Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, and t indicate tables.
A
Abiotic factors 194–195
Absorption 330–331
Absorption spectrophotometry 241
Abyssal zone 19
Acetone 130–131
Acid-base partitioning 289
Acid rain 189–191
coal 169
ecosystems 197
emissions trading programs 362
secondary pollutants 198
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin 125
Acutely hazardous waste/toxic waste 271–272
Addition reactions 316
Aerosols 157–161
Aggregation 346
Air emissions 416–419
Air pollution 362
Air quality 189–191
Air sparging 403–405
Air-water partitioning 289
Alaska/Rocky Mountains 96
Alcohols 69–72
Aldehydes 75–76
Alkanes 62–64
Alkenes 65–67
Alkenesolefins 113–114
Alkylation 133
Alkynes 67
Amines 74
Ammonolysis 133–134
Ammoxidation 134
Anthropogenic stress 195–196
emulsification 17–18
oceans 17–20
ponds and lakes 14–15
streams and rivers 15
wetlands 16–17
Aromatic derivatives 176
Aromatic hydrocarbons 67–69
air pollutants 362
air pollutants 160
emissions factors 3
human activities 3
natural gas 190
nonlinear interactive system 4
POPs 155
structure 5–13
chemical activity 11–13
exosphere 10
mesosphere 8
stratosphere 7–8
thermosphere 9–10
troposphere 7
thermodynamic equilibrium 4
Atmospheric pressure 250
Atomic absorption 241
B
BCF See Bioconcentration factor (BCF)
Beavon process 418
Benthic zone 19
industrial purposes 72
single-ring system 57
conjugative effect 321
inductive effect 321
Best conventional technology (BCT) 369
Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) 286
Biochemical properties 287
air sparging 403–405
bioengineering 406
biosurfactants 405
bioventing 403–405
chemical reactions 332–336
enhanced 396
kinetics modeling 336–337
monitored natural attenuation 402–403
natural 394–395
rhizosphere 405–406
salt effect 337–338
soil vapor extraction 403–405
test methods for 407
traditional 395–396
Bioengineering 406
Biomass 103–109
nonsugar fermentation 107–108
pyrolysis 108–109
sugar fermentation 107
thermochemical gasification 105–107
Bioremediation 387
Biosedimentation 345–346
Bioslurping 404–405
Biosparging 403
Biosurfactants 405
Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) 286
Biotic factors 194–195
Bioventing 403–405
Bonding 82–84
BTX chemistry 125–132
C
CAAA See Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA)
Carbonization 99–102
Carbon-13 (13C) magnetic resonance (CMR) 238–239
Carbonylation 135–136
Carboxylic acids 76–78
Carcinogens 196–197
Catalysis 326–327
Catalytic processes 180
C-1 chemistry 114–115
C-2 chemistry 115–120
C-3 chemistry 120–121
C-4 chemistry 121–125
CCPs See Coal combustion products (CCPs)
CCW See Coal combustion wastes (CCW)
Chaos theory 253–254
Chemical activity 11–13
Chemical composition 217–220
Chemical fate processes 309
Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) 89–90
Chemical properties 287
Chemical transformations in the environment 305–349
and engineering 38–39
aquasphere 13–20
atmosphere structure 5–13
terrestrial biosphere 20–23
indigenous 34–35
inorganic 272
nonindigenous 35–38
organic chemistry 24–29
types 284–286
use and misuse of 29–34
Chemicals from biomass 103–109
Chemicals from coal 96–102
Chemicals from natural gas 95–96
Chemicals from petroleum 93–95
Chemicals from tar sand bitumen 102–103
biodegradation 331–338
catalysis reactions 326–327
degradation processes 309
aquasphere 343–348
atmosphere 341–343
terrestrial biosphere 349
fate processes 309
addition 316
elimination 316
hydrolysis 325
photolysis 325–326
rearrangement 323–324
redox 321–323
substitution 316–321
transport processes 309
Chemical transport processes 309
Chemical waste treatment 414–416
Chemistry in the aquasphere 343–348
Chemistry in the atmosphere 341–343
Chemistry in the environment 338–349
Chemistry in the terrestrial biosphere 349
Chemisorption 330
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 355
Classification of organic molecules 44–59
Clausius-Clapeyron equation 294
Claus process 418
Clean Air Act (CAA) 366–368
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) 366–368
carbonization 99–102
gasification 97–98
liquefaction 98–99
Coal combustion products (CCPs) 170–171
Coal combustion wastes (CCW) 170–171
Coal gas 100
Coal products 169–172
Coal-to-liquid (CTL) 98
Condensation 136–137
Conventional wisdomunbridled optimism 339
Coordinating European Council (CEC) 407
Coral reefs 20
Corrosivity 167
Crude oil 172–183
aggregation 346
aromatic derivatives 176
diesel-like products 176
dissolution 345
emulsification 345
fuel oil products 176–177
gasoline-type products 176
intermediate products 176
microbial degradation 346
naphthene derivatives 176
oxidation 345
paraffin derivatives 176
physical transport 345
residual products 176–177
sedimentation 345–346
self-purification 346
Crude oil products 174–177
Cumene 130
Cyclic ethers 73
Cycloalkane 335
D
Database management system (DBMS) 253
Data uses 252–256
Dealkylation 137
Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) 184
Degradation processes 309
Dehydration 137–138
Dehydrogenation 138–139
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 35
Diesel-like products 176
Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) 418–419
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) 12
Dispersion 273–274
Dissolution 274–278
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 275
E
ECH See Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
Electrophilic reactions 85–86
Elemental composition 215–217
Elimination reactions 316
Emulsion 278–279
coalescence 278
creaming 278
flocculation 278
Enhanced biodegradation 396
aquasphere 13–20
atmosphere structure 5–13
chemical and biochemical properties 286–302
chemical types 284–286
chemistry 338–349
aquasphere 343–348
atmosphere 341–343
terrestrial biosphere 349
dispersion 273–274
dissolution 274–278
emulsion 278–279
evaporation 279–280
leaching 280–281
acid-base 289
air-water 289–290
molecular 291
octanol-water 291–292
sorption 292–293
sedimentationadsorption 281–283
spreading 283
terrestrial biosphere 20–23
TPHs 300–302
vapor pressure 294
high-boiling organic chemicals 297–298
low-boiling organic chemicals 296–297
water solubility 298–300
Environmental impact 361–364
corrosivity 296–297
flammability 296
hazardous waste 378
ignitability 296
incompatible wastes 378
reactivity 296–297
Environmental regulations 355–385
CAA 366–368
CERCLA 370–372
CWA 368–370
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 372–373
Hazardous Waste Regulations 383
OPA 374–375
OSHA 373–374
process waste management 384–385
air pollution 362
soil pollution 363
wastewater 363–364
water pollution 362–363
RCRA 375–379
regulatory program 383
requirements 383–384
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 379–380
TSCA 380–381
Environmental technology 194–198
abiotic factors 194–195
anthropogenic stress 195–196
biotic factors 194–195
Epoxides 73
Esterification 139–140
Ethers 73
polar carbon-oxygen bonds 73
polybrominated diphenyl 184
Evaporation 279–280
Exosphere 10
Extraction procedure (EP) 375
F
Facility Response Plan (FRP) rules 374–375
Fertilization 390
FGD See Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD)
Fire point 249
Flame emission spectroscopy 241
Flame photometry 241
Flame retardants 183–184
Flammability 247–252
Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) 169–170
Fluidity 244–245
Fluid mechanics 43–44
Fluorescent indicator adsorption (FIA) 226
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 236
Fractionation, organic compounds 225–227
Freshwater regions 14–20
oceans 17–20
ponds and lakes 14–15
streams and rivers 15
wetlands 16–17
Fuel oil 176–177
heat homes and commercial buildings 93
products 176–177
alcohols 69–72
aldehydes 75–76
alkanes 62–64
alkenes 65–67
alkynes 67
amines 74
aromatic hydrocarbons 67–69
carboxylic acids 76–78
epoxides 73
ethers 73
halides 72–73
ketones 75–76
nitrogen compounds 47–48t
oxygen compounds 46–47t
petrochemicals 79–81
petroleum products 79–81
phenols 69–72
polyfunctional compounds 78–79
polymers 81–82
sulfur compounds 49t
thiols 73
Function oriented synthesis (FOS) 268
G
thermochemical 105–107
Gasoline-type products 176
Gas-to-liquids (GTL) 92
Gel permeation chromatography 226
Good operating practices 422–423
Green chemistry 38–39
Green engineering 38–39
Greenhouse gas emissions 189
H
Halides 72–73
Halogenation 140–142
Handling of petroleum products 180–183
Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) 366–367
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 372–373
corrosivity 376
ignitability 376
reactivity 376
toxicity 377
Hazardous Waste Regulations 383
HDPE See High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Henry’s law constant 289–290
Heterocyclic compounds 59
Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) 125
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 227
Homogeneous catalysis 326–327
Household hazardous waste (HHW) 36
Hydrocarbons 50–59
aliphatic hydrocarbons 52–55
aromatic compounds 56–59
cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons 55–56
Hydrogenation 142–143
Beavon process 418
Claus process 418
I
Indigenous chemicals 34–35
Inductive effect 321
Industrial chemicals 184–187
BTX 125–132
C-1 chemistry 114
C-2 chemistry 115–120
C-3 chemistry 120–121
C-4 chemistry 121–125
chemical reactions 132–150
biomass 103–109
coal 96–102
feedstock costs 91
natural gas 95–96
petroleum 93–95
tar sand bitumen 102–103
single-process 89
toxics release inventory 90
Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) 92
Interfacial tension 241–244
Intermediate products 176
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 2
Intertidal zone 19
Intrinsic aerobic biodegradation 390
Ion exchange chromatography 226
Ionosphere 9
K
Ketones 75–76
Kinematic viscosity 244–245
L
LDPE See Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
Leaching 280–281
soil structure 281
soil texture 281
water content 281
Limnetic zone 14–15
Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) 120
Liquid chromatography 227
Littoral zone 14–15
Low-boiling organic chemicals 296–297
M
Management of process waste 384–385
Mass spectrometry 239–240
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) 412
Material substitution 426
Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) 366–367
Maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) 379
Mercaptans 71
Mesosphere 8
Methanol to gasoline (MTG) 96
Microbial degradation 346
Microbial inocula 397
Mitigation 196
Molecular partitioning 291
Monitored natural attenuation 402–403
N
Nalgene 413–414
Naphthene derivatives 176
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) 376
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 176
Nation’s primary drinking water standard (NPDWS) 379
Natural biodegradation 394–395
acid rain 189–191
air quality 189–191
greenhouse effect 189
smog 189–191
Natural organic matter (NOM) 339–340
Nitration 144–145
aliphatic compounds 144
TDI production 144
TNT 132
Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) 394
Nonindigenous chemicals 35–38
Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) 192–193
Nonpoint source (NPS) 266
Nonsugar fermentation 107–108
Nontidal wetlands 16
Nucleophilic reactions 85
O
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 403–405
Oceans See also Marine regions
abyssal zone 19
benthic zone 19
intertidal zone 19
pelagic zone 19
Octanol-water partitioning 291–292
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) 374–375
Open-ocean zone 285
air sparging 403–405
bioengineering 406
biosurfactants 405
bioventing 403–405
enhanced 396
ex situ methods 397–398
monitored natural attenuation 402–403
natural 394–395
rhizosphere 405–406
in situ and ex situ 401
in situ methods 397–398
soil vapor extraction 403–405
test methods 407
traditional methods 395–396
chemical 217–220
elemental 215–217
fractionation 225–227
volatility 220–225
data uses 252–256
air emissions 416–419
chemical wastes 414–416
good operating practices 422–423
options 422–426
product reformulation 426
solid wastes 421
wastewater 419–421
properties 203–256
density 230–231
functional groups 231–233
liquefaction 233–234
solidification 233–234
specific gravity 230–231
spectroscopic properties 234–241
bonding 82–84
classification 44–59
electrophilic reactions 85–86
alcohols 69–72
aldehydes 75–76
alkanes 62–64
alkenes 65–67
alkynes 67
amines 74
aromatic hydrocarbons 67–69
carboxylic acids 76–78
epoxides 73
ethers 73
halides 72–73
ketones 75–76
nitrogen compounds 47–48t
oxygen compounds 46–47t
petrochemicals 79–81
petroleum products 79–81
phenols 69–72
polyfunctional compounds 78–79
polymers 81–82
sulfur compounds 49t
thiols 73
heterocyclic compounds 59
aliphatic hydrocarbons 52–55
aromatic compounds 56–59
cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons 55–56
nucleophilic reactions 85
Organic pollutants 153–198
Organic reactions 314–326
addition 316
elimination 316
hydrolysis 325
photolysis 325–326
rearrangement 323–324
redox 321–323
substitution 316–321
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 407
Oxyacetylation 147
P
Paraffin derivatives 176
Partition coefficient/distribution coefficient 291
Partitioning 287–293
acid-base 289
air-water 289–290
molecular 291
octanol-water 291–292
sorption 292–293
P-Code list 37
Pentabromodiphenyl ether 184
aerosols 157–161
chemical waste 164–168
coal 169–172
environmental technology 194–198
flame retardant 183–184
gas phase 155
industrial organic chemical 184–187
liquid phase/solid phase 155
long-range transport 154–155
natural gas 187–191
refinery waste 177–183
toxicity 155–156
VOCs 191–193
wood smoke 193–194
Petrochemicals 79–81
Phenols 69–72
Photochemical smog/tropospheric ozone 342
Photolysis reactions 325–326
Physical properties 286–302
Physical transport 345
Phytoremediation biodegradation 390–391
Phytostimulation/plant-assisted biodegradation 405–406
Phytotransformation 391
Pollution prevention 408–429
air emissions 416–419
chemical wastes 414–416
good operating practices 422–423
product reformulation 426
solid wastes 421
wastewater 419–421
Polycyclic nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) 282
Polyfunctional compounds 78–79
Polymers 81–82
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 119–120
Primary pollutants 198
Primary wastewater treatment 420
Process waste 179–180
Process waste management 384–385
Producer gas 97–98
Profundal zone 14–15
Proton magnetic resonance (PMR) 237–238
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) 420
Pyrolysis 108–109
Pyrophoric organic chemicals 166–167
R
Reactions of organic compounds 85
Reactive absorptionchemical absorption 330
Rearrangement reactions 323–324
Redox reaction 321–323
change in oxidation state 323
decrease in oxidation state 323
increase in oxidation state 323
oxidizing agent 322–323
reducing agent 322–323
Refinery waste 177–183
handling of petroleum products 180–183
process waste 179–180
spills 180
storage 180–183
Reforming 147–149
Regulatory program 383
Relative volatility 221
Release of organic compounds into the environment 271–283
Removal of organic compounds from the environment 387–429
Research and development (R&D) 412
Residual products 176–177
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 35
S
Salt effect 337–338
Saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) 225–226
Saybolt furol viscosity (SFS) 245–246
Saybolt method 246
Saybolt universal viscosity (SUS) 245–246
SCOT process/Wellman–Lord Process 418–419
Secondary pollutants 198
Sedimentation 281–283
Seeding 390
Self-purification 346
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) 161
Simulated distillation (simdis) 250–252
Smog 189–191
Soil composition 21–22
Soil vapor extraction 403–405
Solidification 233–234
Sorption 330
partitioning 292–293
Sources of organic pollutants 153–198
Spectroscopic properties 234–241
flame emission spectroscopy 241
flammability 247–252
interfacial tension 241–244
IR spectroscopy 236
mass spectrometry 239–240
NMR spectroscopy 237–239
ultraviolet spectroscopy 241
viscosity 244–247
volatility 247–252
Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) 374–375
Spills 180
Spreading 283
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 185
State implementation plans (SIPs) 366–368
Steroids 347
Strategic environmental assessment 361
Stratosphere 7–8
Styrene 126
Substitution reactions 316–321
salt hydrolysis 319
Sugar fermentation 107
Sulfonation 149–150
Supercritical fluid chromatography 227
Synthetic natural gas (SNG) 97–98
T
Tar sand bitumen 102–103
soil composition 21–22
soil pollution 22–23
Test methods for biodegradation 407
Thermochemical gasification 105–107
Thermosphere 9–10
Thiols 73
Tidal wetlands 16
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) 132
Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) 300–302
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) 377
Traditional biodegradation 395–396
Transformation processes 309
Treatment options 427–429
Trichloroethylene (TCE) 332
Troposphere 7
Types of chemicals 284–286
Types of organic pollutants 153–198
U
U-Code list 37
Ultraviolet spectroscopy 241
Underground storage tanks (USTs) 180–181
Use and misuse of chemicals 29–34
Use of biosurfactants 405
V
van der Waals’ forces 340–341
Viscosity 244–247
regulated compounds 254
unregulated compounds 254
high-boiling organic chemicals 297–298
low-boiling organic chemicals 296–297
W
Water pollution 362–363
Water solubility 298–300
Water-soluble fraction (WSF) 297–298
absorption 419
regeneration 419
nontidal 16
tidal 16
Wood smoke 193–194
X
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 238
Z
Zeolite 328–329
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