In this chapter, we introduced the major code libraries used to process and analyze geospatial data. You learned the characteristics of each library, how they are related or are distinct to each other, how to install them, where to find additional documentation, and typical use cases. GDAL is a major library that includes two separate libraries, OGR and GDAL. Many other libraries and software applications use GDAL functionality under the hood, examples are Fiona and Rasterio, which were both covered in this chapter. These were created to make it easier to work with GDAL and OGR in a more Pythonic way.

The next chapter will introduce spatial databases. These are used for data storage and analysis, with examples being SpatiaLite and PostGIS. You will also learn how to use different Python libraries to connect to these databases.