Index
Numbers
6PE (IPv6 provider edge routers), 607–611
verification and troubleshooting, 615–620
6VPE (IPv6 VPN provider edge), 620–622
control plane verification, 629–633
data plane verification, 633–638
A
AC (attachment circuit), 545
ACL-based traffic mirroring, 61–62
ACLs (access control lists)
checking in path, 91
verifying packet reception, 90
Active state, 10
AD (administrative distance), 5
additional-paths selection command, 732
address-family ipv6 labeled-unicast command, 612
address-family l2vpn evpn command, 778
address-family link-state link-state command, 763
address-family vpnv4 unicast command, 262
Adj-RIB-in table, 17
Adj-RIB-out table, 17
advertisement interval, 226, 243–244
advertisement-interval command, 226
between PE and CE routers, 487
af-group command, 295
AFI (address-family identifier), 3–4
aggregate-address command, 39–40, 42
aggregate-address summary-only command, 149
aggregation. See route summarization
AIGP (Accumulated Interior Gateway Protocol), 381–383
aigp send med command, 383
allocate-label command, 612
Allow AS feature, 43
allowas-in command, 43
ALTO (Application Layer Traffic Optimization), 756–757
ASNs (autonomous system numbers), 2
removing private ASNs, 43
as-path length command, 319
as-path-loopcheck out disable command, 164
length in best path calculation, 383
relax feature, 377
troubleshooting L3VPN, 509–513
AS_SET attribute, 42
asterisk (*) query modifier, 184–185
asymmetric IRB, 657
asynchronous mode (BFD), 713–715
asynchronous mode with echo function (BFD), 715
Atomic Aggregate attribute, 40–41
attributes, tuning memory consumption, 284–293
Authorization Certificates, 443
autodiscovery bgp command, 571
autodiscovery bgp signaling bgp command, 582
autodiscovery in VPLS, 569–579
AS (autonomous system), 2, 43–44
B
bad network design, troubleshooting, 160–162
best path calculation, 20–21, 379–389, 417
AIGP (Accumulated Interior Gateway Protocol), 381–383
AS-Path length, 383
cluster list, 388
computing and installing new path, 226–227
EBGP (external BGP), 386
IBGP (internal BGP), 386
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 386–387
local origination, 380
local preference, 380
MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator), 384–386
oldest path, 387
router-id, 387
weight, 380
best-external feature, 738–741
bestpath med confed command, 384
bestpath med missing-as-worst command, 385
bestpath med non-deterministic command, 386
bestpath origin-as allow invalid command, 462
BFD (bidirectional fast detection), 218
BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), 712–713
asynchronous mode with echo function, 715
configuration and verification, 715–724
bfd command, 715
bfd echo command, 722
bfd fast-detect command, 715
bfd interval min_rx multiplier command, 715
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 1–2
best-external feature, 738–741
configuration
component requirements, 11
fast-external-fallover feature, 726
GR (Graceful-Restart) feature, 693–700
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) versus, 758–759
missing network prefixes, 185–203
new features. See new features
NSR (nonstop routing), 700–712
peer flapping issues. See peer flapping issues, troubleshooting
peering down issues. See peering down issues, troubleshooting
redistribution into IGP, 413–416
route advertisement issues. See route advertisement issues, troubleshooting
route convergence
route flapping, troubleshooting, 246–250
scaling
impact of growing Internet routing tables, 283–285
Internet routing tables on Cisco platforms, 285–288
verification for MPLS L3VPN, 502–506
bgp additional-paths command, 729, 739
bgp additional-paths install command, 732, 733, 746, 748, 752, 753
bgp additional-paths select backup command, 355
bgp additional-paths select best command, 737
bgp additional-paths select command, 732
bgp advertise-best-external command, 739, 748, 753
bgp always-compare-med command, 294, 385
bgp best path igp-metric ignore command, 387
bgp bestpath as-path multipath-relax command, 377
bgp bestpath compare-routerid command, 387
bgp bestpath igp-metric ignore command, 350
bgp bestpath med always command, 385
bgp bestpath med confed command, 384
bgp bestpath med missing-as-worst command, 385
bgp bestpath origin-as allow invalid command, 461
bgp bestpath origin-as use origin-as validity command, 461
bgp bestpath origin-as use validity command, 461
bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid command, 461
bgp bestpath prefix-validate disable command, 459
bgp cluster-id command, 33, 324, 327
bgp deterministic-med command, 294, 386
bgp fast-external-fallover command, 726
bgp fast-external-fallover disable command, 726
bgp graceful-restart command, 696
bgp graceful-restart purge-time command, 696
bgp graceful-restart restart-time command, 696
bgp graceful-restart stalepath-time command, 696
bgp graceful-restart stalepath-timer command, 696
bgp import-delay command, 262
bgp label-delay command, 262
bgp listen command, 142
bgp maxas-limit command, 319, 321
bgp maximum neighbor command, 322
bgp nexthop route-map command, 225
bgp nexthop trigger delay command, 224–225
bgp origin-as validation disable command, 459
bgp origin-as validation signal ibgp command, 458
bgp origin-as validation time command, 460
bgp recursion host command, 753
bgp redistribute-internal command, 152
bgp refresh max-eor-time command, 306–307
bgp refresh stalepath-time command, 306–307
bgp router-id command, 7, 13, 500
BGP Router-ID (RID), 7
bgp rpki server tcp port refresh command, 449
BGP Scanner process, 219–222, 253–255
bgp scan-time command, 222
BGP signaling
bgp slow-peer detection command, 245
bgp slow-peer split-update-group dynamic configuration command, 246
bgp sso route-refresh-enable command, 702
BGP tables
network prefix and path attributes, 17–20
for route advertisement, 152–154
BGP-LS (BGP for Link-State Distribution), 757–759
Path attribute, 762
BGP-PA (BGP Policy Accounting), 604–607
bgp-policy accounting command, 605–606
blocked processes in IOS XR, 103–106
brackets ([]) query modifier, 181–182
C
cache size, verifying, 241
capturing traffic. See sniffing
caret (^) query modifier, 180–181
caret in brackets ([^]) query modifier, 182
CE routers
default route advertisement, 508
network advertisement, 487
cef table output-chain build favor convergence-speed command, 745
Cisco VIRL, 51
clear bgp command, 317
clear bgp graceful command, 22
clear bgp ipv4 unicast * soft in command, 312–313
clear bgp ipv4 unicast in command, 301
clear bgp ipv4 unicast soft command, 299
clear bgp ipv4 unicast update-group command, 209
clear bgp out command, 300
clear bgp slow command, 246
clear bgp soft command, 22
clear cef interface bgp-policy-statistics command, 607
clear cef interface policy-statistics command, 607
clear ip bgp in command, 300
clear ip bgp soft command, 22
clear ip bgp soft in command, 305
clear tcp pcb command, 95
clear tcp tcb command, 95, 257
cluster list in best path calculation, 388
communities, 37–38, 167–173, 185
conditional BGP debugs, 199–203
conditional matching, 174
ACLs (access control lists), 174–175
of BGP communities, 185
configuration
BGP
component requirements, 11
explicitly configured peers, 421–424
verifying for peering down issues, 84–87
BGP signaling in VPWS, 560
confederations, 35
EBGP and IBGP multipath configuration, 370–372
EIBGP multipath configuration, 372–377
VxLAN flood-and-learn, 647–652
Connect state, 9
connectivity. See reachability of peers
console logging, 75
control words, 547
convergence. See route convergence
CoPP (Control Plane Policing), 127–138
copp profile strict command, 133
CPU issues
cross-link, peering on, 402–411
D
debug bgp ipv4 unicast command, 110–111
debug bgp ipv4 unicast events command, 110–111
debug bgp ipv4 unicast groups command, 209
debug bgp ipv4 unicast in command, 301
debug bgp ipv4 unicast update command, 250, 301
debug bgp packets command, 102
debug bgp policy-execution events command, 197
debug bgp route-server command, 364
debug bgp update command, 200, 215, 307–308
debug bgp updates command, 199
debug bgp vpnv4 unicast addpath command, 751
debug ip bgp brib command, 215
debug ip bgp update command, 215
debug ip tcp transaction command, 111
debug logfile bgp command, 201
debug logfile command, 77
debug sockets tcp command, 111
debug tcp packet command, 111
debugs
conditional BGP debugs, 199–203
default route advertisement, 42, 222–223, 508
default-information originate command, 42
default-metric command, 385
default-originate command, 42
direct sessions, multihop sessions versus, 5–6
disable-peer-as-check command, 164
distribute bgp-ls command, 763
distributed anycast gateway, 654–655
documentation, importance of, 48
dollar sign ($) query modifier, 181
drop threshold command, 133
dynamic BGP peering, troubleshooting, 138–139
challenges, 142
dynamic refresh update groups, 302–305
dynamic route summarization, 39
aggregate-address command, 39–40
E
in best path calculation, 386
mandatory route policy for IOS XR, 172–173
multipath configuration, 370–372
ebgp-multihop 2 command, 427
ebgp-multihop command, 92, 427
ECMP (equal cost multipath), 21
edge architectures, troubleshooting
best path calculation, 377–390
full mesh with IBGP, 412
multihoming and multipath, 367–377
peering on cross-link, 402–411
redistribution into IGP, 413–416
EEM (Embedded Event Manager), 57
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 1
EIBGP multipath configuration, 372–377
encapsulation, BGP tunneling, 771–773
enhanced route refresh, 305–308
enhancements. See new features
Entity Certificates, 442
EPC (Embedded Packet Capture) tool, 68–70
Established state, 10
event-history command, 108
events
EVPN (Ethernet VPN)
explicitly configured peers, 421–424
extended BGP communities, 37
extended community-based ORF, 309–310
extended EVPN communities, 777
F
fabric forwarding anycast-gateway-mac command, 655
fabric forwarding mode anycast-gateway command, 655
fast-external-fallover feature, 726
feature bfd command, 715
feature bgp command, 85
feature mpls l3vpn command, 496
feature mpls ldp command, 496
feature-set mpls command, 496
filter vlan command, 63
filtering
ORF (Outbound Route Filtering), 309–316
firewalls, checking in path, 91
flapping. See peer flapping issues, troubleshooting; route flapping
flexible route suppression, 40
flood-and-learn mechanism, 645–653
FSM (Finite State Machine), 8
full mesh requirement in IBGP, 24
full mesh with IBGP, troubleshooting multihoming, 412
G
gateways
distributed anycast gateway, 654–655
VxLAN gateway types, 645
generic, 547
GR (Graceful-Restart) feature, 693–700
graceful-restart-helper command, 700
H
hard resets, 22
hardware access-list team region arp-ether 256 command, 666
hardware requirements for lab setup, 51
hierarchical route reflectors, 331–332
high availability
BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), 712–726
BGP best-external feature, 738–741
BGP fast-external fallover feature, 726
BGP GR (Graceful-Restart) feature, 693–700
BGP NSR (nonstop routing), 700–712
high CPU issues
capturing CPU history, 265
sporadic high CPU conditions, 265–267
Hold Time attribute, 6
hold-queue in command, 117
hw-module bfd-hw-offload enable location command, 721–722
hyphen (-) query modifier, 182
I
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 2
in best path calculation, 386
full mesh requirement, 24
full mesh with, 412
multipath configuration, 370–372
scalability, 31
IBGP policy out enforce-modifications command, 31
identifying problems, 48
Idle state, 9
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 1
in best path calculation, 386–387
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) versus, 758–759
import-map command, 363
inband VCCV (virtual circuit connectivity verification), 547
ingress replication in VxLAN flood-and-learn, 652–653
ingress-replication protocol bgp command, 684
ingress-replication protocol static command, 653
install feature-set mpls command, 496
interdomain routing security, 431–463
Internet routing tables
scaling on Cisco platforms, 285–288
tuning memory consumption, 290–292
inter-router communication, 5–6
IOS
BGP basic configuration, 11–12
BGP configuration for MPLS L3VPN, 497–498
conditional BGP debugs, 200
CoPP configuration, 128
Error-Subcode values, 99
peer-groups, 295
RID allocation in, 7
IOS XR
BGP basic configuration, 12–13
BGP configuration for MPLS L3VPN, 499–500
blocked processes, troubleshooting, 103–106
conditional BGP debugs, 200–201
decoding BGP messages, 101–102
mandatory EBGP route policy, 172–173
RID allocation in, 7
RPL (route policy language), 196–198
TTCP on, 55
ip access-group command, 91
ip access-list command, 430
ip bgp fast-external-fallover command, 726
ip bgp-community new-format command, 37
ip cef command, 126
ip flowspec disable command, 473
ip tcp path-mtu-discovery command, 121
ip verify unicast source reachable-via command, 466
ip vrf forwarding command, 489, 627
Iperf, 52
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), 431, 439
ipv4 bgp policy accounting command, 605–606
ipv4 flowspec disable command, 473
IPv4 peering, IPv6 reachability over, 596–601
IPv4 routes over IPv6 next-hop, 601–604
ipv6 access-group command, 91
ipv6 address link-local command, 421
IPv6 BGP
BGP-PA (BGP Policy Accounting), 604–607
IPv4 over IPv6 next-hop, 601–604
peering with link-local addresses, 421–424
reachability over IPv4 peering, 596–601
ipv6 bgp policy accounting command, 605–606
ipv6 flowspec disable command, 473
ipv6 link-local command, 421
IPv6 peers, troubleshooting, 112–113
ipv6 traffic-filter command, 91
IRB (integrated route/bridge) modes, 656–658
J-L
Jumbo MTU, 219
KEEPALIVE message, 7
L2VPN (Layer2 VPN), 482
VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 561–588
VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 548–560
MP-BGP (Multi-Protocol BGP), 486
network advertisement, 487
RD (route distinguisher), 485
VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding), 483–485
lab
configuring lab devices, 52–56
Layer 3 traffic mirroring, 60–61
leaking routes, 40
link-state distribution, 755–759
BGP-LS Path attribute, 762
local origination in best path calculation, 380
local preference in best path calculation, 380
local route advertisement, troubleshooting, 145–147
local-as command, 44
local-install interface-all command, 472
local-preference command, 380
Loc-RIB table, 17
logging host vrf command, 77
logging hostnameprefix command, 77
longest match path selection, 377–379
Looking Glass, 185
loop prevention, 3
in IBGP, 24
in route reflectors, 33
loopback addresses
loopback-to-loopback ping testing, 87–88
LPTS (Local Packet Transport Services), 134–138
M
maxas-limit command, 319
maximum AS-Path length, 318–322
maximum neighbors, 322
maximum-paths command, 370
maximum-paths eibgp command, 373
maximum-paths ibgp command, 370
maximum-prefix command, 317, 318
MBGP (Multi-Protocol BGP), 3–4
MD5 passwords, misconfiguration, 142
MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator), 384–386
restarting process, 281
TCAM memory, 269
KEEPALIVE, 7
NOTIFICATION, 8
types of, 6
UPDATE, 7
missing prefixes, troubleshooting, 185–186
conditional BGP debugs, 199–203
incomplete configuration of routing policies, 198–199
RPL (route policy language), 196–198
missing routes, troubleshooting, 156–157
conditionally matching BGP communities, 185
filtering prefixes by routing policy, 173–185
next-hop check failures, 157–160
validity check failure, 162–167
mls rate-limit command, 127
monitor session command, 58
monitor session session-id filter command, 59
MP-BGP (Multi-Protocol BGP), 3–4, 486, 658–661
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 481–483
L3VPN (Layer3 VPN). See L3VPN
mpls ip command, 496
mpls ldp command, 496
EBGP and IBGP multipath configuration, 370–372
EIBGP multipath configuration, 372–377
AS-Path relax feature, 377
service provider resiliency, 370
troubleshooting
full mesh with IBGP, 412
peering on cross-link, 402–411
redistribution into IGP, 413–416
multihop sessions
EBGP and IBGP multipath configuration, 370–372
EIBGP multipath configuration, 372–377
AS-Path relax feature, 377
service provider resiliency, 370
multisession versus single session case study, 113–115
N
neighbor addresses in best path calculation, 388–389
neighbor advertise diverse-path backup command, 355
neighbor advertisement-interval command, 226
neighbor aigp command, 381–382
neighbor aigp send med command, 383
neighbor allowas-in command, 43
neighbor announce rpki state command, 458
neighbor as-override command, 512
neighbor default-originate command, 42, 292
neighbor disable-connected-check command, 86, 427
neighbor dont-capability-negotiate enhanced-refresh command, 308
neighbor ebgp-multihop command, 86, 92, 427, 428
neighbor fall-over command, 218
neighbor graceful-restart command, 699
neighbor graceful-restart-helper command, 700
neighbor ha-mode graceful-restart command, 699
neighbor ha-mode sso command, 702
neighbor ip-address fall-over bfd command, 715
neighbor local-as command, 44
neighbor local-preference command, 380
neighbor maximum-prefix command, 316
neighbor maximum-refix command, 317
neighbor next-hop-self command, 30
neighbor prefix-length-size command, 573
neighbor remote-as command, 422
neighbor remove-private-as command, 43
neighbor route-reflector-client command, 33
neighbor route-server-client command, 360, 362
neighbor send-community command, 38, 196, 294, 458
neighbor slow-peer-split-update-group static command, 245
neighbor soft-reconfiguration inbound command, 22, 273, 299
neighbor transport single-session command, 115
neighbor ttl-security command, 86
neighbor ttl-security hops command, 428
neighbor unsuppress-map command, 40
neighbor update-source command, 25, 86
neighbor weight command, 380
neighbor-group command, 295
neighbors, limiting number of, 322
network advertisement. See advertising
network mask route-map command, 17
network prefix in BGP tables, 17–20
network route-map command, 17
network route-policy command, 17
network statements, 17
link-state distribution, 755–771
next-hop
next-hop check failures, troubleshooting, 157–160
nexthop route-policy command, 225
nexthop trigger-delay command, 224–225
nexthop trigger-delay critical command, 224–225
next-hop-self command, 30–31, 159, 342, 412
NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information), 3
no bgp client-to-client reflection, 323
no bgp client-to-client reflection command, 327, 330
no bgp client-to-client reflection intra-cluster cluster-id command, 330
no bgp default ip4-unicast command, 11
no bgp enforce-first-as command, 361
no bgp fast-external-fallover command, 726
no bgp nexthop trigger enable command, 224
no bgp recursion host command, 753
no echo disable command, 722
no ip redirects command, 715
no ip route-cache cef command, 126
no nexthop resolution prefix-length minimum 32 command, 753
no shut command, 650
no shutdown command, 62
No_Advertise community, 167–168
No_Export_SubConfed community, 170–171
no-summary command, 40
NOTIFICATION message, 8
notifications, Error code and Error-Subcode values, 96–99
NSR (nonstop routing), 700–712
nsr command, 702
nsr process-failures switchover command, 704
NX-OS
BGP basic configuration, 13–14
BGP configuration for MPLS L3VPN, 500–502
conditional BGP debugs, 201–203
decoding BGP messages, 102–103
RID allocation in, 7
O
oldest path in best path calculation, 387
OpenConfirm state, 10
OpenSent state, 10
option additional-paths install command, 733
ORF (Outbound Route Filtering), 309
extended community-based ORF, 309–310
prefix-based ORF, 309
ROA, 445
RPKI best path calculation, 460–463
RPKI configuration and verification, 449–460
RPKI prefix validation, 446–448
Origin attribute in best path calculation, 383–384
outbound policy, changing, 242–243
out-of-band route reflectors, 33–34
OutQ value, verifying, 240
overlay routing, 481
on VxLAN, 645
flood-and-learn mechanism, 645–653
P
PA (path attributes), 3
in best path calculation, 20–21
packets. See also messages
determining loss location and direction, 88–89
platform-specific tools, 65
verifying with ACLs, 90
VxLAN packet structure, 643–644
parentheses and pipe (|) query modifier, 183
partitioned route reflectors, 332–339
pass through (BGP authentication), 426–427
Path attribute (BGP-LS), 762
paths
best path calculation. See best path calculation
computing and installing, 226–227
loop prevention, 3
multihoming and multipath, 367–377
PA (path attributes), 3
tuning memory consumption, 292–293
pbb edge i-sid core-bridge command, 778
PBB-EVPN (Provider Backbone Bridging: Ethernet VPN), 773–775
configuration and verification, 778–787
extended communities, 777
PCE (Path Computation Elements), 756–757
PE node failure, 752
PE routers
default route advertisement, 508
network advertisement, 487
peer flapping issues, troubleshooting, 115
CoPP (Control Plane Policing), 127–138
peer templates
peer-groups, 295
peering down issues, troubleshooting, 83–84
blocked processes in IOS XR, 103–106
single session versus multisession case study, 113–115
verifying configuration, 84–87
peers
explicitly configuring, 421–424
peering on cross-link, 402–411
period (.) query modifier, 183
permit ip any any command, 90
PIC (Prefix Independent Convergence), 741–742
ping mpls ipv4 command, 541, 564
ping vrf command, 495
PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 439–441
platform rate-limit command, 127
plus sign (+) query modifier, 183–184
PMTUD (Path-MTU_Discovery), 120–124
Policy Certificates, 443
prefix suppression, 40
prefix-based ORF, 309
prefixes
troubleshooting missing prefixes. See missing prefixes, troubleshooting
tuning memory consumption, 290
prefix-length-size 2 command, 573
private ASNs, removing, 43
private BGP communities, 37
problems
identifying, 48
reproducing, 49
configuring lab devices, 52–56
triggers
triggering events in lab, 56–57
process restart command, 106, 281
processes
blocked processes in IOS XR, 103–106
Q
query modifiers (regular expressions), 178–185
question mark (?) query modifier, 184
R
RD (route distinguisher), 485
rd auto command, 573
redistribution, BGP into IGP, 413–416
refresh-time command, 449
regular expressions, filtering prefixes, 177–185
remote-as command, 26
Remove Private AS feature, 43
remove-private-as command, 43
reproducing problems, 49
configuring lab devices, 52–56
resiliency in service providers, 370
restart bgp command, 281
restarting processes, 106, 281
ROA (Route Origination Authorization), 445
route advertisement issues, troubleshooting
conditionally matching BGP communities, 185
filtering prefixes by routing policy, 173–185
next-hop check failures, 157–160
receiving and viewing routes, 154–155
validity check failure, 162–167
route flapping, troubleshooting, 246–250
route leaking, 524
route policies
filtering prefixes by, 173–185
mandatory EBGP route policy for IOS XR, 172–173
route redistribution, troubleshooting, 150–152
loop prevention, 33
out-of-band route reflectors, 33–34
route refresh
enhanced route refresh, 305–308
soft reconfiguration versus, 298–302
Route Servers, 185
AS_SET attribute, 42
aggregate-address command, 39–40
Atomic Aggregate attribute, 40–41
flexible route suppression, 40
Routed mode (firewalls), 92
route-reflector-client command, 33
router-id command, 7
router-id in best path calculation, 387
routing protocols
IGP versus EGP, 1
RPKI
best path calculation, 460–463
configuration and verification, 449–460
rpki server transport tcp port command, 449
RPL (route policy language), 196–198
6VPE next-hop, 624
RTBH (remote triggered black-hole) filtering, 463–466
run show_processes -m -h -t command, 275
S
SAFI (subsequent address-family identifier), 3–4
scalability of IBGP, 31
scaling BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
impact of growing Internet routing tables, 283–285
Internet routing tables on Cisco platforms, 285–288
securing BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
SECURITY message, 443
selective next-hop tracking, 225–226
selective prefix suppression, 40
selective route download, 339–342
send-community command, 38
send-community-ebgp command, 38
send-extended-community-ebgp command, 38
service instance ethernet command, 553
service password-encryption command, 425
service provider resiliency, 370
service timestamps command, 76
service-policy input command, 127–128
services
session-group command, 295
sessions
TCP sessions, verifying, 94–95
set local-preference command, 380
set origin command, 384
set traffic-index command, 604
set weight command, 380
shadow route reflectors, 349–355
show bfd counters packet private detail location command, 724
show bfd neighbors command, 718
show bfd neighbors details command, 721
show bfd neighbors hardware details command, 721
show bfd session command, 718
show bgp afi safi command, 706
show bgp all all convergence command, 232
show bgp bestpath command, 389
show bgp bestpath-compare command, 390
show bgp cluster-ids command, 330
show bgp command, 18, 158, 190, 234, 250, 454, 456
show bgp community command, 167
show bgp community local-as command, 171
show bgp community no-advertise command, 168
show bgp convergence detail vrf all command, 235
show bgp event-history command, 109
show bgp event-history periodic command, 110–111
show bgp flowspec summary command, 471, 473
show bgp internal mem-stats detail command, 279
show bgp ipv4 flowspec summary command, 471, 473
show bgp ipv4 rt-filter command, 538
show bgp ipv4 unicast 192.168.1.1 command, 356
show bgp ipv4 unicast cluster-ids internal command, 330
show bgp ipv4 unicast command, 27, 454
show bgp ipv4 unicast neighbor advertised-routes command, 351
show bgp ipv4 unicast neighbor command, 113, 240, 705
show bgp ipv4 unicast neighbors advertised-routes command, 740
show bgp ipv4 unicast neighbors command, 696, 702
show bgp ipv4 unicast regex _300_ command, 180
show bgp ipv4 unicast regex 100 command, 179
show bgp ipv4 unicast replication command, 214
show bgp ipv4 unicast summary command, 141, 208, 240
show bgp ipv4 unicast summary slow command, 246
show bgp ipv4 unicast update-group command, 208
show bgp ipv4 unicast update-group performance-statistics command, 233
show bgp ipv4 unicast update-group slow command, 246
show bgp ipv4 unicast vrf command, 518
show bgp ipv6 command, 596
show bgp ipv6 labeled-unicast neighbors command, 615
show bgp ipv6 summary command, 615
show bgp ipv6 unicast command, 594, 617
show bgp ipv6 unicast neighbors command, 615
show bgp ipv6 unicast summary command, 615
show bgp l2vpn evpn command, 667, 675–676, 780
show bgp l2vpn evpn summary command, 667, 780
show bgp l2vpn evpn vni-id command, 667
show bgp l2vpn vpls command, 585
show bgp l2vpn vpls summary command, 574
show bgp link-state link-state command, 766, 770
show bgp link-state link-state summary command, 766
show bgp neighbor command, 300, 702, 729
show bgp neighbors command, 15, 696
show bgp nsr command, 706
show bgp origin-as validity command, 454, 456
show bgp origin-as validity invalid command, 455
show bgp origin-as validity not-found command, 455
show bgp origin-as validity valid command, 455
show bgp paths command, 289
show bgp process command, 702
show bgp regexp command, 177
show bgp route-server context command, 363
show bgp rpki server command, 450
show bgp rpki servers command, 450
show bgp rpki summary command, 450, 460, 461
show bgp rpki table command, 452
show bgp rtfilter unicast command, 538
show bgp sessions command, 707
show bgp summary command, 14, 119, 271
show bgp summary nsr command, 706
show bgp summary nsr standby command, 706
show bgp trace command, 107–108
show bgp trace error command, 108
show bgp trace sync command, 710–711
show bgp unicast command, 502, 504
show bgp update in error neighbor detail command, 101
show bgp update-group command, 210
show bgp vpnv4 unicast all replication command, 241
show bgp vpnv4 unicast all summary command, 240
show bgp vpnv4 unicast convergence command, 233
show bgp vpnv4 unicast rd command, 519, 520
show bgp vpnv6 unicast all summary command, 630
show bgp vpnv6 unicast rd command, 632
show bgp vpnv6 unicast summary command, 630
show bgp vpnv6 unicast vrf command, 629
show bgp vpnv6 unicast vrf labels command, 632
show bgp vrf ABC all neighbors received prefix-filter command, 314
show bgp vrf all all summary command, 264
show bgp vrf command, 504
show bgp vrf vpnv6 unicast command, 629
show cef interface bgp-policy-statistics command, 606
show cef interface policy-statistics command, 606
show cef vrf ipv6 hardware command, 634
show debug logfile command, 77, 201
show evpn evi command, 786
show evpn evi detail command, 786
show flowspec client command, 475–478
show flowspec client internal command, 478
show flowspec nlri command, 473
show forwarding ipv6 route command, 637
show forwarding route command, 235
show hardware rate-limit command, 127
show ibc | in rate command, 67
show interface accounting command, 636
show interface command, 89–90, 117, 606
show interface nve1 command, 650
show ip bgp attr nexthop command, 224
show ip bgp replication command, 241
show ip bgp summary command, 15, 247–248
show ip cef vrf command, 749
show ip interface brief command, 493
show ip interface brief vrf all command, 493
show ip interface command, 89–90, 492
show ip route bgp command, 234, 340
show ip route command, 159, 248
show ip route repair-paths command, 751
show ip route summary command, 255
show ip route vrf* all command, 248
show ip spd command, 117
show ip traffic command, 88–89
show ipv4 traffic command, 89
show ipv4 vrf all interface brief command, 493
show ipv6 cef ipv6-address command, 618
show ipv6 route vrf command, 629
show l2route evpn evi command, 670
show l2route evpn fl all command, 686
show l2route evpn imet evi command, 686
show l2vpn atom vc command, 565
show l2vpn atom vc detail command, 555
show l2vpn bridge-domain autodiscovery bgp command, 576
show l2vpn bridge-domain bd-name command, 576
show l2vpn bridge-domain command, 565, 781
show l2vpn bridge-domain detail command, 781
show l2vpn bridge-domain summary command, 564
show l2vpn discovery bridge-domain command, 575
show l2vpn forwarding bridge-domain mac-address command, 785–786
show l2vpn internal event-history command, 586
show l2vpn internal event-trace command, 586
show l2vpn pbb backbone-source-mac command, 785–786
show l2vpn service vfi name command, 576
show l2vpn signaling rib command, 584
show l2vpn signaling rib detail command, 584
show l2vpn trace command, 586
show l2vpn vfi name command, 564, 575
show l2vpn xconnect detail command, 555
show logging command, 276
show lpts ifib all brief command, 136
show lpts pifib brief command, 137
show lpts pifib hardware entry brief command, 135
show lpts pifib hardware police command, 135
show mac address-table vlan command, 652
show memory compare command, 276, 277
show memory compare end command, 277
show memory compare report command, 277
show memory compare start command, 277
show memory debug leaks command, 270
show memory statistics command, 270
show memory summary detail command, 276
show mls cef exception status command, 269
show mls cef maximum-routes command, 269
show monitor capture buffer command, 69
show monitor session command, 59
show monitor-session command, 60
show mpls forwarding command, 619, 636, 787
show mpls forwarding labels hardware command, 636
show mpls forwarding vrf command, 632
show mpls l2transport vc command, 555
show mpls l2transport vc vcid command, 565
show mpls ldp neighbor command, 553
show mpls switching command, 637
show nve interface command, 650
show nve internal event-history event command, 686
show nve internal platform interface command, 651
show nve internal platform interface nve command, 671
show nve peers command, 651, 668, 677
show nve peers detail command, 668
show nve vni command, 652, 686
show nve vni detail command, 652
show parser command, 107
show policy-map control-plane command, 128
show policy-map interface control-plane command, 132
show process bgp command, 258
show process blocked command, 105
show process command, 104
show process cpu command, 252, 254
show process cpu details command, 264
show process cpu sorted command, 125, 253
show process memory command, 271
show process threadname command, 260
show processes bgp command, 258
show processes command, 254–255, 275
show processes cpu command, 258
show processes cpu history command, 125, 265
show processes cpu sort command, 262
show processes memory command, 275, 276, 279
show processes memory sorted command, 270–271
show processes threadname command, 260
show redundancy command, 705
show route command, 751
show routing unicast event-history add-route command, 264
show run rpl command, 196
show running-config command, 131–132
show snmp command, 125
show sockets internal event-history events command, 109–110
show system internal forwarding adjacency command, 637
show system internal forwarding vrf ipv6 route command, 637
show system internal memory-alerts-log command, 278
show system internal processes cpu command, 263
show system internal process-name mem-stats detail command, 279
show system resources command, 278
show tcp brief all command, 141
show tcp brief command, 9, 257, 708
show tcp dump-file command, 710
show tcp dump-file list command, 710
show tcp nsr brief command, 708
show tcp nsr detail pcb command, 709
show tcp nsr session-set brief command, 708
show tcp packet-trace command, 709
show tech netstack command, 110
show tech-platform l2vpn platform command, 588
show tech-support bgp command, 588, 712
show tech-support l2vpn command, 588
show tech-support routing bgp command, 588
show tech-support tcp nsr command, 712
show vlan internal usage command, 66
show vrf command, 492
show vrf interface command, 492
show watchdog threshold memory command, 275
show xconnect all command, 565
shutdown command, 281
signaling
signaling disable command, 582
single session versus multisession case study, 113–115
show commands, 246
with platform-specific tools, 65
soBGP (Secure Origin BGP), 442–443
soft reconfiguration, route refresh versus, 298–302
soft resets, 22
soft-reconfiguration inbound command, 22, 302
software requirements for lab setup, 51
SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer)
spd enable command, 117
spd headroom command, 117
S-PE (switching PE), 545
sporadic high CPU conditions, 265–267
static route summarization, 39
static slow peers, 245
suboptimal routing, troubleshooting, 514–520
summarization. See route summarization
summary fields, 15
summary-only command, 40
suppress-map command, 40
suppress-signaling-protocol ldp command, 582
symmetric IRB, 658
T
table-policy command, 605
TCAM memory, 269
tcp path-mtu-discovery command, 121
TCP receive queue, 119
TCP sessions, verifying, 94–95
TCP starvation, 142
templates
peer templates
topologies
peering down troubleshooting, 84
T-PE (terminating PE), 545
traceroute command, 620
traceroute mpls ipv4 command, 542
traceroute vrf command, 495
tracing
traffic capture. See sniffing
Transparent mode (firewalls), 92–93
transport multisession command, 114
transport networks, 481
transport single-session command, 114
TREX Traffic Generator, 52
triggers of problems
triggering events in lab, 56–57
troubleshooting
best path calculation, 389–390
BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), 724–726
edge architectures. See edge architectures, troubleshooting
peer flapping issues. See peer flapping issues, troubleshooting
peering down issues. See peering down issues, troubleshooting
route advertisement issues. See route advertisement issues, troubleshooting
VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 586–588
troubleshooting methodologies
packet sniffers. See packets, sniffing
understanding variables/triggers, 48–49
TTCP (Test TCP) utility, 52–56
ttl-security command, 428
tuning
tunneling packets, 771–773. See also VPNs (virtual private networks)
U
underlay networks, 481
underscore (_) query modifier, 179–180
unsuppress command, 40
UPDATE message, 7
update-source command, 25, 422
V
validation, Origin AS, 443–445
ROA, 445
RPKI best path calculation, 460–463
RPKI configuration and verification, 449–460
RPKI prefix validation, 446–448
validity check failure, troubleshooting, 162–167
variables, problem triggers
triggering events in lab, 56–57
VC labels, 547
verification
BGP and BPM process state, 104–105
blocked processes, 105
cache size, 241
configuration for peering issues, 84–87
OutQ value, 240
reachability for peering issues, 87–96
VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding), 492–495
VxLAN flood-and-learn, 647–652
VIRL, 51
virtual route reflectors, 342–346
vn-segment-vlan-based command, 660–661
VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 544, 561–588
VPNs (virtual private networks), 481
6VPE. See 6VPE
MPLS. See MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)
VPNv4 RRs (route reflectors), suboptimal routing with, 514–520
VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 544, 548–560
configuration and verification, 550–558
VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding), 483–485
vrf definition command, 489, 622, 627
vrf forwarding command, 489, 627
vrf upgrade-cli multi-af-mode command, 489
vrf upgrade-cli multi-af-mode vrf command, 623
VxLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN), 641–643
gateway types, 645
W-Z
weight command, 380
weight in best path calculation, 380
xconnect group command, 560