Preface xi
Applications Index xix
Chapter 1 Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking 1
1.1 The Science of Statistics 2
1.2 Types of Statistical Applications 3
1.3 Fundamental Elements of Statistics 5
1.4 Types of Data 9
1.5 Collecting Data: Sampling and Related Issues 11
1.6 The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking and Ethics 16
Statistics in Action: Social Media Network Usage—Are You Linked In? 2
Using Technology: MINITAB: Accessing and Listing Data 25
Chapter 2 Methods for Describing Sets of Data 29
2.1 Describing Qualitative Data 31
2.2 Graphical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data 42
2.3 Numerical Measures of Central Tendency 54
2.4 Numerical Measures of Variability 65
2.5 Using the Mean and Standard Deviation to Describe Data 71
2.6 Numerical Measures of Relative Standing 79
2.7 Methods for Detecting Outliers: Box Plots and z-Scores 83
2.8 Graphing Bivariate Relationships (Optional) 93
2.9 Distorting the Truth with Descriptive Statistics 98
Statistics in Action: Body Image Dissatisfaction: Real or Imagined? 30
Using Technology: MINITAB: Describing Data 112
TI-83/TI–84 Plus Graphing Calculator: Describing Data 113
Chapter 3 Probability 115
3.1 Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability 117
3.2 Unions and Intersections 130
3.3 Complementary Events 133
3.4 The Additive Rule and Mutually Exclusive Events 135
3.5 Conditional Probability 142
3.6 The Multiplicative Rule and Independent Events 145
Statistics in Action: Lotto Buster! Can You Improve Your Chance of Winning? 116
Using Technology: TI-83/TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator: Combinations and Permutations 165
Chapter 4 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 166
4.1 Two Types of Random Variables 168
4.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables 171
4.3 The Binomial Random Variable 183
4.4 Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables 194
4.5 The Normal Distribution 196
4.6 Descriptive Methods for Assessing Normality 209
4.7 Approximating a Binomial Distribution with a Normal Distribution (Optional) 218
4.8 Sampling Distributions 223
4.9 The Sampling Distribution of x¯¯¯x‾ and the Central Limit Theorem 230
Statistics in Action: Super Weapons Development—Is the Hit Ratio Optimized? 167
Using Technology: MINITAB: Binomial Probabilities, Normal Probability, and Simulated Sampling Distribution 247
Chapter 5 Inferences Based on a Single Sample 252
5.1 Identifying and Estimating the Target Parameter 253
5.2 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean: Normal (z) Statistic 255
5.3 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean: Student’s t-Statistic 265
5.4 Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion 275
5.5 Determining the Sample Size 282
5.6 Confidence Interval for a Population Variance (Optional) 289
Statistics in Action: Medicare Fraud Investigations 253
Using Technology: MINITAB: Confidence Intervals 302
TI-83/TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator: Confidence Intervals 304
Chapter 6 Inferences Based on a Single Sample 306
6.1 The Elements of a Test of Hypothesis 307
6.2 Formulating Hypotheses and Setting Up the Rejection Region 313
6.3 Observed Significance Levels: p-Values 318
6.4 Test of Hypothesis about a Population Mean: Normal (z) Statistic 323
6.5 Test of Hypothesis about a Population Mean: Student’s t-Statistic 331
6.6 Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis about a Population Proportion 338
6.7 Test of Hypothesis about a Population Variance (Optional) 346
6.8 A Nonparametric Test about a Population Median (Optional) 352
Statistics in Action: Diary of a KLEENEX® User How Many Tissues in a Box? 307
Using Technology: MINITAB: Tests of Hypotheses 364
TI-83/TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator: Tests of Hypotheses 366
Chapter 7 Comparing Population Means 367
7.1 Identifying the Target Parameter 368
7.2 Comparing Two Population Means: Independent Sampling 369
7.3 Comparing Two Population Means: Paired Difference Experiments 387
7.4 Determining the Sample Size 399
7.5 A Nonparametric Test for Comparing Two Populations: Independent Samples 403
7.6 A Nonparametric Test for Comparing Two Populations: Paired Difference Experiment (Optional) 412
7.7 Comparing Three or More Population Means: Analysis of Variance (Optional) 421
Statistics in Action: ZixIt Corp. v. Visa USA Inc.—A Libel Case 368
Using Technology: MINITAB: Comparing Means 443
TI-83/TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator: Comparing Means 446
Chapter 8 Comparing Population Proportions 449
8.1 Comparing Two Population Proportions: Independent Sampling 451
8.2 Determining the Sample Size 458
8.3 Testing Category Probabilities: Multinomial Experiment 461
8.4 Testing Categorical Probabilities: Two-Way (Contingency) Table 470
Statistics in Action: The Case of the Ghoulish Transplant Tissue 450
Using Technology: MINITAB: Categorized Data Analyses 496
TI-83/TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator: Categorical Data Analyses 497
Chapter 9 Simple Linear Regression 499
9.1 Probabilistic Models 501
9.2 Fitting the Model: The Least Squares Approach 505
9.3 Model Assumptions 518
9.4 Assessing the Utility of the Model: Making Inferences about the Slope β1β1 523
9.5 The Coefficients of Correlation and Determination 532
9.6 Using the Model for Estimation and Prediction 542
9.7 A Complete Example 550
9.8 A Nonparametric Test for Correlation (Optional) 554
Statistics in Action: Can “Dowsers” Really Detect Water? 500
Using Technology: MINITAB: Simple Linear Regression 573
TI-83/TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator: Simple Linear Regression 575
Appendices
Appendix A Summation Notation 577
Appendix B Tables 579
Table I Binomial Probabilities 580
Table II Normal Curve Areas 584
Table III Critical Values of t 585
Table IV Critical Values of χ2χ2 586
Table V Critical Values of TL and TU for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 588
Table VI Critical Values of T0 in the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 589
Table VII Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, α=.10α=.10 590
Table VIII Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, α=.05α=.05 592
Table IX Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, α=.025α=.025 594
Table X Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, α=.01α=.01 596
Table XI Critical Values of Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient 598
Appendix C Calculation Formulas for Analysis of Variance (Independent Sampling) 599
Short Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises 600
Index 607
Photo Credits 612