing, 116, 123
Gate, as photodiode part, 28
Gels, in studio digital workflow, 122
GIF, see Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), characteristics, 143
H
Hg, medium arc, iodine lamps, see Metallic halide lamps (HMI lamps)
Highlight-detail metering, and exposure, 102, 104
Highlights
in hybrid digital imaging, 179
in studio digital workflow, 121
Histograms
and exposure, 114
and post-capture correction, 153, 155
HMI lamps, see Metallic halide lamps (HMI lamps)
Horizon, on location digital workflow, 126
Hot mirror
as exposure factor, 76
in sensors, 37
Hybrid digital photography
color gamut, 181
color interpolation vs. scanned color, 173
as photography choice, 169–170
sensor size vs. film, 170, 172–173
spectral sensitivity, 175
Hyperfocal distance, in lens function, 55
I
Image creation
overview, 67
sampling and detail, 82–83, 85
Incident meters, characteristics, 96
Indium tin oxide (ITO)
in optics, 48
Interline transfer, sensor signal processing, 38
International Color Commission, see Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage (CIE)
International Standards Organization (ISO), as exposure factor, 75, 92, 94
ISO, see International Standards Organization (ISO)
ITO, see Indium tin oxide (ITO)
Jaggies, in image creation, 83
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), characteristics, 141
JPEG, see Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
L
Laminating, in sensor manufacture, 33
LCD, see Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
LeafaxTM device, in photojournalism, 5
Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) compression, and TIFFs, 140
Lenses
autofocus, 58
calculations, 52
perspective-correcting lens, 125
retrofocus lens, 58
sensor micro-lens, 37
SLR, see Single-lens reflex (SLR)
through-the-lens meters, 96
wide-angle lens, 120
zoom lens, 58
Levels, shift and stretch adjustments, 157
Light balancing
and spectral composition, 150–152
Lighting
overcoming photographic limitations, 127, 129
and spectral composition, 150–152
in studio digital workflow, 119–120
Light meters, types, 95–96, 98–99
Linear array, and digital backs, 18
Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
definition, 12
exposure concerns, 113
Location digital workflow, approach, 123, 125–127
Lossless compression, in files, 136
Lossy compression, method overview, 136–137
LZW compression, see Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) compression
M
Macintosh® platform, TIFFs, 140
McConnell, Russ, overcoming photographic limitations, 127, 129–130
Metadata, in files, 135
Metallic halide lamps (HMI lamps), and spectral composition, 152
Metal oxide semiconductors (MOS), as sensor type, 27
Metering
average-value metering, 104
for exposure, 68
highlight-detail metering, 102, 104
incident meters, 96
reflective meters, 96
through-the-lens meters, 96
tonal placement metering, 100–101
Micro-lens, in sensors, 37
Midday sunlight, see Skylight
Miles, Scott, in studio workflow approach, 118–123
Mobile phones
capture devices, 14
and digital imaging, 6
Monochromatic sensor, filters, 36–37
Moore’s law, and digital imaging, 2
MOS, see Metal oxide semiconductors (MOS)
Mosaic, in sensor capture, 35
Multicoatings, in optics, 47
N
Negative films, dynamic range, 177, 179
Neutral balancing
and post-capture correction, 153
and spectral composition, 150
Neutral tone balancing
overcoming photographic limitations, 130
in studio digital workflow, 121–122
Noise
definition, 40
as exposure factor, 76
reduction via software, 78
Non-exposure noise, as exposure factor, 76
Normal lens, characteristics, 57
Nyquest limit, in image creation, 83
O
Optics
Four-Thirds standard (4/3rds), 48–49
light wavelength, 48
overview, 45
Overexposure, in digital workflow, 114
P
PC platforms, TIFFs, 140
PDA, see Personal digital assistant (PDA)
PDF, see Personal Document Files (PDF)
Pentaprisms, definition, 15
Perceptual constancy, and neutral tone balancing, 114
Personal digital assistant (PDA), for image capture, 14
Personal Document Files (PDF), characteristics, 143, 145
Perspective-correcting lens, on location workflow, 125
Photodetectors, see Photodiodes
Photodiodes, see also Pixels
in Fuji® SR sensor, 78
layers, 28
primary parts, 28
Photoetching, in sensor manufacture, 33
Photographic process overview
and amateur market, 6
and computers, 2
convenient picture-making methods, 4–5
digital imaging vs. film-based, 1–2
Moore’s law, 2
“photography” word derivation, 149
and publishing field, 2
silver halide photography, 1
Photojournalism
and digital imaging, 4
LeafaxTM device, 5
Photons, and photodiode, 30–31
Photoshop® and digital imaging, 6
Photoshop® Document (PSD), characteristics, 140–141
Pixel packing, in files, 137
Pixels, see also Photodiodes
definition, 87
as exposure factor, 78
resampling and enlargement, 136
sensor size vs. film, 170
shift and stretch, 156
Pixels per inch (PPI), in image creation, 82
Plating, in sensor manufacture, 33
Point processes
in post-capture correction, 155
shift and stretch, 156–157, 159
Point-and-shoot cameras, definition, 12
Polaroid® dye migration process
definition, 4
as early process, 4
Positive lens, characteristics, 51–52
Post-capture correction, for balancing, 153, 155
Potential well, and photodiode, 30
PPI, see Pixels per inch (PPI)
Professional cameras
compression, 18
digital backs, 18
tricolor photography, 18
Profiles, and neutral tone balancing, 116
Prosumer cameras
definition, 15
users, 16
PSD, see Photoshop® Document (PSD)
Publishing, and digital imaging, 2, 4
Q
Quantization, in image creation, 72–73, 75
R
Raster graphics, definition, 85
Raster image processor (RIP), and PDFs, 145
RAW files
characteristics, 139
and color acquisition, 79
and post-capture correction, 153
shift and stretch adjustments, 157
storage, 117
and color acquisition, 79
and color image histograms, 153
and neutral tone balancing, 115
in sensor capture, 35
Reflection
in light absorption, 48
Reflective meters, characteristics, 96
Resampling, for file expansion, 136
Resolution
digital vs. film images, 85
Retrofocus lens, characteristics, 58
RGB, see Red, green, blue (RGB)
RIP, see Raster image processor (RIP)
Rolling shuttering, definition, 68
Run-length encoding, in files, 137
S
Sampling
color effects, 85
resampling for file expansion, 136
Sampling rate, sensor size vs. film, 172
Scanned color, in hybrid digital photography, 173
Scanning backs, in professional cameras, 18
Scientific equipment, and digital images, 22
SED, see Spectral energy distribution (SED)
Semiconductor, definition, 27
Sensors
charging, 68
color acquisition, 79
color capture, 35
complementary metal oxide semiconductor, 27–28
Foveon X3® chip, 36
and image capture, 69
metal oxide semiconductors, 27
micro-lenses, 37
overview, 27
signal processing architectures, 38
Shadow point, in studio digital workflow, 121
Shadows, in hybrid digital imaging, 179
Shift, as point process, 156–157, 159
Shutters
electronic, 68
rolling, 68
Shutter speed
in lens function, 55
Signal-to-noise ratio, for sensors, 40
Silver halide photography, definition, 1
Single capture, and professional cameras, 16
Single-lens reflex (SLR)
definition, 12
and digital workflow, 113
in hybrid digital photography, 172
Sites, see Photodiodes
Skylight, and spectral composition, 150
SLR, see Single-lens reflex (SLR)
Smearing, in digital imaging, 71
Software, see also Computers
for digital prepress, 2
for file size reduction, 83, 85
for noise reduction, 78
and through-the-lens meters, 96
Spectral composition, definition, 150
Spectral energy distribution (SED)
definition, 150
and fluorescent light, 151–152
and HMI lamps, 152
and midday light, 151
and strobe light, 151
and studio lighting, 151
and ultraviolet light, 151–152
Spectral sensitivity, and hybrid digital photography, 175
Storage
in digital workflow, 111–113, 117–118
in hybrid digital photography, 176–177
Stretch, as point process, 156–157, 159
Strobe, and spectral composition, 151
Studio digital workflow, approach, 118–123
Studio lighting, and spectral composition, 151
Styling, in studio digital workflow, 118–119
Substitution metering
T
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
characteristics, 140
and hybrid digital photography, 176
Telephoto lens, characteristics, 57
Tethered camera system
camera controls, 120
in digital workflow, 110
in studio example, 118
Tethering, in backs, 20
Three-color filtered sensors, see Trilinear sensors
Three-shot photography, see Tricolor photography
Through-the-lens meters (TTL), characteristics, 96
TIFF, see Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
Tonal placement metering, and exposure, 100–101
Transfer, on sensors, 38
Transforms, in post-capture correction, 155
Tricolor photography
definition, 18
and professional cameras, 16
Trilinear array, in sensor capture, 35
Trilinear sensors
definition, 20
U
Ultraviolet (UV) energy, and spectral composition, 151–152
Under-sampling, in image creation, 83
UV energy, see Ultraviolet (UV) energy
V
Vector graphic, definition, 85
View camera, for digital capture, 15
Viewfinder cameras
consumer cameras as, 16
viewing system, 14
Viewing systems
viewfinder camera, 14
Visually lossless compression, method, 137
W
Wavelength, in optics, 48
Wide-angle lens, in studio digital workflow, 120
Workflow
camera operational controls, 113
in hybrid digital imaging, 181, 183
on location approach, 123, 125–127
neutral tone balancing, 114–116
overcoming photographic limitations, 127, 129–130
technical steps, 111
World Wide Web
and digital imaging, 2
and GIFs, 143
image appropriation, 22
and JPEGs, 141
Z
ZIP compression, and TIFFs, 140
Zoom lens, characteristics, 58