U

U See Rack units (U)
Ultrix, DECstation 5000 reboots, F-69
UMA See Uniform memory access (UMA)
Unbiased exponent, J-15
Uncached state, directory-based cache coherence protocol basics, 380, 384–386
Unconditional branches
branch folding, 206
branch-prediction schemes, C-25 to C-26
VAX, K-71
Underflow
floating-point arithmetic, J-36 to J-37, J-62
gradual, J-15
Unicasting, shared-media networks, F-24
Unicode character
MIPS data types, A-34
operand sizes/types, 12
popularity, A-14
Unified cache
AMD Opteron example, B-15
performance, B-16 to B-17
Uniform memory access (UMA)
multicore single-chip multiprocessor, 364
SMP, 346–348
Uninterruptible instruction
hardware primitives, 388
synchronization, 386
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Google WSC, 467
WSC calculations, 435
WSC infrastructure, 447
Uniprocessors
cache protocols, 359
development views, 344
linear speedups, 407
memory hierarchy design, 73
memory system coherency, 353, 358
misses, 371, 373
multiprogramming workload, 376–377
multithreading
basic considerations, 223–226
fine-grained on T1, 226–229
simultaneous, on superscalars, 230–232
parallel vs. sequential programs, 405–406
processor performance trends, 3–4, 344
SISD, 10
software development, 407–408
Unit stride addressing
gather-scatter, 280
GPU vs. MIMD with Multimedia SIMD, 327
GPUs vs. vector architectures, 310
multimedia instruction compiler support, A-31
NVIDIA GPU ISA, 300
Roofline model, 287
UNIVAC I, L-5
UNIX systems
architecture costs, 2
block servers vs. filers, D-35
cache optimization, B-38
floating point remainder, J-32
miss statistics, B-59
multiprocessor software development, 408
multiprogramming workload, 374
seek distance comparison, D-47
vector processor history, G-26
Unpacked decimal, A-14, J-16
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP), LAN history, F-99
Up*/down* routing
definition, F-48
fault tolerance, F-67
UPS See Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
USB, Sony PlayStation 2 Emotion Engine case study, E-15
Use bit
address translation, B-46
segmented virtual memory, B-52
virtual memory block replacement, B-45
User-level communication, definition, F-8
User maskable events, definition, C-45 to C-46
User nonmaskable events, definition, C-45
User-requested events, exception requirements, C-45
Utility computing, 455–461, L-73 to L-74
Utilization
I/O system calculations, D-26
queuing theory, D-25
UTP See Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
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