Index
Numbers
3.5mm mini-jacks, installing speakers, 155
32-bit processors
laptop computers, 182
servers, 183
workstations, 183
64-bit processors, 183
servers, 186
workstations, 186
802.11a (Wireless-A) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
802.11ac (Wireless-AC) wireless standard, 299-304
802.11b (Wireless-B) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
802.11g (Wireless-G) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
802.11n (Wireless-N) wireless standard, 299-301, 304
A
Access (MS), 407
databases
backups, 567
creating, 522
exporting, 563
importing, 564
access control, 335
access restriction
ACL, 649
DAC, 650
logins, 644
MAC, 649
security questions, 644
specific locations, 643
SSO, 645
terminal-specific restrictions, 644
time of day, 644
access to data, restoring, 719
accounting
software, 409
tracking
browser histories, 655
ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability), 533
ACL (Access Control Lists), 649
activity trackers/medical devices, 266
add-on NIC (Network Interface Cards), 195
add-ons/extensions (browsers), 430
adding to browsers, 431
enabling/disabling in browsers, 431
removing from browsers, 432
Adobe Flash, 603
ALTER command (data definition), 561
altering information (unauthorized), 581
AMD processors, 76
AND comparisons (Boolean logic), 30
Android, 336
Google Play store, 330
location tracking, 655
patches/updates, 601
PIN, changing, 675
updates/patches, 601
user accounts, 648
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 18
answering exam questions, suggestions for, 729-731
antennas
MIMO antennas, 304
MU-MIMO antennas, 304
anti-copying technology, copyrights and, 57
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
APIPA protocol addresses, 277
security, 625
Updates Page, 599
validating software sources, 602
Apple Mail, encryption, 695
application logs, 652
applications (apps)
blocking
macOS, 328
Windows, 327
browser compatibility, 440, 441
cloud-hosted applications, 418
containers, 340
DBMS apps, 521
digital products, 58
Google Play store, 330
high availability, 705
installing
Android, 330
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
macOS, 328
Windows, 327
local-network-hosted applications, 418
locally-installed applications, 417
managing
Android, 330
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
Microsoft Store, 327
mobile apps
N-tier architectures, 421
one-tier architectures, 419
SyncToy (Microsoft), 712
three-tier architectures, 420
two-tier architectures, 420
uninstalling
Android, 330
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
macOS, 329
updating
Android, 330
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
macOS, 328
VBA programming language, 485
Applications and Software objectives (ITF+ exam), 6
architectures (process), 319
archive files. See ZIP files
ARM processors, 180
mobile phones, 181
tablets, 181
arrays, 512
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
ANSI, 18
code pages, 19
Atomicity (ACID), 533
attacks
brute force attacks, 665
dictionary attacks, 665
spidering attacks, 665
zombie botnets, 666
attenuation (Wi-Fi), 304
attributes (objects), 513
audit trails, unauthorized information alteration, 581
AUP (Acceptable Use Policies), 630-631
authentication
ACL, 649
biometric authentication, 642
DAC, 650
factors of, 640
hardware tokens, 641
MAC, 649
multifactor authentication, 640
OTP, 640
passwords, 640
PIN, 640
single-factor authentication, 639
software tokens, 641
SSO, 645
authorization, 645
least privilege model, 647
Automator, 322
automation
home automation devices, 258-260
processes
scheduling, 322
Availability (CIA Triad), 575
DDoS attacks, 581
destruction (data/device), 583
hardware failures, 582
power outages, 582
service outages, 583
B
backbone switches, 287
backups
cloud storage, 715
critical data backups, 713
incremental backups, 710
locally-stored backups, 715
logical backups (database dumps), 565
off-site backups, 716
on-site backups, 716
OS backups, 714
physical backups, 566
RAID arrays, 708
rotation schemes, 713
base 2 notation. See binary notation
base 10 notation. See decimal notation
base 16 notation. See hexadecimal (hex) notation
BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), 475-476
battery backups, 582
behavioral security
App Store, 625
blacklists, 623
business software
hidden text, 628
PII, 626
confidential information
company confidential information, 632
customer information, 632
passwords, 631
personal information, 631
corporate networks, 629
customer information, 632
desktop software, 623
App Store, 625
encryption software, 623
Family/Parental Controls, 623
hidden text, 628
Internet
cookies (tracking), 615
email, 617
file transfers, 620
HTTPS protocol, 615
one-time pads, 620
secure payment processes, 617
single-use credit cards, 617
social networks, 617
VPN, 616
intrusion detection software, 623
NDA, 630
passwords, 631
personal information, 631
PII, 626
privacy, 615
steganography, 623
websites, 623
whitelists, 623
Berne Convention to govern copyrights, 56
best practices
passwords
Android PIN, 675
BIOS/UEFI passwords, 675
changing, 669
iOS passcodes, 675
length of, 665
password manager apps/services, 673
policies, configuring, 670-672
policies, expiration policies, 669
policies, following, 676
screensaver passwords, 672
SSO policies, 672
software installation, 458-467
Wi-Fi setup, 304
biometric authentication, 642
biometric identification, nonrepudiation, 655
BIOS/UEFI passwords, 675
encryption, 358
bits (storage units), 67
bps, 73
Gbps, 74
Kbps, 73
Mbps, 73
Tbps, 75
blacklists, 623
blade servers, 254
blocking applications
macOS, 328
Windows, 327
Bluetooth, 131
keyboards, 151
mouse (mice), 152
networks, 118
scanning, 655
BMW, trademarks, 55
Boolean logic
AND comparisons, 30
NOT comparisons, 30
OR comparisons, 30
Venn diagrams, 31
XOR comparisons, 30
botnets (zombie), 666
bps (bits per second), 73
branching (programming)
If statements, 501
If-Else statements, 502
brownouts, 582
browsers
add-ons/extensions, 430
adding to browsers, 431
enabling/disabling in browsers, 431
removing from browsers, 432
application compatibility, 440-441
caching/clearing caches, 427-428
certificates (security)
Chrome (Google), 400
caching/clearing caches, 427
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
Incognito, 433
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
safe browsing practices, 597
script blockers, 440
client-side scripting, deactivating, 429-430
cookies, 616
Edge (MS), 402
caching/clearing caches, 428
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
InPrivate Browsing, 433
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
safe browsing practices, 597
script blockers, 440
histories, tracking, 655
HTTP network protocol, 280-281
HTTPS network protocol, 280-281
online shopping, 597
pop-up windows, 596
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
safe browsing practices, 596-597
script blockers, 440
brute force attacks, 665
bugging devices, 577
Buick, trademarks, 55
bundled devices, installing, 163
business continuity
disaster recovery
cold sites, 716
hot sites, 717
prioritizing data, 718
restoring data, 718
restoring data access, 719
warm sites, 717
fault tolerance
replication, 705
business software
accounting software, 409
database software, 407
document management software, 409
employee scheduling software, 409
EMR software, 409
POS systems, 409
project management software, 408
resource management software, 409
supply chain management software, 409
BuzzFeed News, 59
bytecode, 479
bytes (storage units), 68
C
C programming language, 483
C++ programming language, 484
cable
Ethernet cable, 118
fiber optic cable, 204
advantages of, 205
connectors, 203
disadvantages of, 205
FTTC, 204
FTTH, 204
FTTN, 204
FTTP, 204
multi-mode cable, 203
ONT, 204
single-mode cable, 203
graphical devices, 132
LC connectors, 203
SC connectors, 203
ST connectors, 203
Thunderbolt cable, 129
USB cable, 122
cable Internet services, 206
advantages of, 208
data caps, 208
disadvantages of, 209
DOCSIS, 206
pricing, 207
upstream/downstream speeds, 207
cameras
digital cameras, installing, 153
hidden cameras, 577
IP, 265
webcams, installing, 153
candidate keys, 546
captive portals, 307
capturing/collecting data, 59
cars and IoT, 264
CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis), security and, 51
CD-R discs, data storage, 68
cellular Internet services, 212-214
certificates (security)
changed, determining if anything has (troubleshooting methodologies), 98
changing passwords, 669
char (characters), 27
character sets (data representation)
Unicode, 19
characters/strings, 511
Chevrolet, trademarks, 55
children, Parental/Family Controls, 623
Chrome (Google), 400
add-ons/extensions, 430
adding to Chrome, 431
enabling/disabling in Chrome, 431
removing from Chrome, 432
caching/clearing caches, 427
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
Incognito, 433
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
safe browsing practices, 597
script blockers, 440
CIA Triad, 575
Availability
DDoS attacks, 581
destruction (data/device), 583
hardware failures, 582
power outages, 582
service outages, 583
Confidentiality
dumpster diving, 578
PII, 579
social engineering, 578
wiretapping, 577
Integrity
DoS attacks, 581
impersonation, 580
MITM attacks, 579
replay attacks, 580
unauthorized information alteration, 581
cipher text versus plain text, 685
clearing browser caches, 427-428
client-side scripting, deactivating, 429-430
clock cycles, 75
clock speeds. See processing speeds
cloud computing
backups, 715
cloud-hosted applications, 418-420
document-sharing services, 405-406
online workspaces, 405
cloud-hosted applications (apps), 418
cloud storage, 533
Dropbox, 243
Google Drive, 242
Microsoft OneDrive, 243
clustering servers, 340
COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language), 484
Coca-Cola, trademarks, 55
code pages (ASCII), 19
cold sites (disaster recovery), 716
collaboration software
conferencing software, 404
document-sharing services, 405-406
email clients, 403
IM software, 404
online workspaces, 405
collecting/capturing data, 59
color values, hexadecimal (hex) notation, 16
columns (tables), 546
communication (networks)
DNS, 275
packet transmission, 273
WAN, 276
company confidential information, security, 632
compatibility
cross-platform software, 453
Program Compatibility Wizard, 324
compiled programming languages
C, 483
C++, 484
COBOL, 484
interpreted computer languages versus, 475, 483
Java, 485
VBA, 485
complexity of passwords, 665-666
compressed file backups, 712-714
compression (files), 356
compromised passwords, 578
COMPTIA Certification Forums, 732
computer components
cooling systems, 190
CPU, 179
motherboards/system boards, 171
eSATA ports, 173
expansion slots, 173
port clusters, 173
SATA ports, 172
system boards/motherboards, 171
eSATA ports, 173
expansion slots, 173
port clusters, 173
SATA ports, 172
computing languages
bytecode, 479
C, 483
C++, 484
COBOL, 484
compiled programming languages, 475, 483-485
interpreted computer languages, 475-487
JavaScript, 477
JSON, 477
markup languages
Perl, 477
PowerShell, 479
Python, 478
query languages
XQuery, 487
Ruby, 478
scripted languages
bytecode, 479
scripting languages
JavaScript, 477
JSON, 477
Perl, 477
PowerShell, 479
Python, 478
Ruby, 478
VBA, 485
XQuery, 487
concurrent software licenses, 455
concurrent users (multiple), databases and, 529
conferencing software, 404
confidential information, security
company confidential information, 632
customer information, 632
passwords, 631
personal information, 631
Confidentiality (CIA Triad)
dumpster diving, 578
PII, 579
social engineering, 578
wiretapping, 577
configuring
peripherals/devices, 163
web-based configuration of peripherals/devices, 163
confirming tested theories/resolving problems (troubleshooting methodologies), 103
connectors (cable), 203
conquer (troubleshooting methodologies), divide and, 101-102
considering multiple approaches (troubleshooting methodologies), 100
Consistency (ACID), 533
consoles/command line interfaces
Linux, 388
macOS, 388
Windows, 387
constants, 511
constraints
containers
arrays, 512
defined, 340
vectors, 512
contingency plans (fault tolerance), 716-717
continuity (business)
disaster recovery
cold sites, 716
hot sites, 717
prioritizing data, 718
restoring data, 718
restoring data access, 719
warm sites, 717
fault tolerance
replication, 705
cookies (tracking), 615
cooling systems, 190
copying files, 710
copyleft, 56
copyrights
anti-copying technology, 57
DMCA, 57
infringement, 56
take down notifications, 57
terms and conditions, 56
terms of use, 56
corporate networks, security, 629
correlating data, 59
CPU (Central Processing Units), 39-40
32-bit processors
laptop computers, 182
servers, 183
workstations, 183
64-bit processors, 183
servers, 186
workstations, 186
ARM processors, 180
mobile phones, 181
tablets, 181
subsystems/processes, 92
CR2 files, 72
cracking passwords, 666
CREATE command (data definition), 560
credit cards (single-use), 617
critical data backups, 713
cross-platform software, 449-450, 453
CTB (Code the Blocks) website, Python coding, 478
customer information, security, 632
D
DAC (Discretionary Access Control), 650
data
as an asset, 51
caps, 208
capture/collection, 59
confidential information, security
company confidential information, 632
customer information, 632
passwords, 631
personal information, 631
copyrights
anti-copying technology, 57
DMCA, 57
infringement, 56
take down notifications, 57
terms and conditions, 56
terms of use, 56
correlation, 59
critical data backups, 713
definition
ALTER command, 561
CREATE command, 560
DROP command, 561
permissions, 561
destruction, 583
files, subsystems/processes, 85, 89
hidden text, security, 628
information, creating from data, 53-54
manipulation, relational databases and
delete process, 559
update process, 559
meaningful reporting, 60
MEGO and, 60
mining, 542
nonstructured data, 545
persistence, 533
PII, security, 626
prioritizing, 718
redundancy, 705
registered trademarks, 55
relationships, 531
representation
Unicode, 19
restoring, 718
service marks, 55
storage
CD-R discs, 68
disk caches, 68
DVD+R discs, 70
Unicode, 19
structured data, 541-542. See also spreadsheets
types of
char (characters), 27
floats (floating-point numbers), 29-30
int (integers), 29
variety of data, 530
velocity of, 530
data at rest (encryption)
file-level encryption
mobile devices, 693
data in transit (encryption)
HTTPS, 696
mobile devices, 697
VPN, 696
data packets
filtering, 581
transmission, 273
Database Fundamentals objectives (ITF+ exam), 7
databases
accessing, 562
ACID, 533
database dumps (logical backups), 565
physical backups, 566
creating, 522
concurrent users and, 529
data definition
ALTER command, 561
CREATE command, 560
DROP command, 561
permissions, 561
data manipulation
delete process, 559
update process, 559
data persistence, 533
DBMS apps, 521
dumps (logical backups), 565
exporting databases, 563
flat file (nonrelational) databases, 529-530
hardening (protection), 532
high availability apps, 705
importing
databases, 563
key/value databases, 547
multiple concurrent users and, 529
nonrelational databases
key/value databases, 547
nonstructured data, 545
permissions, 561
RDBMS, 581
relational databases, 528
data manipulation, 555, 558-559
data relationships, 531
records, 531
schemas, 545
speed of, 530
reports, 527
scalability, 529
schemas, 545
security, 532
software, 407
speed of, 530
storage, 532
structured databases, 541-542. See also spreadsheets
templates, 522
variety of data, 530
velocity of data, 530
Davenport, Thomas, 53
DBMS apps, 521
DD-WRT firmware, 342
DDL (Data Definition Language)
ALTER command, 561
CREATE command, 560
DROP command, 561
permissions, 561
DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks, 577, 581
decimal notation, 17
default passwords, changing, 595
defining data
ALTER command, 561
CREATE command, 560
DROP command, 561
permissions, 561
Del Monte, trademarks, 55
delete process (data manipulation), 559
DELETE statements, 559
desktop computers
GPU, 187
memory, 178
peripheral connections, 143
ports, 143
desktop software, security, 623
App Store, 625
destruction (data/device), 583
determining if anything has changed (troubleshooting methodologies), 98
determining the cause, testing theories to (troubleshooting methodologies), 102
confirmed theories/resolving problems, 103
unconfirmed tested theories, establishing new theories/escalating, 103-104
device addresses (networks)
APIPA protocol addresses, 277
IPv4 addresses, 276
IPv6 addresses, 276
MAC addresses, 279
device destruction, 583
device drivers. See drivers
device management
Linux, 334
macOS, 334
Windows, 333
Device Manager, 333
device security
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
browsers, safe browsing practices, 596-597
host firewalls, 593
passwords, 595
patches/updates, 597
Android, 601
iOS, 602
Linux, 600
macOS, 599
Windows, 598
updates/patches, 597
Android, 601
iOS, 602
Linux, 600
macOS, 599
Windows, 598
DHCP servers, 277
diagramming software (visual), 402
dictionary attacks, 665
digital cameras, installing, 153
digital products, 58
digital receipts, nonrepudiation, 656
digital signatures, nonrepudiation, 656
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules), 222
direct (manual) database access, 562
directories/folders
Linux, 367
macOS, 367
Windows, 366
disabling
add-ons/extensions, 431
SSID, 306
disaster recovery
cold sites, 716
hot sites, 717
prioritizing data, 718
restoring
data, 718
data access, 719
warm sites, 717
disk caches, 68
Disk Utility, 321
Diskpart.exe, 320
display colors (RGB), hexadecimal (hex) notation, 16
DisplayPort
DisplayPort cable, 134
DisplayPort ports, 134
displays, installing, 159
Mini DisplayPort connections, 134
displays
installing, 157
DisplayPort cable, 159
DVI ports, 158
HDMI cable, 159
multiple displays, 160
VGA ports, 158
multiple displays, installing, 160
subsystems/processes, 93
divide and conquer (troubleshooting methodologies), 101-102
DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 57
DMG archive files, 328
DNS (Domain Name Service), 275
docking devices, Thunderbolt docking devices, 130
DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification), 206
document management software, 409
documents
Document Inspector feature (Microsoft Office), 579
NDA, 630
PII, 579
DOCX files, 72
domain networking, 339
DoS (Denial of Service) attacks, 581
doubles (floats), 30
downloading
anti-malware software, 591
antivirus software, 591
defined, 207
downstreaming, 207
drivers
defined, 319
installing, 161
macOS drivers, 382
Windows drivers, 381
DROP command (data definition), 561
DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), Internet services, 209
advantages of, 210
disadvantages of, 210
dumpster diving, 578
duplicating problems (troubleshooting methodologies), 90
Durability (ACID), 533
Duracell, trademarks, 54
DVD+R discs, data storage, 70
DVI-A (Digital Visual Interface-A) ports, 134
DVI-D (Digital Visual Interface-D) ports, 134
DVI-I (Digital Visual Interface-I) ports, 134
DVI ports
displays, installing, 158
DVI-A ports, 134
DVI-D ports, 134
DVI-I ports, 134
Edge (MS), 402
add-ons/extensions
adding to Edge, 431
enabling/disabling in Edge, 431
removing from Edge, 432
caching/clearing caches, 428
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
InPrivate Browsing, 433
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
safe browsing practices, 597
script blockers, 440
editing Registry, 440
EFS (Encrypted File Systems), 357, 686-688
electronic recycling policies, 578
clients, 403
DDoS attacks, 581
DoS attacks, 581
encryption, 694
Linux, 696
macOS, 695
Windows, 695
executive impersonation, 580
IMAP network protocol, 280-282
POP3 network protocol, 280-282
security, 617
S/MIME, 579
SMTP network protocol, 280,-282
embedded OS (Operating Systems), 341
Embedded Windows. See IoT
employee scheduling software, 409
EMR (Electronic Medical Record) software, 409
encryption
cipher text versus plain text, 685
data at rest
file-level encryption, 686-693
mobile devices, 693
data in transit
HTTPS, 696
mobile devices, 697
VPN, 696
eavesdropping and, 577
EFS, 357
email, 694
Linux, 696
macOS, 695
Windows, 695
Ext4, 359
Gmail, 695
GnuPG, 694
HFS Plus, 359
HTTPS, 696
OpenPGP, 694
plain text versus cipher text, 685
process of, 685
software, 623
SSL, 283
TLS, 283
VPN, 696
Wi-Fi
captive portals, 307
open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi, 307
Enigmail, 696
Epic Games, trademarks, 55
equipment/tools, recommendations (ITF+ exam), 8
eSATA ports, 173
ESD (Electrostatic Discharge), 223
ESET Online Scanner, 606
Ethernet
cable grades/supported networks, 118
ONT, 205
RJ-45 Ethernet connectors, 118
switches, 284
wireless Ethernet ports, 194-195
EULA (End-User Licensing Agreements), 58, 464-465
Evolution, 696
exams
COMPTIA Certification Forums, 732
exam day suggestions, 726
failing exams
reserving post-exam study hours, 727
practice exams
timed exams, 729
pre-exam suggestions, 726
questions, answering, 725, 729-731
time management, answering questions, 725
ExcelSafe, 581
executive impersonation, 580
expansion slots, 173
expired passwords, 669
exporting/importing databases, 563
Ext4 (Fourth Extended File System), 354-355
encryption, 359
filenames, 366
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
extensions (file), 72
macOS, 373
MIME file types, 373
extensions/add-ons (browsers), 430
adding to browsers, 431
enabling/disabling in browsers, 431
removing from browsers, 432
external hard drives, installing, 154
F
failing exams
post-exam study hours, reserving, 727
Family/Parental Controls, 623
Fanny Widget app, 582
FAT32 (File Allocation Table 32-bit), 352-353
encryption, 358
limitations of, 364
fault tolerance
backups
critical data backups, 713
incremental backups, 710
OS backups, 714
rotation schemes, 713
redundancy
data, 705
power supplies, 709
replication, 705
FC0-U61 exam
Applications and Software objectives, 6
benefits of, 3
coverage of, 3
Database Fundamentals objectives, 7
design of, 3
details of, 4
domains of, 4
goals of, 3
hardware recommendations, 8
Infrastructure objectives, 5
IT Concepts and Terminology objectives, 5
Security objectives, 7
Software Development Concepts objectives, 6
software recommendations, 9-10
target audience, 3
tools/equipment recommendations, 8
topics covered, 3
fdisk command-line tool, 322
fiber optic cable, 204
advantages of, 205
connectors, 203
disadvantages of, 205
FTTC, 204
FTTH, 204
FTTN, 204
FTTP, 204
multi-mode cable, 203
ONT, 204
single-mode cable, 203
fields (tables), 546
File History (Windows), 711
file systems, 351
archive files. See ZIP files
encryption, 359
filenames, 366
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
encryption, 358
limitations of, 364
HFS, 353
filenames, 366
limitations of, 364
HFS Plus, 354
encryption, 359
file compression, 356
filenames, 366
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
NTFS, 352
file compression, 356
filenames, 365
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
permissions, 359
ZIP files, 356
files
compression, 356
copying, 710
data files, subsystems/processes, 85, 89
encryption
filenames
Ext4, 366
HFS, 366
HFS Plus, 366
histories, 710
log files, 89
managing
file types/extensions, 367-373
transfers, security, 620
types/extensions, 72
macOS, 373
MIME file types, 373
filtering packets, 581
Firefox (Mozilla)
add-ons/extensions, 430
adding to Firefox, 431
enabling/disabling in Firefox, 431
removing from Firefox, 432
caching/clearing caches, 428
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
proxy servers, 435
safe browsing practices, 597
script blockers, 440
firewalls, 286
Firestarter firewall, 594
host firewalls, 593
Linux firewalls, 594
macOS Firewall, 594
software firewalls, 287
Windows Defender Firewall, 593
UEFI, 175
Five-Cfs methodology, creating information from data, 53-54
fixed WISP (Wireless ISP), 210, 213-214
Flash (Adobe), 603
memory cards, 236
memory card readers, 235
flat file (nonrelational) databases, 529-530
Flatpak, Linux security, 625
floating points, 511
floats (floating-point numbers)
doubles, 30
single-precision floats, 29
flood drop thresholds, 581
folders/directories
Linux, 367
macOS, 367
Windows, 366
foreign keys, 546
FORTNITE, trademarks, 55
free command, 322
FTP servers, 287
FTTC (Fiber To The Cabinet (Curb)), 204
FTTH (Fiber To The Home), 204
FTTN (Fiber To The Network), 204
FTTP (Fiber To The Premises), 204
full recovery backups, 714
full system functionality (troubleshooting methodologies), 105
Gantt charts, 408
gathering information (troubleshooting methodologies), 89
GB (Gigabytes), storage units, 69-71
Gbps (Gigabits per second), 74
generating passwords, 667
GHz (Gigahertz), processing speeds, 77
GM (General Motors), trademarks, 55
Gmail, encryption, 695
GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard), 694
Google Chrome, 400
add-ons/extensions, 430
adding to Chrome, 431
enabling/disabling in Chrome, 431
removing from Chrome, 432
caching/clearing caches, 427
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
Incognito, 433
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
safe browsing practices, 597
script blockers, 440
Google Docs, 406
Google Drive, 242
Google Play store, 330
GPU (Graphical Processing Units), 39, 42, 186-187
grandfather-father-son backup rotation strategy, 713
graphical devices
cable, 132
DisplayPort cable, 134
DisplayPort ports, 134
DVI-A ports, 134
DVI-D ports, 134
DVI-I ports, 134
graphical device ports, 131-132
HDMI cable, 134
HDMI ports, 134
Mini DisplayPort connections, 134
VGA ports, 133
video cards, 132
group use (site) software licenses, 454
Gufw Firewall, 594
GUI (Graphical User Interface), 389
H
hard drives, 188
decimal notation, 17
disk caches, 68
external hard drives, installing, 154
HDD, 230
SSHD, 231
subsystems/processes, 93
hardware
failures, 582
recommendations (ITF+ exam), 8
hardware tokens, authentication, 641
HDD (Hard Disk Drives), 230
heat sinks, 190
hexadecimal (hex) notation, 14-15
color values, 16
HFS (Hierarchical File Systems), 353
filenames, 366
limitations of, 364
HFS Plus (Hierarchical File Systems Plus), 354
encryption, 359
file compression, 356
filenames, 366
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
hidden cameras/microphones, 577
hidden networks, connecting to, 306
hidden text, security, 628
high availability, 705
histories
browser histories, tracking, 655
home automation devices, 258-260
host firewalls, 593
hot sites (disaster recovery), 717
HSM (Hierarchical Storage Management), 713
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 480-481
HTTP (Hypertext Transmission Protocol), 280-281
HTTPS (Hypertext Transport Protocol Secure), 280-281, 615, 696
hubs, 287
hypervisors (Type 1), 343
defined, 342
server virtualization, 344
I
I/O (Input/Output) device interfaces
graphical devices
cable, 132
DisplayPort cable, 134
DisplayPort ports, 134
DVI-A ports, 134
DVI-D ports, 134
DVI-I ports, 134
graphical device ports, 131-132
HDMI cable, 134
HDMI ports, 134
Mini DisplayPort connections, 134
VGA ports, 133
video cards, 132
peripheral devices
Bluetooth devices, 131
Mini DisplayPort connections, 135
RF devices, 131
Thunderbolt devices, 129
Thunderbolt docking devices, 130
wired network interfaces, 115
RJ-11 telephone connectors, 117
RJ-45 Ethernet connectors, 118
wireless network interfaces
Bluetooth networks, 118
NFC networks, 120
identification (biometric), nonrepudiation, 655
identifiers, 511
identifying problems (troubleshooting methodologies), 85
approaching multiple problems individually, 99
determining if anything has changed, 98
duplicating problems, 90
information gathering, 89
questioning users, 90
identity authentication
ACL, 649
biometric authentication, 642
DAC, 650
factors of, 640
hardware tokens, 641
MAC, 649
multifactor authentication, 640
OTP, 640
passwords, 640
PIN, 640
single-factor authentication, 639
software tokens, 641
SSO, 645
If statements, 501
If-Else statements, 502
IM (Instant Messaging)
IM software, 404
image (snapshot) backups, 714
image scanners, installing, 150
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), 280-282
impersonation, 580
implementing solutions/escalating (troubleshooting methodologies), 105
importing/exporting databases, 563
Incognito (Google Chrome), 433
incremental backups, 710
individual approach to multiple problems (troubleshooting methodologies), 99
information
alteration (unauthorized), 581
as an asset, 51
confidential information, security
company confidential information, 632
customer information, 632
passwords, 631
personal information, 631
copyrights
anti-copying technology, 57
DMCA, 57
infringement, 56
take down notifications, 57
terms and conditions, 56
terms of use, 56
gathering (troubleshooting methodologies), 89
hidden text, security, 628
PII, security, 626
registered trademarks, 55
service marks, 55
infringing on copyrights, 56
InPrivate Browsing (Edge/Internet Explorer), 433
input, defined, 37
input devices
defined, 37
types of, 38
inputing data, databases and, 523-524
INSERT INTO statements, 559
insert process (data manipulation), 558-559
installing
applications (apps)
Android, 330
cloud-hosted applications, 418
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
local-network-hosted applications, 418
locally-installed applications, 417
macOS, 328
Windows, 327
bundled devices, 163
digital cameras, 153
displays, 157
DisplayPort cable, 159
DVI ports, 158
HDMI cable, 159
multiple displays, 160
VGA ports, 158
drivers, 161
external hard drives, 154
hard drives (external), 154
IP-based peripherals, 163
mouse (mice), 152
network-located devices, 163
PNP installations, 161
scanners, 150
software
speakers
3.5mm mini-jacks, 155
HDMI ports, 156
S/PDIF ports, 156
webcams, 153
Instagram, copyrights, 56
instructions, software installation, 459-462
int (integers), 29
integers, 511
Integrity (CIA Triad), 575
DoS attacks, 581
impersonation, 580
MITM attacks, 579
replay attacks, 580
unauthorized information alteration, 581
Intel processors, processing speeds, 76
intellectual property
copyrights, 56
anti-copying technology, 57
DMCA, 57
infringement, 56
take down notifications, 57
terms and conditions, 56
terms of use, 56
patents, 57
intelligent thermostats, 262
interference (Wi-Fi), 303
Internet Explorer (MS)
add-ons/extensions
adding to Internet Explorer, 431
enabling/disabling in Internet Explorer, 431
removing from Internet Explorer, 432
caching/clearing caches, 428
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
InPrivate Browsing, 433
private browsing, 433
Internet security
cookies (tracking), 615
email, 617
file transfers, 620
HTTPS protocol, 615
one-time pads, 620
payment processes, 617
single-use credit cards, 617
social networks, 617
VPN, 616
Internet services
cable Internet services
advantages of, 208
data caps, 208
disadvantages of, 209
DOCSIS, 206
pricing, 207
upstream/downstream speed, 207
DSL Internet services, 209
advantages of, 210
disadvantages, 210
fiber optic cable, 204
advantages of, 205
connectors, 203
disadvantages of, 205
FTTC, 204
FTTH, 204
FTTN, 204
FTTP, 204
multi-mode cable, 203
ONT, 204
single-mode cable, 203
wireless Internet services
cellular Internet services, 212-214
RF wireless Internet services, 210, 213-214
satellite Internet services, 211-214
Internet/knowledge base, researching (troubleshooting methodologies), 99
interpreted computer languages
compiled programming languages versus, 475
markup languages
scripted languages
bytecode, 479
scripting languages
JavaScript, 477
JSON, 477
Perl, 477
PowerShell, 479
Python, 478
Ruby, 478
intrusion detection software, 623
invalid certificates (security), 437-438
iOS, 336
App store, 330
location tracking, 655
passcodes, changing, 675
patches/updates, 602
updates/patches, 602
user accounts, 648
IoT (Internet of Things), 341
activity trackers, 266
cameras (IP), 265
cars, 264
defined, 258
home automation devices, 258-260
IP cameras, 265
medical devices, 266
security systems, 262
streaming media devices, 265
thermostats, 262
IP cameras, 265
IP-based peripherals, installing, 163
IPv4 addresses, 276
IPv6 addresses
hexadecimal (hex) notation, 16-17
networks, 276
ISO files, mounting, 462
Isolation (ACID), 533
IT Concepts and Terminology objectives (ITF+ exam), 5
ITF+ exam
Applications and Software objectives, 6
benefits of, 3
coverage of, 3
Database Fundamentals objectives, 7
design of, 3
details of, 4
domains of, 4
goals of, 3
hardware recommendations, 8
Infrastructure objectives, 5
IT Concepts and Terminology objectives, 5
Security objectives, 7
Software Development Concepts objectives, 6
software recommendations, 9-10
target audience, 3
tools/equipment recommendations, 8
topics covered, 3
journaling
Ext4, 363
HFS Plus, 363
NTFS, 363
JPG files, 72
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), 477, 544
Kbps (Kilobits per second), 73
Kerberos security, 580
key/value databases, 547
keyboards, installing, 150-151
knowledge base/Internet, researching (troubleshooting methodologies), 99
KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) switches, 253-254
L
languages
bytecode, 479
C, 483
C++, 484
COBOL, 484
compiled programming languages, 475, 483-485
interpreted computer languages, 475-481, 485-487
JavaScript, 477
JSON, 477
markup languages
Perl, 477
PowerShell, 479
Python, 478
query languages
XQuery, 487
Ruby, 478
scripted languages
bytecode, 479
scripting languages
JavaScript, 477
JSON, 477
Perl, 477
PowerShell, 479
Python, 478
Ruby, 478
VBA, 485
XQuery, 487
laptop computers
32-bit processors, 182
core features, 251
feature comparison table, 257
memory, 178
motherboards/system boards, 174-175
peripheral connections, 144
ports, 144
SODIMM, 222
wireless adapters, 295
LC connectors (cable), 203
least privilege model, authorization, 647
length of passwords, 665
lessons learned (troubleshooting methodologies), 107
libraries (function), 513
licensing software
concurrent licenses, 455
group use (site) licenses, 454
home licenses, 455
one-time software purchases, 457
open source programs/software, 56, 456
proprietary software, 456
single-use licenses, 454
subscriptions, 457
Linux
access control, 335
backups (image), 714
clustering servers, 340
disk management, 322
encryption, 696
Enigmail, 696
Evolution, 696
Thunderbird (Mozilla), 696
embedded OS, 341
encryption
disk-level encryption, 693
email, 696
file-level encryption, 689
encryption, 359
filenames, 366
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
encryption, 358
limitations of, 364
fdisk command-line tool, 322
file permissions, 625
file sharing, 619
file types/extensions, 372-373
firewalls, 594
Flatpak, Linux security, 625
folders/directories, 367
free command, 332
GUI, 389
interface, 388
killing processes, 323
log files, accounting, 654
lscpu command-line tool, 334
lspci command-line tool, 334
lsusb command-line tool, 334
network permissions, 647
NTFS, 352
file compression, 356
filenames, 365
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
permissions, 359
passwords, resetting, 675
patches/updates, 600
ping command, firewalls, 594
process management, killing processes, 323
ps command-line tool, 323
screen capture tool, 90
screen locks, 623
services, 376
software
uninstalling, 604
swap space, 332
task scheduling, 386
top command-line tool, 323
updates/patches, 600
user accounts, 648
utilities, 385
workstation OS, 338
ZIP files, 356
liquid cooling systems, 191
local-network-hosted applications (apps), 418
local network storage types
local storage types
Flash memory card readers, 235
Flash memory cards, 236
hard drives
HDD, 230
SSHD, 231
Windows drive letter assignments, 233
locally-installed applications (apps), 417
locally-stored backups, 715
location-specific access restriction, 643
locking screens, 623
logic (programming), 501
branching
If-Else statements, 502
If statements, 501
looping
While loops, 503
logical backups (database dumps), 565
login restriction, authentication, 644
looping (programming)
While loops, 503
lscpu command-line tool, 334
lspci command-line tool, 334
lsusb command-line tool, 334
M
MAC (Mandatory Access Control), 649
MAC spoofing, 279
MacBook Air, software installation, 460
macOS
access control, 335
security, 625
Updates Page, 599
Apple Mail, encryption, 695
Automator, 322
disk management, 321
Disk Utility, 321
drivers, 382
Apple Mail, 695
encryption, 695
encryption
disk-level encryption, 691
email, 695
file-level encryption, 689
encryption, 358
limitations of, 364
fdisk command-line tool, 322
file sharing, 619
file types/extensions, 373
firewalls, 594
folders/directories, 367
GUI, 389
hard disk setup, 321
HFS, 353
filenames, 366
limitations of, 364
HFS Plus, 354
encryption, 359
file compression, 356
filenames, 366
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
interface, 388
ISO files, mounting, 462
killing processes, 323
location tracking, 655
log files, accounting, 652
macOS Server, 339
network permissions, 646
NTFS, 352
file compression, 356
filenames, 365
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
permissions, 359
OS X Extended. See HFS
passwords
changing, 595
enabling, 596
resetting, 675
patches/updates, 599
processes, 378
killing, 323
scheduling, 322
Safe Mode, 467
scheduling processes, 322
screen locks, 623
services, 375
software
uninstalling, 604
swapfiles, 332
system information, displaying, 334
task scheduling, 386
Time Machine, 712
updates/patches, 599
USB devices, 126
user accounts, 648
utilities, 384
workstation OS, 338
ZIP files, 356
macOS Server, 339
malicious software, uninstalling, 606-608
malware
uninstalling, 607
MAM (Mobile Application Management), 622-623
managing
application management
Android, 330
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
device management
Linux, 334
macOS, 334
Windows, 333
document management software, 409
files
file types/extensions, 367-373
memory management
Linux, 332
macOS, 332
Windows, 331
mobile devices, MDM, 622
processes
macOS processes, 378
scheduling processes, 322
Windows processes, 377
resource management software, 409
sales management software, POS systems, 409
services
Linux services, 376
macOS services, 375
Windows services, 374
supply chain management software, 409
manipulating data, relational databases and
delete process, 559
update process, 559
manual (direct) database access, 562
many-to-many relationships, 531
markup languages
MB (Megabytes), storage units, 68, 71
Mbps (Megabits per second), 73
MDM (Mobile Device Management), 622
meaningful reporting, 60
media devices (streaming), 265
medical devices/activity trackers, 266
medical records. See EMR software, 409
MEGO (My Eyes Glaze Over), data and, 60
member functions. See methods (objects)
memory
desktop computers, 178
DIMM, 222
Flash memory card readers, 235
Flash memory cards, 236
laptop computers, 178
managing
Linux, 332
macOS, 332
Windows, 331
memory cards, 69
memory modules, 39
disk caches, 68
subsystems/processes, 92
SODIMM, 222
virtual memory, 331
messaging software (IM), 404
MetaClean app, 579
metadata
Document Inspector feature (Microsoft Office), 579
PII, 579
methods (objects), 514
MHz (Megahertz), processing speeds, 76
mice (mouse), installing, 152
microphones (hidden), 577
MicroSD memory cards, 236
Microsoft
Access, 407
database backups, 567
exporting, 563
importing, 564
Edge, 402
caching/clearing caches, 428
client-side scripting, deactivating, 430
cookies, 616
InPrivate Browsing, 433
popup blockers, 439
private browsing, 433
safe browsing practices, 597
script blockers, 440
Excel, 398
Microsoft Store, 327
validating software sources, 602
Office 365
Document Inspector feature, 579
Excel, 398
home licenses, 455
subscriptions, 457
Word, 398
Office Home edition 2016, 457
Office Student edition 2016, 457
OneDrive, 243
SyncToy app, 712
terms of use (copyrights), 56
trademarks, 55
Word, 398
Microsoft Consumer Antivirus Software Providers website, 592
MIME file types/extensions, 373
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) antennas, 304
Mini DisplayPort connections, 134
mining data, 542
miswiring, 582
MITM (Man-In-The-Middle) attacks, 576, 579
Mitnick, Kevin, 578
mobile apps
mobile devices
MDM, 622
OS
Android, 336
iOS, 336
Windows Mobile, 336
security
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
browsers, safe browsing practices, 596-597
host firewalls, 593
passwords, 595
subsystems/processes, 94
mobile phones/smartphones, 249
ARM processors, 181
core features, 250
feature comparison table, 257
modems, 284
motherboards/system boards, 171
eSATA ports, 173
expansion slots, 173
port clusters, 173
SATA ports, 172
subsystems/processes, 92
mouse (mice), installing, 152
Mozilla Thunderbird, 696
MP3 files, 72
MU-MIMO (Multiuser-MIMO) antennas, 304
multi-mode fiber optic cable, 203
multifactor authentication, 640
multihoming, 709
multiple approaches, considering (troubleshooting methodologies), 100
multiple concurrent users, databases and, 529
multiple displays, installing, 160
multiple problems, approaching individually (troubleshooting methodologies), 99
music, MP3 files, 72
MySQL Workbench, database dumps, 566
N
N-tier application architectures, 421
NAS (Network-Attached Storage), 238-239
NDA (Nondisclosure Agreements), 630
network interfaces
wired interfaces, 115
RJ-11 telephone connectors, 117
RJ-45 Ethernet connectors, 118
wireless interfaces
Bluetooth networks, 118
NFC networks, 120
networks
AP, 285
APIPA protocol addresses, 277
communication
DNS, 275
packet transmission, 273
WAN, 276
corporate networks, security, 629
device addresses
APIPA protocol addresses, 277
IPv4 addresses, 276
IPv6 addresses, 276
MAC addresses, 279
DHCP servers, 277
DNS, 275
domain networking, 339
hubs, 287
IPv4 addresses, 276
IPv6 addresses, 276
local-network-hosted applications, 418
MAC addresses, MAC spoofing, 279
modems, 284
network-located devices, installing, 163
packet transmission, 273
permissions, 646
protocols
routers, 284
firewalls, 287
wireless routers, 287
SAN, 533
security, 283
corporate networks, 629
social networks, 617
SSL, 283
TLS, 283
social networks, security, 617
SSL, 283
subnet masks, 278
switches, 284
TLS, 283
WAN, 276
wired networks, subsystems/processes, 96-97
wireless networks, subsystems/processes, 96-97
NFC (Near Field Communication) networks, 120
NFL, terms and conditions (copyrights), 56
NIC (Network Interface Cards)
add-on NIC, 195
onboard NIC, 195
nonrelational databases, 529-530
key/value databases, 547
nonstructured data, 545
nonvolatile storage types, 221
NOT comparisons (Boolean logic), 30
notational systems
base 2 notation. See binary notation
base 10 notation. See decimal notation
base 16 notation. See hexadecimal (hex) notation
decimal notation, 17
hexadecimal (hex) notation, 14-15
color values, 16
Notepad, 397
NTFS (New Technology File System), 352
file compression, 356
filenames, 365
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
permissions, 359
numbers
floats (floating-point numbers)
doubles, 30
single-precision floats, 29
int (integers), 29
O
objects
attributes, 513
methods, 514
properties, 513
obvious, questioning the (troubleshooting methodologies), 100
OEM websites, validating software sources, 603
off-site backups, 716
Office 365 (MS)
Excel, 398
home licenses, 455
subscriptions, 457
Word, 398
Office Home edition 2016 (MS), subscriptions, 457
office productivity software, 397
browsers
Google Chrome, 400
Microsoft Edge, 402
presentation software, 399-400
spreadsheet software, 398
visual diagramming software, 402
word processing software, 397
Office Student edition 2016 (MS), subscriptions, 457
on-site backups, 716
onboard NIC (Network Interface Cards), 195
one-tier application architectures, 419
one-time pads, security, 620
one-time software purchases, 457
one-to-many relationships, 531
one-to-one data relationships, 531
OneDrive (MS), 243
online resources
Compile Online website, 485
CTB website, Python coding, 478
passwords
cracking tools, 666
generating passwords, 667
XML Query page, 487
online shopping, 597
online workspaces, 405
ONT (Optical Network Terminals), 204
OOP (Object-Oriented Programming), 500
open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi, 307
Open Hardware Monitor app, 582
open source programs/software, 56, 456
OpenPGP (Open Pretty Good Privacy), 694
Opera, cookies, 616
OR comparisons (Boolean logic), 30
Oracle
databases, programmatic database access, 562
physical backups, 567
organizational techniques (programming)
logic
sequence diagrams, 499
OS X Extended. See HFS Plus
OSs (Operating Systems)
application management
Android, 330
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
access control, 335
Android, 336
backups, 714
defined, 319
device management
Linux, 334
macOS, 334
Windows, 333
disk management, 319
drivers, 319
embedded OS, 341
hypervisors (Type 1), 343
defined, 342
server virtualization, 344
iOS, 336
Linux workstation OS, 338
macOS workstation OS, 338
memory management
Linux, 332
macOS, 332
Windows, 331
mobile devices
Android, 336
iOS, 336
Windows Mobile, 336
processes
architectures, 319
scheduling, 322
server OS
macOS Server, 339
Windows Server, 339
Windows Mobile, 336
Windows workstation OS, 337
OTP (One-Time Passwords), 640
output, defined, 41
output devices
defined, 41
types of, 42
ownership, TCO and security, 51
P
P2P, file sharing, 619
packets
filtering, 581
transmission, 273
pads (one-time), security, 620
paging files, Windows, 331
Parental/Family Controls, 623
passwords, 631
access control, 335
authentication, 640
BIOS/UEFI passwords, 675
brute force attacks, 665
changing, 669
compromised passwords, 578
cracking tools, 666
default passwords, changing, 595
dictionary attacks, 665
enabling, 595
generating, 667
length of, 665
OTP, 640
password manager apps/services, 673
policies
expiration policies, 669
following, 676
random-password generators, 667
resetting, 673
Android PIN, 675
iOS passcodes, 675
Linux, 675
macOS, 675
Windows, 674
reusing
password manager apps/services, 673
SSO policies, 672
screensaver passwords, 672
spidering attacks, 665
SSO policies, 672
strong passwords, 666
zombie botnets, 666
patches/updates, 597
Android, 601
iOS, 602
Linux, 600
macOS, 599
Windows, 598
Windows Update, 598
patent trolls, 57
payments (secure), 617
PB (Petabytes), storage units, 71-72
PC Decrapifier app, 605
PCI cards, 295
PCIe cards, 295
PDF files, 72
peripherals
Bluetooth devices, 131
bundled devices, installing, 163
configuring, 163
desktop computer connections, 143
digital cameras, installing, 153
displays
DisplayPort cable, 159
DVI ports, 158
HDMI cable, 159
multiple displays, 160
VGA ports, 158
external hard drives, installing, 154
hard drives (external), installing, 154
IP-based peripherals, installing, 163
keyboards, installing, 150-151
laptop computer connections, 144
mouse (mice), installing, 152
network-located devices, installing, 163
printers, installing, 144, 147-148
RF devices, 131
scanners, installing, 150
speakers
3.5mm mini-jacks, 155
HDMI ports, 156
S/PDIF ports, 156
Thunderbolt devices
Mini DisplayPort connections, 135
Thunderbolt cable, 129
Thunderbolt docking devices, 130
Thunderbolt ports, 129
versions of, 129
USB devices, 121
macOS devices, 126
USB cable, 122
web-based configurations, 163
webcams, installing, 153
Perl, 477
permissions
database permissions, 561
Linux file permissions, 625
network permissions, 646
NTFS, 359
persistence of data, 533
personal information, security, 631
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), file sharing, 620
phishing, 578
phones (mobile), ARM processors, 181
physical backups, 566
PII (Personally Identifiable Information), 579, 626
PIN (Personal Identification Numbers)
Android PIN, changing, 675
authentication, 640
ping command, Linux firewalls, 594
piracy of software, 57
plain text versus cipher text, 685
plans of action (troubleshooting methodologies), 104-105
Play (Google), 601
plug-and-play (PNP) installations, 161
PNP (Plug-and-Play) installations, 161
policies/procedures, security, 630-631
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3), 280-282
pop-up windows, safe browsing selections, 596
popup blockers, 439
port clusters, 173
ports
desktop computers, 143
DisplayPort ports, 134
DVI ports
display installations, 158
DVI-A ports, 134
DVI-D ports, 134
DVI-I ports, 134
eSATA ports, 173
Ethernet ports
wireless Ethernet ports, 194-195
graphical device ports, 131-132
DisplayPort cable, 134
DisplayPort ports, 134
DVI-A ports, 134
DVI-D ports, 134
DVI-I ports, 134
HDMI cable, 134
HDMI ports, 134
Mini DisplayPort connections, 134
VGA ports, 133
laptop computers, 144
S/PDIF ports, speaker installations, 156
SATA ports, 172
Thunderbolt ports, 129
wireless Ethernet ports, 194-195
POS (Point-of-Sale) systems, 409
POTS (Plain Old Telephone Systems), wiretapping, 577
power
battery backups, 582
brownouts, 582
miswiring, 582
outages, 582
redundancy, 709
subsystems/processes, 92
surges/spies, 582
UPS, 582
power of two (binary notation), 14
PowerShell, 479
pre-exam suggestions, 726
presentation software, 399-400
pretexting, 578
preventive measures (troubleshooting methodologies), 106
primary keys, 546
printers
subsystems/processes, 95
prioritizing data, 718
privacy/security
access restriction
ACL, 649
DAC, 650
logins, 644
MAC, 649
security questions, 644
specific locations, 643
SSO, 645
terminal-specific restrictions, 644
time of day, 644
ACL, 649
App Store, 625
biometric authentication, 642
blacklists, 623
browser histories, tracking, 655
business software
hidden text, 628
PII, 626
confidential information
company confidential information, 632
customer information, 632
passwords, 631
personal information, 631
corporate networks, 629
customer information, 632
DAC, 650
desktop software, 623
App Store, 625
email, 617
encryption software, 623
Family/Parental Controls, 623
file transfers, 620
hardware tokens, 641
hidden text, 628
Internet
cookies (tracking), 615
HTTPS protocol, 615
VPN, 616
intrusion detection software, 623
MAC, 649
NDA, 630
one-time pads, 620
passwords, 631
authentication, 640
OTP, 640
personal information, 631
PII, 626
PIN, authentication, 640
secure payment processes, 617
single-use credit cards, 617
social networks, 617
software tokens, 641
SSO, 645
steganography, 623
websites, 623
whitelists, 623
private browsing, 433
privileges, least privilege model (authorization), 647
probable cause, establishing theory of (troubleshooting methodologies)
considering multiple approaches, 100
questioning the obvious, 100
problems (troubleshooting methodologies)
duplicating, 90
identifying, 85
approaching multiple problems individually, 99
determining if anything has changed, 98
duplicating problems, 90
information gathering, 89
questioning users, 90
multiple problems, approaching individually, 99
processes/subsystems
architectures, 319
CPU, 92
displays, 93
hard drives, 93
macOS processes, 378
managing, 322
mobile devices, 94
motherboards, 92
power, 92
printers, 95
projectors, 93
RAID arrays, 93
RAM, 92
scheduling processes, 322
smartphones, 94
SSD, 93
storage, 93
tablets, 94
video, 93
Windows processes, 377
processing speeds
AMD processors, 76
clock cycles, 75
GHz, 77
Intel processors, 76
MHz, 76
processors
32-bit processors
laptop computers, 182
servers, 183
workstations, 183
64-bit processors, 183
servers, 186
workstations, 186
AMD processors, 76
ARM processors, 180
mobile phones, 181
tablets, 181
CPU, 179
heat sinks, 190
Intel processors, 76
laptop computers
32-bit processors, 182
servers
32-bit processors, 183
64-bit processors, 186
workstations
32-bit processors, 183
64-bit processors, 186
product keys (software), 457-458
productivity software
browsers
Google Chrome, 400
Microsoft Edge, 402
presentation software, 399-400
spreadsheet software, 398
visual diagramming software, 402
word processing software, 397
Program Compatibility Wizard, 324
programmatic database access, 562
programming
arrays, 512
attributes (objects), 513
branching
If statements, 501
If-Else statements, 502
constants, 511
containers, 512
identifiers, 511
logic
looping
While loops, 503
methods (objects), 514
objects
attributes, 513
methods, 514
properties, 513
OOP, 500
organizational techniques
logic, 501
sequence diagrams, 499
properties (objects), 513
source code, 500
variables, 511
vectors, 512
programming languages
bytecode, 479
C, 483
C++, 484
COBOL, 484
compiled programming languages, 475, 483-485
JavaScript, 477
JSON, 477
Perl, 477
PowerShell, 479
Python, 478
query languages
XQuery, 487
Ruby, 478
VBA, 485
XQuery, 487
project management software, 408
projectors, subsystems/processes, 93
properties (objects), 513
proprietary software, 456
protocols (networks)
Prusak, Larry, 53
ps command-line tool, 323
public key cryptography, file sharing, 620
Python, 478
Q
queries
XQuery, 487
query/report builders, database access, 562
questioning the obvious (troubleshooting methodologies), 100
questioning users (troubleshooting methodologies), 90
questions (exam), answering, 725, 729-731
R
rack-mounted servers, 254
RAID arrays, 93, 239, 583, 706
backups, 708
Storage Spaces, 707
RAM (Random Access Memory), 39-40, 221, 225-226
disk caches, 68
subsystems/processes, 92
random-password generators, 667
ransomware, 583
RBAC (Role-Based Access Control), 647-649
RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems), 581
receipts (digital), nonrepudiation, 656
records
defined, 531
tables, 546
recycling policies (electronic), 578
redundancy (fault tolerance)
data redundancy, 705
power redundancy, 709
Regedit, 326
registered trademarks, 55
relational databases, 528
data manipulation
delete process, 559
update process, 559
data relationships, 531
records, 531
schemas, 545
speed of, 530
removing
add-ons/extensions, 432
malware, 607
rootkits, 607
software
unnecessary software, 606
viruses, 607
replay attacks, 580
replication (fault tolerance), 705
report/query builders, database access, 562
reporting (meaningful), 60
reports (database), 527
representation of data
Unicode, 19
researching knowledge base/Internet (troubleshooting methodologies), 99
resetting passwords, 673
Android PIN, 675
iOS passcodes, 675
Linux, 675
macOS, 675
Windows, 674
resource management software, 409
restoring
data, 718
data access, 719
reusing passwords
password manager apps/services, 673
SSO policies, 672
RF devices, 131
RF wireless Internet services, 210, 213-214
RGB (display colors), hexadecimal (hex) notation, 16
RJ-11 telephone connectors, 117
RJ-45 Ethernet connectors, 118
ROI (Return of Investment), security and, 51
rootkits, uninstalling, 607
ROSI (Return On Security Investment), 52
rotation schemes (backups), 713
routers, 284
firewalls, 287
packet filtering, 581
rows (tables), 546
Ruby, 478
running processes
scheduling, 322
S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions), 579, 694-695
S/PDIF ports, installing speakers, 156
SaaS (Software as a Service), 618, 619
Safari
cookies, 616
safe browsing practices, 597
Safe Mode
macOS, 467
sales management software, POS systems, 409
Samba, file sharing, 619
SAN (Storage Area Networks), 533
SATA (Serial ATA)
HDD, 230
SATA ports, 172
satellite Internet services
advantages of, 211
disadvantages of, 212
SBC (Session Border Controllers), 577
SC connectors, 203
scalability of databases, 529
scanners, installing, 150
scheduling
employee scheduling software, 409
processes, 322
tasks
Linux, 386
macOS, 386
Windows, 385
schemas, 545
screen capture tool (Linux), 90
screen locks, 623
screensaver passwords, 672
scripted languages
bytecode, 479
scripting languages
JavaScript, 477
JSON, 477
Perl, 477
PowerShell, 479
Python, 478
Ruby, 478
scripts
client-side scripting, deactivating, 429-430
script blockers, 440
SD memory cards, 236
SDHC Flash memory cards, 236
secure payment processes, 617
security
access control, 335
access restriction
ACL, 649
DAC, 650
logins, 644
MAC, 649
security questions, 644
specific locations, 643
SSO, 645
terminal-specific restrictions, 644
time of day, 644
ACL, 649
App Store, 625
biometric authentication, 642
blacklists, 623
browsers
safe browsing practices, 596-597
tracking histories, 655
business software
hidden text, 628
PII, 626
certificates
confidential information, 631
company confidential information, 632
customer information, 632
passwords, 631
personal information, 631
corporate networks, 629
customer information, 632
DAC, 650
databases, 532
desktop software, 623
App Store, 625
device security
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
browsers, safe browsing practices, 596-597
host firewalls, 593
passwords, changing default passwords, 595
passwords, enabling, 595
electronic recycling policies, 578
encryption
cipher text versus plain text, 685
disk-level encryption, 689-693
EFS, 357
Ext4, 359
file-level encryption, 686-689
Gmail, 695
GnuPG, 694
HTTPS, 696
OpenPGP, 694
plain text versus cipher text, 685
process of, 685
software, 623
VPN, 696
Family/Parental Controls, 623
hardware tokens, 641
hidden text, 628
Internet
cookies (tracking), 615
email, 617
file transfers, 620
HTTPS protocol, 615
one-time pads, 620
secure payment processes, 617
single-use credit cards, 617
social networks, 617
VPN, 616
intrusion detection software, 623
IoT-enable security systems, 262
Kerberos security, 580
logs, 650
MAC, 649
malware, uninstalling, 607
mobile devices
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
browsers, safe browsing practices, 596-597
host firewalls, 593
passwords, changing default passwords, 595
passwords, enabling, 595
NDA, 630
passwords, 631
access control, 335
authentication, 640
compromised passwords, 578
default passwords, changing, 595
enabling, 595
OTP, 640
patches, 597
Android, 601
iOS, 602
Linux, 600
macOS, 599
Windows, 598
personal information, 631
PII, 626
PIN authentication, 640
private browsing, 433
questions, authentication, 644
rootkits, uninstalling, 607
ROSI, 52
S/MIME, 579
Security objectives (ITF+ exam), 7
shredders/shedding services, 578
software
tokens, 641
uninstalling malicious software, 606-608
SSL, 283
SSO, 645
steganography, 623
TLS, 283
updates, 597
Android, 601
iOS, 602
Linux, 600
macOS, 599
Windows, 598
viruses, uninstalling, 607
websites, 623
whitelists, 623
Wi-Fi
captive portals, 307
open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi, 307
workstations
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
browsers, safe browsing practices, 596-597
host firewalls, 593
passwords, 595
select process (data manipulation), 555, 558
sequence diagrams, 499
serial numbers (software), 457-458
server OS (Operating Systems)
macOS Server, 339
Windows Server, 339
servers, 253
32-bit processors, 183
64-bit processors, 186
blade servers, 254
clustering, 340
core features, 255
DHCP servers, 277
feature comparison table, 257
FTP servers, 287
Linux Server, 340
rack-mounted servers, 254
virtualization, 344
service marks, 55
service outages, 583
services
Linux services, 376
macOS services, 375
Windows services, 374
SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), 620
sharing, document-sharing services, 405-406
shopping online, 597
shopping software, POS systems, 409
shoulder surfing, 576
shredders/shredding services, 578
signatures (digital), nonrepudiation, 656
simple recovery backups, 714
single-factor authentication, 639
single-mode fiber optic cable, 203
single-platform software, 449
single-precision floats, 29
single-use credit cards, 617
single-use software licenses, 454
site (group use) software licenses, 454
Skype, 404
smart thermostats, 262
smartphones/mobile phones, 249
ARM processors, 181
core features, 250
feature comparison table, 257
NFC networks, 121
subsystems/processes, 94
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 280-282
snapshot (image) backups, 714
Snipping Tool (Windows), 90
SoC chips, ARM processors, 181-182
social engineering, 578
social networks, security, 617
SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM), 222
software
accounting software, 409
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
Applications and Software objectives (ITF+ exam), 6
business software
accounting software, 409
database software, 407
document management software, 409
employee scheduling software, 409
EMR software, 409
POS systems, 409
project management software, 408
resource management software, 409
supply chain management software, 409
collaboration software
conferencing software, 404
document-sharing services, 405-406
email clients, 403
IM software, 404
online workspaces, 405
conferencing software, 404
copyrights, 57
cross-platform software, 449-450, 453
database software, 407
desktop software, security, 623
App Store, 625
digital products, 58
document management software, 409
document-sharing services, 405-406
employee scheduling software, 409
EMR software, 409
encryption software, 623
EULA, 58
IM software, 404
installing
intrusion detection software, 623
licensing
concurrent licenses, 455
group use (site), licenses, 454
home licenses, 455
one-time software purchases, 457
open source programs/software, 56, 456
proprietary software, 456
single-use licenses, 454
subscriptions, 457
malicious software, uninstalling, 606-608
one-time software purchases, 457
online workspaces, 405
open source programs/software, 56, 456
parent controls, 57
POS systems, 409
presentation software, 399-400
productivity software, 397
presentation software, 399-400
spreadsheet software, 398
visual diagramming software, 402
word processing software, 397
project management software, 408
proprietary software, 456
recommendations (ITF+ exam), 9-10
resource management software, 409
single-platform software, 449
Software Development Concepts objectives (ITF+ exam), 6
sourcing
OEM websites versus third-party websites, 603
researching sources, 603
validating sources, 602
spreadsheet software, 398
Storage Spaces, 707. See also RAID arrays
subscriptions, 457
supply chain management software, 409
tokens, authentication, 641
uninstalling
unnecessary software, 606
visual diagramming software, 402
web browsers
Google Chrome, 400
Microsoft Edge, 402
word processing software, 397
source code, 500
sourcing software
OEM websites versus third-party websites, 603
researching sources, 603
validating sources, 602
speakers, installing
3.5mm mini-jacks, 155
HDMI ports, 156
S/PDIF ports, 156
spear phishing, 578
specific location access restriction, authentication, 643
speed of databases, 530
spidering attacks, 665
spikes/surges, 582
spinning disk drives
HDD, 230
SSHD, 231
spoofing (MAC), 279
spreadsheets. See also structured databases
records, 531
software, 398
unauthorized information alteration, 581
SQL (Structured Query Language), 408, 486-487
SQL Server, high availability, 706
SSD (Solid-State Drives), 93, 188-189, 226-227, 230
SSH (Secure Shell) file transfers, 620
SSHD (Solid-State Hybrid Drives), 188, 231
SSID (Service Set Identifiers)
changing, 305
disabling, 306
hidden networks, connecting to, 306
unsafe SSID, 305
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 283
SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security), 618
SSO (Single Sign-On), 645, 672
ST connectors (cable), 203
steganography, 623
storage
backup storage locations
cloud storage, 715
locally-stored backups, 715
off-site backups, 716
on-site backups, 716
cloud storage, 533
Dropbox, 243
Google Drive, 242
Microsoft OneDrive, 243
data storage
CD-R discs, 68
disk caches, 68
DVD+R discs, 70
Unicode, 19
database storage, 532
Flash memory card readers, 235
Flash memory cards, 236
hard drives, 188
HDD, 230
SSHD, 231
HSM, 713
local network storage types
local storage types
Flash memory card readers, 235
Flash memory cards, 236
Windows drive letter assignments, 233
nonvolatile storage types, 221
SSHD, 188
storage devices, 43
storage units
bytes, 68
capacity comparisons, 71
subsystems/processes, 93
volatile storage types, 221
Windows drive letter assignments, 233
streaming media devices, 265
strong passwords, 666
structured databases, 541-542. See also spreadsheets
studying for exams
suggestions for, 732
subnet masks, 278
subscriptions
anti-malware, 591
antivirus software, 591
software, 457
subsystems
CPU, 92
defined, 85
displays, 93
hard drives, 93
mobile devices, 94
motherboards, 92
power, 92
printers, 95
projectors, 93
RAID arrays, 93
RAM, 92
smartphones, 94
SSD, 93
storage, 93
tablets, 94
video, 93
supply chain management software, 409
surges/spikes, 582
switches, 284
backbone switches, 287
voice network switches, wiretapping and, 577
symptoms, identifying (troubleshooting methodologies), 91-98
SyncToy app (Microsoft), 712
system boards/motherboards, 171
eSATA ports, 173
expansion slots, 173
port clusters, 173
SATA ports, 172
system information, displaying, 334
T
tables
candidate keys, 546
columns, 546
fields, 546
foreign keys, 546
primary keys, 546
records, 546
rows, 546
tablets
ARM processors, 181
core features, 250
feature comparison table, 257
subsystems/processes, 94
take down notifications, copyrights and, 57
Task Manager, 322
task scheduling, 322
Linux, 386
macOS, 386
Windows, 385
TB (Terabytes), storage units, 70-72
Tbps (Terabits per second), 75
TCO (Total Cost of Ownership), security and, 51
telephone connectors (RJ-11), 117
templates (database), 522
ten-tape backup rotation strategy, 713
terminal-specific access restriction, authentication, 644
terms and conditions (copyrights), 56
terms of use (copyrights), 56
testing theories to determine the cause (troubleshooting methodologies), 102
confirmed theories/resolving problems, 103
unconfirmed tested theories, establishing new theories/escalating, 103-104
text (hidden), security, 628
theories (troubleshooting methodologies)
testing to determine the cause (troubleshooting methodologies), 102
confirmed theories/resolving problems, 103
unconfirmed tested theories, establishing new theories/escalating, 103-104
probable cause, establishing (troubleshooting methodologies)
considering multiple approaches, 100
questioning the obvious, 100
thermostats, 262
third-party websites, validating software sources, 603
three-tier application architectures, 420
throughput units
bps, 73
Gbps, 74
Kbps, 73
Mbps, 73
Tbps, 75
Thunderbird (Mozilla), 696
Thunderbolt devices
Mini DisplayPort connections, 135
Thunderbolt cable, 129
Thunderbolt docking devices, 130
Thunderbolt ports, 129
versions of, 129
Time Machine (macOS), 712
time management, answering exam questions, 725
time of day access restriction, authentication, 644
timed practice exams, 729
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 283
tools/equipment, recommendations (ITF+ exam), 8
top command-line tool, 323
Tower of Hanoi backup rotation strategy, 713
TPM (Trusted Platform Module), encryption, 690-691
tracking
browser histories, 655
cookies, 615
troubleshooting methodologies, 84
establishing theory of probable cause
considering multiple approaches, 100
questioning the obvious, 100
full system functionality, 105
identifying problems, 85
approaching multiple problems individually, 99
determining if anything has changed, 98
duplicating programs, 90
information gathering, 89
questioning users, 90
implementing solutions/escalating, 105
lessons learned, 107
preventive measures, 106
researching knowledge base/Internet, 99
testing theories to determine the cause, 102
confirmed theories/resolving problems, 103
unconfirmed tested theories, establishing new theories/escalating, 103-104
truncation, 28
two (power of), binary notation, 14
two-tier application architectures, 420
types of data
Boolean logic
AND comparisons, 30
NOT comparisons, 30
OR comparisons, 30
Venn diagrams, 31
XOR comparisons, 30
char (characters), 27
floats (floating-point numbers)
doubles, 30
single-precision floats, 29
int (integers), 29
U
UAC (User Access Control), application installations, 327
Ubuntu software installation, 461
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), flood drop thresholds, 581
UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Initiative), 175, 675
unauthorized information alteration, 581
unconfirmed tested theories, establishing new theories/escalating (troubleshooting methodologies), 103-104
unencrypted (open) Wi-Fi, 307
Unicode, 19
uninstalling
add-ons/extensions, 432
applications
Android, 330
iOS, 330
Linux, 329
macOS, 329
malware, 607
rootkits, 607
software
unnecessary software, 606
viruses, 607
Unix network permissions, 647
unnecessary software, uninstalling, 606
unwanted software, uninstalling, 603-604
update process (data manipulation), 559
UPDATE statements, 559
Updates Page (App Store), 599
updates, 597
Windows, 598
Windows Update, 598
uploading, defined, 207
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies), 582
upstreaming, defined, 207
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 55
USB (Universal Serial Buses), 121
cable, 122
Flash memory card readers, 235
Flash memory cards, 236
keyboards, installing, 151
macOS devices, 126
USB adapters, 295
user accounts
DAC, 650
MAC, 649
user interface/utility database access, 562
user-defined functions, 513
users, questioning (troubleshooting methodologies), 90
utilities
database access, 562
Linux utilities, 385
macOS utilities, 384
Windows utilities, 384
variables, 511
variety of data, 530
VBA (Visual Basic for Applications), 485, 581
vectors, 512
velocity of data, 530
Venn diagrams, 31
video
nonrepudiation, 655
subsystems/processes, 93
viewing services
Linux services, 376
macOS processes, 378
macOS services, 375
Windows processes, 377
Windows services, 374
virtualization
memory, 331
servers, 344
VM, 342
viruses, uninstalling, 607
Visio flowcharts, 402
visual diagramming software, 402
VM (Virtual Machines), 342, 454
VMM (Virtual Machine Managers). See hypervisors (Type 1)
voice network switches, wiretapping and, 577
voice scrambling devices, 577
VOIP systems
eavesdropping and, 576
encryption, 577
SBC, 577
volatile storage types, 221
VPN (Virtual Private Networks), 616, 696
W
WAN (Wide Area Networks), 276
WannaCry ransomware, 583
WAP (Wireless Access Points), 296
warm sites (disaster recovery), 717
web browsers. See browsers
web resources
Compile Online website, 485
CTB website, Python coding, 478
passwords
cracking tools, 666
generating passwords, 667
XML Query page, 487
web-based configuration of peripherals/devices, 163
webcams, installing, 153
websites
blacklists, 623
OEM websites, validating software sources, 603
security, 623
third-party websites, validating software sources, 603
whitelists, 623
WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy), 308-309
whaling, 580
While loops, 503
whitelists, 623
Wi-Fi
802.11a (Wireless-A) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
802.11ac (Wireless-AC) wireless standard, 299-304
802.11b (Wireless-B) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
802.11g (Wireless-G) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
802.11n (Wireless-N) wireless standard, 299-301, 304
adapters, 300
attenuation, 304
hidden networks, connecting to, 306
interference, 303
MIMO antennas, 304
MU-MIMO antennas, 304
networks
Bluetooth networks, 118
laptop wireless adapters, 295
NFC networks, 120
PCI cards, 295
PCIe cards, 295
USB adapters, 295
WAP, 296
wireless routers, 298
security
captive portals, 307
open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi, 307
setting up, best practices, 304
speed limitations, 302
SSID
changing, 305
connecting to hidden networks, 306
disabling, 306
unsafe SSID, 305
Windows
application logs, 652
access control, 335
backups, 711
compressed file backups, 714
image backups, 714
command line interface, 387
Device Manager, 333
disk management, 319
Diskpart.exe, 320
drivers, 381
drives, letter assignments, 233
email encryption, 695
embedded OS, 341
Embedded Windows. See IoT
encryption
disk-level encryption, 689-691
email, 695
file-level encryption, 686-688
encryption, 358
limitations of, 364
File History, 711
file sharing, 619
file types/extensions, 367-371
folders/directories, 366
GUI, 389
hard disk setup, 319
IoT, 341
killing processes, 322
location tracking, 654
network permissions, 646
NTFS, 352
file compression, 356
filenames, 365
journaling, 363
limitations of, 364
permissions, 359
paging files, 331
passwords
changing, 595
enabling, 595
resetting, 674
patches, 598
Program Compatibility Wizard, 324
Regedit, 326
Registry, 326
scheduling processes, 322
screen locks, 623
security logs, 650
services, 374
Snipping Tool, 90
software
Task Manager, 322
Task Scheduler, 322
task scheduling, 385
UAC, 327
updates/patches, 598
user accounts, 648
utilities, 384
virtual memory, 331
VPN, 616
Windows Server, 339
Workstation OS, 336
ZIP files, 356
Windows 7 startup options, 466
Windows 8.1
ISO files, mounting, 462
software installation, 459, 462
Windows 10
Home, 337
ISO files, mounting, 462
S mode, 337
Skype, 404
software installation, reading instructions, 459, 462
startup options, 467
Windows 10 Pro for Workstations, 338
Windows Defender, 597
Windows Defender Firewall, 593
Windows Defender Security Center, 592
Windows Mobile, 336
Windows Registry Editor, 440
Windows Server, 339
Windows System Restore, 714
Windows Update, 598
wired networks
network interfaces, 115
RJ-11 telephone connectors, 117
RJ-45 Ethernet connectors, 118
wireless Ethernet ports, 194-195
Wireless-A (802.11a) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
Wireless-AC (802.11ac) wireless standard, 299-304
Wireless-B (802.11b) wireless standard, 298-299, 304
Wireless-G (802.11g) wireless standard, 298, 299, 304
wireless Internet services
cellular Internet services, 212-214
RF wireless Internet services, 210, 213-214
satellite Internet services
advantages of, 211
disadvantages of, 212
wireless keyboards, installing, 151
wireless mouse (mice), installing, 152
wireless networks. See also Wi-Fi, networks
interfaces
Bluetooth networks, 118
NFC networks, 120
Wireless-N (802.11n) wireless standard, 299-301, 304
wiretapping, 577
WISP (Wireless ISP), 210, 213-214
WordPad, 397
word processing software, 397
workgroups/domain networking, 339
workspaces (online), 405
workstations
32-bit processors, 183
64-bit processors, 186
core features, 252
defined, 252
feature comparison table, 257
Linux workstation OS, 338
macOS workstation OS, 338
security
antivirus software, 591-592, 596
browsers, safe browsing practices, 596-597
host firewalls, 593
passwords, 595
Windows workstation OS, 336
WPA (Wireless Protected Access), 308-310
WPA2 (Wireless Protected Access 2), 308-310
X
Xbox One X (MS), 257
XLS files, 72
XML (Extensible Markup Language), 481, 487
XOR comparisons (Boolean logic), 30
XQuery, 487
Y-Z
YouTube, copyrights, 56
zombie botnets, 666