This chapter summarized how C++ performs input/output using streams. You learned about the stream-I/O classes and objects, as well as the stream I/O template class hierarchy. We discussed ostream
’s formatted and unformatted output capabilities performed by the put
and write
functions. You learned about istream
’s formatted and unformatted input capabilities performed by the eof
, get
, getline
, peek
, putback
, ignore
and read
functions. We discussed stream manipulators and member functions that perform formatting tasks—dec
, oct
, hex
and setbase
for displaying integers; precision
and setprecision
for controlling floating-point precision; and width
and setw
for setting field width. You also learned additional formatting iostream
manipulators and member functions—showpoint
for displaying decimal point and trailing zeros; left
, right
and internal
for justification; fill
and setfill
for padding; scientific
and fixed
for displaying floating-point numbers in scientific and fixed notation; uppercase
for uppercase/lowercase control; boolalpha
for specifying boolean format; and flags
and fmtflags
for resetting the format state.
In the next chapter, you’ll learn about file processing, including how persistent data is stored and how to manipulate it.