Footnotes

Chapter 3

* The precautionary principle states that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking the action.

* The standard of care must reflect the art (consensus of opinion of clinical judgment) and science (published peer-reviewed literature) of medicine and must be uniform for all healthcare personnel, whether they are providing direct clinical care or reviewing the medical necessity of past, present, or future medical care. (American College of Medical Quality. [2010]. “Standard of Care.” Ethics and Professional Policy 3.)

* For more on Maslow, see the Design for Care website (http://designforcare.com).

Chapter 4

* Cognitive scientist Herbert Simon coined the term satisficing to describe the behavior of sufficient satisfaction of a decision, where a workable threshold of acceptability is suitable. People satisfice as a way to make decisions with incomplete information and partial comprehension. As a rational response to complexity, humans trade off completeness for sufficiency and make do with the information they have at hand.

* Design for graceful aging is a significant, growing innovation opportunity actively researched in labs such as the University of Toronto’s TAGLab (http://taglab.utoronto.ca) and in health applications being designed by companies such as GE and Intel (http://careinnovations.com).

Chapter 5

* See A. Polaine, L. Løvlie, & B. Reason. (2013). Service design. Brooklyn, NY: Rosenfeld Media. www.rosenfeldmedia.com/books/service-design/.