Index
A
Access limit, 210
Accommodating flows, 230
Acculturation, 44
Acquired advantages, 57
Acquisition, 133
Ad valorem duty, 82
Ad valorem tariff, 84
Ad valorem, 82
Adjustment loans, 212
Administrative delays, 87
Advantage(s)
acquired, 57
natural, 57
theory of absolute, 57
theory of comparative, 59
Advertising, 241
Aesthetics, 50
Age distribution, 33
Aggregate measurement of support (AMS), 100
Agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures (ASCM), 95
Agreement on textiles and clothing (ATC), 100
Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS), 101
Agreement on trade-related investment measures (TRIMS), 101
Agriculture, 106
Aid and loans, 84
Aid for trade initiative, 107
American quote, 179
Anti-dumping actions, 105
Approach
classical, 57
ethnocentric, 249
geocentric, 250
hybrid, 239
polycentric, 250
regiocentric, 250
Arbitrage, 180
ASEAN agreement on services (ASAS), 171
ASEAN comprehensive investment agreement (ACIA), 171
ASEAN trade in goods agreement (ATIGA), 170
Ask, 179
Association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN), 51, 169
achievements, 171
evolution, 170
growth, 170
objectives of, 170
Attitudes, 49
Automation, 313
B
Back-to-back l/CS, 116
Backward vertical FDI, 133
Balance of payments, 31
Balance of payments (BOP) account, 216
Balance of payments accounting, 216
Balance of payments effect, 140
Balance of payments position, 81
Balance of trade, 219
Bank customers, 178
Bank guarantee, 119
Bank line of credit, 119
Banker’s acceptance (BA), 120
Banking, financial services and insurance (BFSISI) sector, 135
Bargaining power of the TNC, 39
Bargaining, 38
Barter, 16
Basics of foreign exchange, 190
Bid, 179
Bid–ask spread, 179
Bill of lading (B/L), 117
Bill of lading guarantee, 119
Body shopping, 316
Bond(s), 185
bulldog, 185
kangaroo, 185
samurai, 185
Yankee, 185
BOP in totality, 229
Born global firm, 6
BPO industry, 319
Branch office, 136
Brand management, 239
Bretton woods conference, 211
Bretton woods system, 199
BRICS, 207
Brownfield investment, 133
Build-operate-transfer (BOT), 20
Bulldog bonds, 185
Business activity, 133
Business cycles, 31
Business environment, 26
introduction, 26
Business negotiation, 38
Business process outsourcing (BPOs), 147
Business-to-business (B2B), 283
Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce, 283
Business-to-consumer (B2C), 283
Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce, 284
Business-to-government (B2G), 283
Business-to-government (B2G) e-commerce, 285
Buy American–legislation, 86
Buy local–legislation, 86
Buyback, 17
Buyer credit, 119
C
Capital account convertibility, 193
Capital account, 220
Capital market, 183
Capital-intensive goods, 63
Capitalist system, 27
Capitalist, 27
Captive offshoring, 311
Captive onshore outsourcing, 311
Carbon credit, 306
Carbon market, 305
Caribbean community and common market (CARICOM), 158
Cash compensatory support (CCS), 124
Cash in advance, 114
Central American common market (CACM), 157
Central bank, 178
Central bank reputations, 195
Centrally planned economy, 28
Change in political leadership, 37
Channel length, 241
Civil disorder, 37
Civil law, 51
Classical approach, 57
Clean development mechanism (CDM), 305
Clean float, 200
Clean L/CS, 115
Client market, 178
Climate change, 299
Coal and steel treaty, 162
Codified legal system, 51
Collectivism, 34
Command based economic system, 27
Command economy, 28
Commercial policy instruments, 79–93
introduction, 80
Commodities, 56
Commodity boards, 123
Common currency, 163
Common effective preferential tariff (CEPT), 170
Common law, 50
Common market, 159
Common passport, 163
Common policy framework, 163
Commonwealth of independent states (CIS), 74
Communication, 45
non-verbal, 46
Composition of world trade, 73
Compound duty, 82
Concentration on core competency, 312
Confirmed L/CS, 116
Confucianism, 46
Conglomerate FDI, 134
luxury, 64
necessary, 64
Consumer price index (CPI), 31
Consumer products, 237
Consumer rights, 81
Consumer sovereignty, 28
Consumer-to-business (C2B) e-commerce, 285
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C), 283
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce, 285
Consumption abroad, 100
Contemporary exchange rate systems, 200
Continental capital market, 166
Contractual entry modes, 17
Contractual joint venture, 136
Convention on biological diversity, 303
Convention on climate change, 303
Convertibility, 192
capital account, 193
current account, 192
Cooperative joint venture, 136
Core competency, 312
Corporate guarantee, 120
Cost and freight (CFR), 118
Cost of transportation, 275
Cost reduction, 262
Cost, insurance and freight (CIF), 118
Council for mutual economic assistance (CMEA), 71
Council of the European Union, 164
Counter purchase, 16
Crawling peg, 201
Credit
bank line of, 119
buyer, 119
carbon, 306
post-shipment, 122
pre-shipment, 122
Credit unions, 183
Cross docking, 266
Cross exchange rate quotation, 179
Cross-border supply, 100
Cross-cultural training, 251
Cultural environment, 27
Cultural globalization, 4
Culture, 44
characteristics of, 44
Currency
convertibility, 192
demand for, 190
fixing of, 178
pegging of, 178
reference, 190
supply of, 191
Currency board arrangement, 201
Currency convertibility, 192
Currency values, 195
Current account, 219
Current account balance, 220
Current account convertibility, 192
Current rate method, 183
Current-non-current method, 183
Customer service levels, 269
Customer sophistication, 241
Customs union, 158
Customs, 49
Cutting costs, 45
D
De facto, 96
Decisions
inventory, 268
location, 267
production, 267
purchasing, 268
transportation, 272
Defence procurement policy (DPP), 17
Defensive motives, 12
Delivered at frontier (DAF), 118
Demand conditions, 68
Demand for a currency, 190
Democracy, 35
Demographic dividend, 33
Demographic environment, 32–33
Derived demand, 190
Devaluation, 192
Developing country issues, 105
Development policy loans, 212
Developments in technology, 312
Developments in transportation, 9
Developments in world trade, 70
Digital trade, 76
Direct investment, 222
Direct mail, 242
Direct price influences, 84
Direct quote, 178
Direction of FDI, 143
Direction of world trade, 74
Discount, 179
Dispute resolution mechanism, 105
Distraint guarantee, 119
Diverse business environments, 11
Documentary collection, 116
Documentary L/Cs, 115
Documents against acceptance (D/A), 116
Documents against payment (D/P), 116
Doha development agenda (DDA), 106
Domestic business, 11
Domestic outsourcing, 311
Domestic strategies, 13
Double entry bookkeeping of BOP, 218
Draft, 117
sight, 117
time, 117
Dragon TNC, 6
Drawback scheme, 124
Dunkel draft, 97
Duty exemption, 124
Duty, 82
ad valorem, 82
compound, 82
specific, 82
E
Early supplier involvement (ESI), 263
E-commerce versus e-business, 283
E-commerce, 282
business-to-business, 283
business-to-consumer, 284
business-to-government, 285
consumer-to-business, 285
consumer-to-consumer, 285
types of, 283
Economic and monetary union (EMU), 159
Economic development, 31
Economic environment, 27
Economic exposure, 182
Economic factors, 80
Economic forces, 7
Economic indicators, 30
Economic integration, 157, 161
Economic liberalization in developing nations, 7
Economic rationale, 80
Economic risk, 194
command based, 27
state-owned, 27
Economic union, 159
Economy
centrally planned, 28
command, 28
free market, 27
Laissezfaire, 28
mixed, 29
sharing, 26
transition, 30
Effects of integration, 160–162
Efficiency-seeking FDI, 135
Efficient customer response (ECR), 263
e-frastructure, 284
Electronic commerce, 282
Electronic data interchange (EDI), 263
Electronic hardware technology parks (EHTPS), 127
Elements of globalization, 3–4
E-markets, 284
Embargo, 86
Emergence of regional trading blocs, 8
Emissions trading, 305
Employment, 80
English speaking work force, 317
Enhanced integrated framework, 107
Entry mode choices, 15
Entry mode, 15
choices, 15
contractual, 17
trade-related, 15
transfer-related, 15
Environment, 26
business, 26
cultural, 27
economic, 27
physical, 244
political–legal, 27
regulatory, 313
Environmental degradation, 10
Environmental goods agreement, 107
Environmental issues, 298
EPRG framework, 13
Equity joint venture, 136
Ethics in international business, 52
Ethnocentric approach, 249
Ethnocentric orientation, 13
Ethnocentrism, 13
EU characteristics, 163
Euro–deutschemark issue, 185
European atomic energy community (EURATOM), 163
European central bank (ECB), 164
European coal and steel community (ECSC), 163
European commission, 164
European community, 163
European court of justice, 164
European parliament, 164
European quote, 179
European system of central banks (ESCB), 164
European union (EU), 4, 81, 162
Euro–yen issue, 185
Eurozone, 164
Exchange rate determination, 189–204
Exchange rate, 190
Exchange rate, 32
Expatriates, 248
Experience curve, 243
Exploitative work practices, 10
Export credit guarantee corporation (ECGC), 125
Export credits insurance corporation (ECIC), 121
Export development authority, 123
Export factoring, 119
Export houses, 127
Export incentives, 124
Export inspection council, 123
Export orientation, 183
Export potential, 39
Export processing zones (EPZ), 126
Export promotion councils, 123
Export quota, 85
Export risk insurance, 125
Export tariff, 82
Export–import bank financing, 120
Export-oriented units (EOUS), 126
External commercial borrowings (ECBS), 145
External debt, 32
External relations, 37
F
Factor endowments, 68
Factor proportions theory, 62
Factor-intensity reversal, 64
Factors affecting the exchange rate, 193–195
Farm subsidies, 105
Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs), 33
FDI policy changes, 147
Federation of Indian export organizations (FIEO), 124
Fiat money, 195
Financial account, 221
Financial assets, 218
Financial derivatives, 222
Financial institutions and public sector undertakings (PSUS), 145
Financial institutions, 183
Financier, 212
Firm, 12
Firm strategy, 69
Firm structure, 69
First mover advantage, 67
Fisher effect, 197
Fixed exchange rate, 191
Fixed exchange rate system, 200
Fixing of currency, 178
Flexible exchange rate, 191
Floating arrangements, 202
Flood in–feature, 316
Flood out–feature, 316
Forces, 8
economic, 7
political, 8
technological, 8
Foreign credit insurance, 121
Foreign direct investment (FDI), 20, 131
backward vertical, 133
classification, 132
conglomerate, 134
direction of, 143
efficiency-seeking, 135
entry, 136
evaluation, 139
FDI patterns, 141
forward vertical, 134
home-country perspective, 141
horizontal, 133
host-country perspective, 139–140
market-seeking, 134
outflows, 143
policy changes, 147
resource-seeking, 134
sectoral dimensions of, 146
strategic asset-seeking, 135
trends in, 142
vertical, 133
Foreign exchange, 125, 177, 190
basics, 190
brokers, 178
controls, 87
exposure, 181
rate, 177
rate quotations, 178
risk, 181
transaction, 177
Foreign exchange market, 176, 177
functioning of, 177
Foreign investment in India, 144–151
policy perspective, 145
Foreign portfolio investment (FPI), 20, 145
Forfait market, 119
Forfaiting, 119
Forward expectations parity (FEP), 197
Forward transaction, 179
Forward vertical FDI, 134
Franchising, 18
Free alongside ship (FAS), 118
Free float, 202
Free market, 29
Free market economy, 27
Free on board (FOB), 117
value, 124
Free ports, 126
Free trade area (FTA), 157
Free trade zones (FTZ), 126
Free zones (FZ), 126
Freedom of enterprise, 28
Fundamentals of balance of payments accounting, 217
Future challenges for WTO, 105–106
G
GDP deflator, 30
General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT), 70, 96
agriculture, 99
objectives, 96
principles, 96
General agreement on trade in services (GATS), 97, 100, 109
Generalized system of preferences (GSP), 108
Geocentric approach, 250
Geocentric orientation, 14
Global brands, 39
Global FDI patterns, 141
Global governance, 9
emergence of, 9
Global legal systems, 50
Global marketplace, 9
Global monetary system, 197
Bretton woods system, 199
gold standard, 197
inter-war years and world war II, 199
post-Bretton woods system, 200
cost minimization, 314
factors behind a decision to outsource, 313–315
forms of, 311
future threats, 320
introduction, 310
location advantage, 317
managerial costs, 314
market size, 315
production costs, 314
standardization and automation, 313
time advantage, 317
Global supply chain decisions, 265
Global system of trade preferences (GSTP), 109
Global value chain, 9
and national culture, 10
cultural, 4
demand, 8
elements of, 3
of supply chains, 7
political, 4
Gold standard, 197
Goods, 219
consumer, 237
perishable, 288
producer, 237
returning, 289
Government intervention in trade, 80–81
Government sources of trade finance, 120
Government–government, 38
Government–TNC, 38
Gradual elimination, 170
Grants, 212
Greenfield investment, 132, 138
Greenhouse gases, 299
Gross domestic product (GDP), 30
Gross national income (GNI), 30
Growth drivers of India’s ITES–BPO sector, 318–319
Growth, 12
H
Hard peg, 201
Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) theorem, 62
Hedger, 180
Hedging, 180
High-quality ‘luxury’ consumer goods, 64
Hinduism, 47
H–O theorem, 62
Home country, 20
Home-based policy, 253
Horizontal FDI, 133
Host country, 20
Host-based policy, 254
Host-country nationals (HCNS), 253
Human development index (HDI), 31
Human rights, 81
Hybrid approach, 239
Hybrid compensation policy, 254
Hybrid organization, 163
Hyperglobalists, 2
I
ICT-enabled services, 76
Ida long-term loans, 212
Imitator, 65
Impact of tariff barriers, 83
Implications of a new agreement, 168
Import licence, 87
Import prices, 161
Import quota, 85
Import replenishment (REP) licences, 124
Import tariff, 82
Incentives and facilities offered to the SEZs, 127
Incoterms, 117
Independent float system, 200
India’s foreign trade, 88
Indian council of arbitration, 124
Indian institute of foreign trade, 123
Indian institute of packaging, 123
Indian rupee (INR), 177
Indian trade promotion organization (ITPO), 125
Indirect quote, 178
Individualism, 35
Industrial estates (IE), 126
Industrial products, 237
Industrialization, 80
Inflation, 31
Information technology (IT), 72
Infrastructural development, 313
Innovator, 65
Institutional development, 313
Institutions of the EU, 164
Instruments of trade control, 82
Integration, 160
Intellectual property, 106
Interbank market, 178
Interest rate parity, 195
Interest, 184
Internal economies of scale, 161
International balance of payments, 215–231
introduction, 216
International bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD), 211
International banks, 178
International bond markets, 185
International business negotiation, 38
ethics in, 52
government’s viewpoint, 39
objectives of, 38
International capital market, 176, 183
International centre for settlement of investment disputes (ICSID), 211
International chamber of commerce (ICC), 117
International development association (IDA), 211
International economic transactions, 217
International emissions trading, 305–306
International finance corporation (IFC), 211
International financial environment, 175–186
introduction, 176
International financial institutions, 207–213
financial assistance, 209
grants, 212
introduction, 208
loans, 212
surveillance, 210
International financial system, 176
International fisher effect, 197
International franchising, 19
International human resource management (IHRM), 247–258
compensation, 253
cross-cultural training, 251
development, 251
home-based policy, 253
host-based policy, 254
hybrid compensation policy, 254
international labor organization (ILO), 255
international labor relations, 254
international labor standards, 255
introduction, 248
language training, 252
recruitment, 249
selection, 249
specific skills training, 252
tax equalization, 253
training, 251
International labor organization (ILO), 255
International labor relations, 254, 255
International leasing, 17
International legal frameworks for environmental protection, 302–303
International licensing, 18
International logistics, 263
International marketing, 233–245
brand management, 239
international market assessment, 234
introduction, 234
market growth, 235
market intensity, 235
market segmentation, 236
market size, 234
marketing mix, 235
new product development, 240
pricing strategy, 243
product, 237
promotion strategy, 240
sales promotion, 242
International monetary fund (IMF), 4, 208
functions of, 209
International money markets, 184
International orientations, 13
International packaging issues, 270
International price reimbursement scheme (IPRS), 124
International stock markets, 185
International storage issues, 271
International trade, 56
International trade credit, 121
International trade finance, 118
bank sources, 118
private sources, 118
International trade organization (ITO), 96
International trade payment, 114
International trade theories, 55–77
introduction, 56
Inter-related negotiation, 38
Inter-war years and world war II, 199
Inventory decisions, 268
Investment assets, 222
Investment loans, 212
Investment offered, 39
Investment related entry mode, 15, 20
Investors, 183
Invisibles trade, 219
Irrevocable L/CS, 116
Islam, 48
Islamic law, 51
ITES industry, 319
J
Jainism, 46
Joint float system, 203
Joint implementation (JI), 305
Joint ventures, 139
Judeo–Christian tradition, 46
Justin-time (JIT) delivery, 263
K
Kaizen, 265
Kangaroo bonds, 185
Karma, 46
Kitting, 266
Kyoto mechanisms, 305
L
Labor practices, 105
Laissez-faire capitalism, 28
Laissezfaire economy, 28
Language training, 252
Language, 45
Latin American association of integration (ALADI), 157
Latin American free trade area (LAFTA), 157
Least developed countries (LDCS), 108
Legal jurisdiction, 51
Leontief paradox, 63
Lessee, 17
Lessor, 17
Letter of credit (L/C), 115
back-to-back, 116
clean, 115
confirmed, 116
documentary, 115
irrevocable, 116
revocable, 116
revolving, 116
transferable, 116
types of, 115
unconfirmed, 116
Levels of economic integration, 157
Liabilities, 222
Liberalization of foreign trade, 122
Licence, 87
Licensee, 18
Licensor, 18
Life cycle model, 65
Lighter aboard ship (LASH), 273
Linder’s income-preference similarity theory, 64
Loan guarantee, 119
Loans, 212
development policy, 212
IDA long-term, 212
investment, 212
Loans, 84
Local outsourcing, 311
Location decisions, 267
Long position, 179
Loss of national sovereignty, 10
Lost decade, 109
Low quality, ‘necessity’ consumer goods, 64
Low-cost manpower, 312
Luxury consumer goods, 64
M
Maastricht criteria, 165
Macroeconomic discipline, 166
Managed float, 202
Managerial costs, 314
Manpower, 312
low-cost, 312
skilled, 312
Manufacturing, 267
Maquiladoras, 169
Marine products export development authority (MPEDA), 123
Market access initiative, 125
Market development assistance (MDA), 125
Market growth, 235
Market intensity, 235
Market segmentation, 236
Market socialism, 29
Market, 177
client, 178
interbank, 178
retail, 178
wholesale, 178
Market-based mechanisms, 303
Market-based system, 27
Marketing adaptation, 235
Marketing mix, 235
Market-seeking FDI, 134
Marrakesh accords, 303
M-commerce, 286
Media availability, 241
Mercantilist doctrine, 56
Merchandise export from India scheme (MEIS), 113
Mercosur, 159
Merger and/or acquisition (M&A), 138
Merger, 133
Mergers and acquisitions (M&AS), 138
Mergers, 139
Micro TNC, 7
Microchip, 8
Milk runs, 266
Mixed economy, 29
Modes of entry, 15
Modes of FDI entry, 136
Modes of transport, 273
Monetary union, 165
Monetary-non-monetary method, 183
Most-favoured-nation (MFN), 81, 103
Motives, 12
defensive, 12
offensive, 12
strategic, 12
Multi fibre arrangement (MFA), 100
Multi fibre arrangement (MFA), 85
Multilateral investment guarantee agency (MIGA), 211
Multilateral regulation of trade, 95–110
Multilayered bargaining, 38
Multinational corporation (MNC), 4
Multinational enterprise (MNE), 3
Multipoint pricing, 243
N
NAFTA, 4
National competitive advantage, 68
National sovereignty, 10
National treatment, 103
Natural advantages, 57
Nature of business activity, 133
Nature of product, 241
Necessity consumer goods, 64
Net errors, 223
New product development, 240
New trade theory, 67
Nirvana, 46
Non-bank dealers, 178
Non-captive offshoring, 311
Non-captive onshore outsourcing, 311
Non-economic factors, 276
Non-economic rationale, 81
Non-tariff barriers, 84
Non-verbal communication, 46
North American free trade agreement (NAFTA), 157, 166
export subsidies, 167
grade and quality standards, 167
internal support, 167
O
Offensive motives, 12
Official reserves account, 223
Offset of countertrade transaction, 87
Omissions, 223
Open account, 117
Operating exposure, 182
Operational complexities, 11
Operational risk, 37
Order cycle time, 269
Orderly marketing arrangements, 86
Organization of the petroleum exporting countries (OPEC), 91
Organizations for export promotion, 123
Outsourcing flexibility, 183
Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), 141
Outward Indian FDI, 148
Ownership of technology, 39
Ownership risk, 37
P
Parent-country nationals (PNCS), 253
Pegged exchange rates, 202
Pegging of currency, 178
Perishable goods, 288
Personal digital assistants (PDA), 286
Personal selling, 241
Petroleum, oil and lubricants (POL), 90
Physical environment, 244
Political forces, 8
Political globalization, 4
Political ideologies, 33
causes of, 37
types of, 37
Political systems, 33
Political union, 159
Political–legal environment, 27
Polycentric approach, 250
Polycentric orientation, 14
Porter’s diamond, 68
Portfolio investment, 222
Post-Bretton woods system, 200
Post-shipment credit, 122
Predatory pricing, 243
Predictability, 275
Preference similarity, 64
Presence of natural persons, 100
Preservation of national identity and culture, 81
Pre-shipment credit, 122
Price index, 30
Pricing flexibility, 183
Pricing strategy, 243
Primary activities, 261
Primary income, 219
Primary products, 56
Problems and pitfalls of the ITES–BPO industry, 319–321
Producer goods, 237
Product differentiation, 67
Product diversity, 39
Product life cycle theory, 65
Product quality, 262
Product, 237
adaptation, 238
consumer, 237
development, 240
industrial, 237
life cycle, 238
nature of, 241
Production costs, 314
Production decisions, 267
Production factor, 77
Production flexibility, 183
Productivity, 162
Profit, 12
Promotion strategy, 240
Promotion, 240
Protection of human rights, 81
Protection of consumer rights, 81
Pull factors, 12
Purchasing decision, 268
Purchasing power parity (PPP), 196
Purely free market, 29
Push factors, 12
Q
Quality, 265
Quantity controls, 85
Quota, 85
export, 85
import, 85
R
Rate of charge, 210
Rate(s)
exchange, 190
factors affecting the exchange, 193–195
fixed exchange, 191
flexible exchange, 191
pegged exchange, 202
relative economic growth, 194
relative inflation, 193
relative interest, 194
spot exchange, 191
spot, 179
Rationale, 80
economic, 80
non-economic, 81
Real assets, 218
Reciprocal requirements, 87
Reference currency, 190
Regiocentric approach, 250
Regiocentric orientation, 14
Regional economic integration, 155–173
introduction, 156
Regional trading agreements, 162
coal and steel treaty, 162
European community, 163
euro—the common currency, 163
Maastricht treaty, 163
Schengen agreement, 163
treaty of Rome, 163
Regulatory environment, 313
Related and supporting industries, 68
Relative economic growth rates, 194
Relative inflation rates, 193
Relative interest rates, 194
Religion, 46
Reserve bank of India (RBI), 145
Resource-seeking FDI, 134
Retail market, 178
Returning goods, 289
Revaluation, 192
Revocable L/CS, 116
Revolving L/CS, 116
Right-wing totalitarianism, 36
Ringgit, 192
Rio conference, 302
Rio declaration, 302
Risk, 11
economic, 194
operational, 37
ownership, 37
political risk, 194
political, 37
transfer, 37
Rivalry, 69
Roll-on-roll-off (RORO) vessels, 273
Rural–urban distribution, 33
S
Sales promotion, 242
Samurai bonds, 185
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, 100, 166
Schengen agreement, 163
Secondary income, 219
Secondary products, 56
Secondary trading centres, 178
Sectoral dimensions of FDI flows, 146
Served from India scheme (SFIS), 114
Services exports from India scheme (SEIS), 113
Services, 219
Sharing economy, 26
Shintoism, 46
Short position, 179
Short-term money market, 183
Siddha, 47
Sight draft, 117
Sikhism, 46
Single market, 163
Six sigma, 265
Skilled manpower, 312
Social capitalism, 35
Social customs, 244
Social democracy, 35
Soft peg, 201
Software industry in India, 315–318
Software technology parks (STPS), 127
South Asian association for regional cooperation (SAARC), 172
Special economic zone (SEZ), 126, 127
Specific duty, 82
Specific permission requirements, 87
Specific skills training, 252
Speculation, 180
Speculator, 180
Spillover effects, 139
Spot exchange rate, 191
Spot rate, 179
Standardization, 235
State-owned economic system, 27
State-owned TNC, 7
Stock markets, 185
Strategic alliances, 136
Strategic asset-seeking FDI, 135
Strategic motives, 12
Subsidies in agriculture, 105
Subsidies, 84
Sunset clause, 169
Supply of a currency, 191
Supply-chain management, 260
objectives of, 262
Support activities, 261
Surveillance, 210
SWAP, 179
Systems concept, 264
T
Taoism, 46
Target-zone arrangement, 203
Tariff, 82
ad valorem, 84
export, 82
import, 82
transit, 82
Tax equalization, 253
Technical barriers to trade (TBT), 100
Technological forces, 8
Technology, 312
Temporal method, 183
Terms of trade, 117
Tertiary products, 56
Testing standards, 86
Textiles monitoring body (TMB), 100
Theocratic law, 51
Theocratic totalitarianism, 36
Theories of exchange rate determination interest rate parity, 195–197
Theory of absolute advantage, 57
Theory of comparative advantage, 312
Theory of comparative advantage, 59
Third-country nationals (TCNS), 253
Third-party logistics (3PL), 266
Third-party logistics, 266
Tied loans, 84
Time draft, 117
TNC, 6
TNC–subsidiary/affiliate, 38
Tokyo stock exchange (TSE), 186
Total cost concept, 264
Total quality management (TQM), 265
Totalitarianism, 36
right-wing, 36
theocratic, 36
tribal, 36
Trade and competition policies, 108
Trade and sustainable development goals (SDGS), 107
Trade as a bargaining tool, 81
Trade barriers, 63
Trade control, 82
Trade creation, 160
Trade fairs and exhibitions, 125
Trade finance, 118
Trade in services, 75
Trade in textiles, 100
Trade promotion in India, 122–128
export incentives, 124
export risk insurance, 125
free ports, 126
market access initiative, 125
market development assistance, 125
production assistance/facilities, 126
trade fairs and exhibitions, 125
Trade rounds, 96
Trade-off concept, 265
Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS), 97
Trade-related entry modes, 15
Trade-related investment measures (TRIMS), 97
Trading relationship, 65
Tradition, 244
Traditional TNC, 6
Transaction exposure, 182
Transboundary pollution, 300–302
Transfer risk, 37
Transferable L/CS, 116
Transfer-related entry mode, 15
Transformationalists, 3
Transit tariff, 82
Transit time, 274
Transition economy, 30
Translating statements, 183
Translation exposure, 183
Transnational corporation (TNC), 4
classification, 6
dragon, 6
micro TNC, 7
state-owned TNC, 7
traditional, 6
Transnationality index (TNI), 6
Transport, 273
Transportation decisions, 272
Transportation infrastructure, 276
Transportation, 9
Treaty of Rome, 163
Trends in FDI, 142
Triad countries, 143
Tribal totalitarianism, 36
Trips agreement, 107
Turnkey projects, 20
U
Umbrella holding company, 139
Uncertainty, 11
Unconfirmed L/CS, 116
United nations (UN), 51
United nations conference on trade and development (UNCTAD), 107
assessment, 108
functions of, 108
United nations environment programme (UNEP), 302
United nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC), 302
Urban enterprise zones, 126
Uruguay round, 97
V
Values, 49
Veblen goods, 238
Vernon’s theory, 66
Vertical FDI, 133
Visible exports, 15
Visible imports, 15
Volume of India’s foreign trade, 88–89
Volume of trade, 72
Voluntary export restraint (VER), 86
W
Wholesale market, 178
Wholly owned subsidiary, 137
World bank, 211
World bank group, 211
World trade organization (WTO), 4, 98
agreements, 99
evaluation, 104
functions of, 104
future challenges for, 105–106
organizational structure of, 101–102
World trade, 70
composition of, 73
developments in, 70
direction of, 74
trends, 71
Y
Yankee bonds, 185