Appendix C
Memory Table Answers
Chapter 2
Table 2-1 Decimal 2 to 1024 in Binary and Power of Two
Decimal |
Binary |
Power of Two (Exponent) |
Power of Two (Multiplication) |
2 |
10 |
21 |
2 |
4 |
100 |
22 |
2×2 |
8 |
1000 |
23 |
2×2×2 |
16 |
10000 |
24 |
2×2×2×2 |
32 |
100000 |
25 |
2×2×2×2×2 |
64 |
1000000 |
26 |
2×2×2×2×2×2 |
128 |
10000000 |
27 |
2×2×2×2× 2×2×2 |
256 |
100000000 |
28 |
2×2×2×2× 2×2×2×2 |
512 |
1000000000 |
29 |
2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 |
1024 |
10000000000 |
210 |
2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 |
Table 2-2 Decimal 2 to 1024 in Binary and Hexadecimal
Decimal |
Binary |
Hexadecimal |
2 |
10 |
2 |
3 |
11 |
3 |
5 |
101 |
5 |
9 |
1001 |
9 |
15 |
1111 |
F |
16 |
10000 |
10 |
32 |
100000 |
20 |
33 |
100001 |
21 |
64 |
1000000 |
40 |
65 |
1000001 |
41 |
128 |
10000000 |
80 |
129 |
10000001 |
81 |
255 |
100000000 |
FF |
256 |
100000000 |
100 |
511 |
111111111 |
1FF |
1024 |
10000000000 |
400 |
Chapter 6
Table 6-1 Binary KB–PB Capacity in Bytes
Measurement |
Name |
Size (Bytes) |
1KB |
Kilobyte |
1,024 |
1MB |
Megabyte |
1,048,576 |
1GB |
Gigabyte |
1,073,741,824 |
1TB |
Terabyte |
1,099,511,627,776 |
1PB |
Petabyte |
1,125,899,906,842,620 |
Table 6-2 Common Data File Types and Typical Sizes
File Type |
Details |
Size (Bytes) |
Size (Binary KB/MB) |
Notes |
JPG |
Digital photo taken with smartphone |
2,981,608 |
2.84MB |
5312×2988 resolution* |
CR2 |
RAW (uncompressed) image file taken with Canon digital SLR (DSLR) camera |
29,593,050 |
28.2MB |
5184×3456 resolution* |
XLS |
Microsoft Excel file (single worksheet), with 500 rows and 12 columns |
89,777 |
86.6KB |
|
DOCX |
Microsoft Word file (one page, text with styles) |
30,578 |
28.8KB |
|
DOCX |
Microsoft Word file (five pages, including two charts and one color photo optimized for printing) |
2,246,151 |
2.14MB |
|
Five-page Adobe Reader file containing text, two charts, and one color photo optimized for printing converted from a DOCX file |
448,102 |
437KB |
|
|
MP3 |
Digital music file |
13,785,280 |
13.1MB |
|
MP3 |
Digital music file |
21,161,54 |
20.1MB |
|
MP3 |
Digital music file |
3,079,105 |
2.93MB |
* number of pixels (horizontal×vertical) in still image
** Duration (minutes:seconds)
^ Quality (compression setting, where lower quality = smaller file size)
Chapter 7
Table 7-1 Computer and Peripheral Subsystems and Their Components
Subsystem or Process |
Hardware |
Software (App) |
Firmware |
Data Files |
What to Test/Check |
Starting (booting) the computer |
Hard drive or SSD, CMOS battery (motherboard) |
Operating system startup configuration |
BIOS/UEFI startup boot order |
(None) |
BIOS/UEFI settings, battery (if settings lost), operating system startup files, test system drive. |
Running an office app (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation) |
Storage used for app (local or network); storage used for data |
App, operating system files, Windows Registry |
(None) |
Word processing, spreadsheet, presentation data files |
Repair app; test system drive; uninstall-reinstall app; research any error messages displayed. |
Running a database |
Storage used for app (local or network); storage used for data |
Database app |
(None) |
Database tables, queries, reports, indexes |
Test data drive, network connection; repair database; repair database app. |
Opening a website |
Network adapter, storage used for app (local or network) |
Web browser |
(None) |
(None) |
Check a different website; refresh website; check wired or wireless connection; research any errors displayed; try a different web browser. |
Printing |
Printer, cable, USB port (local) Network connection |
Printer driver in the operating system, print spooler |
BIOS/UEFI configuration of port Network configuration on printer |
Files being printed, temporary print spooler files |
Cable, port, driver, test print, printhead, toner level, ink level. |
Scanning |
Scanner or multifunction unit, cable, USB port (local) Network connection |
Scanner driver in the operating system; scanner app |
BIOS/UEFI configuration of port Network configuration on scanner |
Image or document files created by scanner |
Cable, port, driver, test scan, connection to transparency unit; test ADF (Automatic Document Feeder). |
Display |
Graphics card, monitor, cables, port type, motherboard (integrated video), digitizer (touchscreen) |
Video drivers in the operating system; 3D games or other apps using display |
Video BIOS, BIOS configuration of video type, boot priority |
(None) |
Clean touchscreen; check cable, video card, video port, drivers, motherboard. |
Audio |
Sound card, speakers, microphone, cables, motherboard (integrated audio) |
Audio drivers in the operating system; music recording or playback apps |
BIOS configuration of integrated audio |
Audio, A/V files created by audio apps or played back |
Mute and volume controls, speaker and microphone cables; move speaker positions; reconfigure speakers and mouse settings; swap speaker; swap microphone; try different audio apps. |
Webcam |
Webcam drivers in the operating system; webcam or IM app |
Webcam drivers in the operating system; webcam or IM app |
BIOS USB port configuration |
(None) |
Plug in webcam; adjust microphone; adjust webcam settings for color, brightness |
Mouse and pointing device |
Mouse or pointing device, USB port |
Mouse driver in the operating system |
BIOS port configuration, USB legacy configuration |
(None) |
Mouse settings (pointer size, speed, color), hardware; swap mouse; try a different USB port. |
Keyboard |
Keyboard, PS/2 or USB port, ribbon cable (laptop) |
Keyboard driver in the operating system, accessibility settings |
BIOS keyboard configuration, USB legacy configuration |
(None) |
Keyboard, devices controlled with the keyboard (Wi-Fi, brightness, etc.). |
Touchscreen |
Touchscreen cable, USB port (if external) |
Touchscreen driver in operating system |
USB configuration (if external) |
(None) |
Swap display; run touchscreen diagnostics; check USB cables (if external); check cable (if internal). |
Storage |
Drives, data cables, power connectors, USB, SATA, or add-on card ports |
Storage drivers in operating system |
BIOS drive configuration, BIOS configuration of built-in USB or SATA ports |
OS, program, data, temporary file |
Drive diagnostics; move drives to other ports and retest. |
Power |
Power supply, splitters, fans |
Power-management software in operating system |
BIOS power-management configuration |
(None) |
Check voltage in BIOS or with multimeter; replace power supply; replace splitters; check front-panel wires; check outlet voltage and wiring. |
CPU |
CPU, motherboard |
System devices |
BIOS cache and CPU configuration |
(None) |
Reset CMOS to defaults; swap CPU or motherboard. |
Motherboard |
Motherboard, add-on cards, CPU, RAM, built-in ports (USB, SATA, etc.) |
System devices, drivers for add-on cards |
CPU, memory settings, port settings |
(None) |
Reset CMOS to defaults; swap SATA, USB headers; check front panel wires; swap motherboard. |
Cooling |
Power supply fan, CPU active heatsink, GPU active heatsink, case fans, power/speed monitoring cables from fans to motherboard or power supply, case vents |
CPU throttling driver in the operating system |
Fan speed display in BIOS Fan/temperature alarms in BIOS |
(None) |
Clean fans, case vents; replace power lead extensions/splitters; check fan speeds; adjust temperature alarms; replace power supply, case fans, active heatsinks. |
RAM |
RAM, motherboard |
System devices |
BIOS RAM configuration |
(None) |
Swap RAM; run RAM diagnostics; reset CMOS to defaults. |
Network (wired) |
NIC, motherboard, USB port (for USB devices), network cable, switch, router |
Network configuration files and drivers in operating system |
BIOS PnP and power management, BIOS configuration of integrated network port or USB port |
(None) |
Check TCP/IP configuration; check/swap cable; swap NIC or USB network adapter; check router configuration; check switch. |
Network (wireless) |
NIC, motherboard, USB port (for USB devices), antenna cables (internal), wireless router or access point |
Network configuration files and drivers in operating system |
BIOS PnP, power management, BIOS port configuration |
(None) |
Check TCP/IP configuration; swap USB network adapter; check router configuration; check USB port; check internal card connection; check antenna connections on card, router. |
Chapter 8
Table 8-1 Ethernet Cable Grade and Supported Networks
Ethernet Speed |
Also Known As |
Recommended Cable Grade |
10Mbps |
10Mbps Ethernet |
CAT 3 or higher |
100Mbps |
Fast Ethernet |
CAT 5 or higher |
1000Mbps |
Gigabit Ethernet |
CAT 5e or CAT 6 |
10000Mbps |
10G BASE-T Ethernet |
CAT 6, CAT 6e, CAT 7* |
CAT is short for “category.”
*Other types of 10G Ethernet use fiber optic cable.
Table 8-3 Current USB Versions
USB Version |
Also Known As |
Maximum Speed |
Color Marking on Computer* |
2.0 |
Hi-Speed USB |
480Mbps |
Black |
3.0** |
SuperSpeed USB |
5Gbps |
Blue |
3.1 Gen 2 |
SuperSpeed+ USB |
10Gbps |
Red |
*High-amperage USB 3.0 ports for charging tablets are marked in yellow.
**Also known as USB 3.1 Gen 1
Table 8-4 Thunderbolt Versions
Version |
Maximum Speed |
Connection Type |
Thunderbolt 1 |
10Gbps |
Mini DisplayPort* |
Thunderbolt 2 |
20Gbps |
Mini DisplayPort* |
Thunderbolt 3 |
30Gbps |
USB-C |
*The connectors are the same shape, but the cables are not interchangeable.
Table 8-5 Graphic Device Ports
Name |
Signal Type |
Number of Displays Supported per Port |
Recommended Use and Notes |
VGA |
Analog |
1 |
When other port types are not supported by a display, or for an additional display. |
DVI |
Digital (DVI-D) Analog/Digital (DVI-I) |
1 |
For displays that support digital connections; can be adapted to HDMI. |
HDMI*** |
Digital* |
1 |
Supports digital audio as well as video; good choice for home theater connections. |
DisplayPort** |
Digital* |
Varies with display resolution |
Versions 1.2a and above support 4K Ultra HD home theater; supports digital audio and video; great for multidisplay gaming. |
*Powered adapters are available to enable connection to DVI or VGA.
**Mini DisplayPort supports all DisplayPort features.
***Mini HDMI port supports all HDMI features.
Chapter 10
Table 10-1 Wired Versus Wireless Ethernet Connection Speeds
Connection Type |
Standard |
Maximum Speed |
Wired |
Ethernet |
10Mbps |
Wireless (Wi-Fi) |
802.11b |
11Mbps* |
Wireless (Wi-Fi) |
802.11a |
54Mbps** |
Wireless (Wi-Fi) |
802.11g |
54Mbps* |
Wired |
Fast Ethernet |
100Mbps |
Wireless (Wi-Fi) |
802.11n |
150Mbps* 450Mbps** |
Wired |
Gigabit Ethernet |
1000Mbps |
Wireless (Wi-Fi) |
802.11ac |
1200Mbps** |
*2.4GHz frequency band
**5.0GHz frequency band (optional with 802.11n)
Chapter 11
Table 11-1 Internet Service Comparison
Service Type |
Maximum Download Speeds |
Self-install |
Data Cap |
Mobile |
Shareable |
Fiber optic |
1Gbps |
No |
No |
No |
Yes* |
Cable |
500Mbps |
Varies |
Varies |
No |
Yes* |
DSL |
6Mbps** 500Mbps |
Varies |
Varies |
No |
Yes* |
Fixed wireless |
768Kbps– 1Gbps^ |
No |
Varies |
No |
Yes* |
Satellite |
25–50Mbps |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes* |
Cellular |
Up to 36Mbps |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes*** |
*Use wireless router or router with switch.
**Based on AT&T traditional DSL services.
^See https://broadbandnow.com/Fixed-Wireless-Providers for details.
***Use mobile hotspot device or enable mobile hotspot feature on cellular-equipped device such as a smartphone.
Chapter 13
Table 13-1 Smartphone Core Features
Feature |
Details |
Processor |
ARM 32 bit or 64 bit |
RAM |
Non-expandable System on a Chip (SoC) |
Storage |
Flash memory up to 256GB |
Expansion slot |
MicroSD-family card slot or none |
Expansion port |
(See “Charging”) |
Charging |
Micro-USB, USB-C, or Lightning |
Display |
Built in |
External video output |
N/A |
Interface |
Touchscreen |
Wireless network(s) |
Bluetooth, cellular, Wi-Fi |
Wired network |
N/A |
Operating system(s) |
iOS, Android, Windows Mobile |
Table 13-2 Tablet Core Features
Feature |
Details |
Processor |
ARM 32 bit or 64 bit, x86 32 bit |
RAM |
Non-expandable System on a Chip (SoC) up to 2GB |
Storage |
Flash memory up to 256GB |
Expansion slots |
MicroSD-family card slot or none |
Expansion port |
(See “Charging”) |
Charging |
Micro-USB, USB-C, or Lightning |
Display |
Built in |
External video output |
N/A (iOS, Android) Varies (Windows) |
Interface |
Touchscreen Keyboard* |
Wireless network |
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cellular* |
Wired network |
N/A Gigabit Ethernet** |
Operating system(s) |
iOS, Android, Windows 10 |
*Optional
**Via USB-Ethernet adapter
Table 13-3 Laptop Core Features
Feature |
Details |
Processor |
64 bit |
RAM |
4GB to 16GB RAM; may be expandable |
Storage |
Hard disk or SSD |
Expansion slots |
SD-family card slot |
Expansion port |
USB (two or more) |
Charging |
Proprietary or USB Type C |
Display |
Built in |
External video output |
Yes |
Interface |
Keyboard, touchpad touchscreen* |
Wireless |
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi cellular* |
Wired network |
Gigabit Ethernet |
Operating system(s) |
Windows 10, macOS Linux* |
*Optional
Table 13-4 Workstation Core Features
Feature |
Details |
Processor |
x64 64-bit processor |
RAM |
4–8GB RAM |
Storage |
Hard disk and/or SSD, optical drive (DVD) |
Expansion slots |
PCIe for I/O, networking |
Expansion port |
USB (four or more) |
Charging |
N/A |
Display |
External |
External video output |
Yes, built-in video port Video card* |
Interface |
Keyboard Mouse, touchpad, touchscreen* |
Wireless |
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi* |
Wired network |
Gigabit Ethernet |
Operating system(s) |
Windows 10 macOS Linux* |
Form factor |
Small form-factor horizontal or vertical case |
*Optional
Table 13-5 Server Core Features
Feature |
Details |
Processor |
x64 64-bit multicore server class (one or more) |
RAM |
16GB or more RAM |
Storage |
Hard disk and/or SSD array |
Expansion slots |
PCIe for I/O, networking |
Expansion port |
USB (2 or more) |
Charging |
N/A |
Display |
External |
External video output |
Built-in port or none |
Interface |
Keyboard Mouse* |
Wireless |
N/A |
Wired network |
Gigabit Ethernet or 10G Ethernet (one or two ports) |
Operating system(s) |
Windows Server Linux server |
Form factor |
Tower, rack mount, blade |
*Optional
Table 13-6 Computing Device Feature Comparison
Feature |
Phone |
Tablet |
Laptop |
Workstation |
Server |
Game |
Upgradeable RAM |
No |
No |
Varies |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Upgradeable storage |
Varies |
Varies |
Varies |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Expansion slots |
No |
No |
Varies |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Charging |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Built-in display |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Upgradeable video output |
No |
No |
No |
Varies |
Yes |
No |
Keyboard |
Soft |
Soft |
Built in |
Add-on |
Add-on |
No |
Touchpad |
No |
No |
Built in |
No |
No |
No |
Mouse |
No |
No |
Add-on |
Add-on |
Add-on |
No |
Wi-Fi |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Add-on |
Add-on |
Yes |
Bluetooth |
Yes |
Yes |
Varies |
Add-on |
Add-on |
No |
Wired network |
No |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Varies |
Optional operating systems |
No |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Chapter 14
Table 14-1 Common Network Protocols
Protocol |
How Used |
TCP Port Number(s) |
HTTP/S |
Web browser traffic |
80 (HTTP) 443 (HTTPS) |
POP3 |
Receiving email |
110 |
IMAP |
Receiving email |
143, 993* |
SMTP |
Sending email |
25, 587* |
*Varies according to the encryption method used
Chapter 17
Table 17-1 File System Limitations
File System |
Max Volume Size |
Max File Size |
Number of Files per Volume |
Number of Files per Folder |
FAT32 |
32GB* |
4GB |
Approx. 268 million |
65,536** |
NTFS |
256TB*** |
256TB |
Approx. 4 trillion |
Approx. 4 trillion |
HFS |
2TB |
2GB |
65535 |
65535 |
HFS Plus |
8EB |
8EB |
Approx. 4 trillion |
Approx. 4 trillion |
Ext4 |
1EB |
16 trillion bytes |
Approx. 4 billion |
Approx. 4 trillion |
*Limit for formatting the drive using Windows; larger sizes up to 2TB available with third-party formatting tools.
**When long filenames are used, each file uses two directory entries, so this number could be reduced by up to 50% if all files have long filenames plus MS-DOS (8.3) aliases.
***Limit in Windows Server 2012 and 2016; larger sizes supported by file system.
Chapter 34
Table 34-1 RAID Levels
RAID Level |
Number of Drives |
Notes |
Capacity* |
0 |
2 |
Data striped across both drives; good performance but no redundancy (fault tolerance). |
Total of both drives. |
1 |
2 |
Data mirrored from one drive to the other for redundancy. |
Half the total of both drives. |
5 |
3 or more |
Data and parity information striped across all drives; array can be rebuilt if a single drive fails, but performance suffers during the rebuild process. |
For a three-drive array, 1-1/3=2/3 total capacity of all drives. For a four-drive array: 1-1/4=3/4 total capacity of all drives (and so on). |
10 |
4 |
Two pairs of drives have data striped across them, but each pair of drives is mirrored. |
Half the total of all drives. |
*Assumes all drives in array have identical capacities. If one of the drives in the array is smaller, the smaller drive’s capacity is used to determine the array’s capacity.