p.xi

FIGURES

  2.1    Exporting activities in different sectors; USA, 2007

  2.2    Exporter premia in percent; USA, 2007

  2.3    Export distribution by product and country; USA, 2007

  2.4    USA total and related party imports and exports, 2002–2014

  2.5    Global trade flows and value-added over gross trade ratio, 1995–2009

  2.6    Backward and forward linkages in value-added trade

  2.7    Backward and forward linkages, 2011

  2.8    Sum of backward and forward linkages in 1995 and 2011

  2.9    Sustain points and break point (Tomahawk diagram)

  2.10  Global intra- and inter-regional trade flows, percent of total

  6.1    The impact of regional integration on the dynamics of subsidiary roles

  6.2    Patterns of subsidiary dynamics in an era of regional integration

  6.3    A Penrosean perspective of subsidiary evolution

10.1    The constitutive features of practices

12.1    Percentage of studies applying particular theoretical approaches

16.1    The nature of integration of IB and GVC/GPN literatures

16.2    Authors’ number and disciplinary areas

17.1    Geographical factors and the development of competitive advantages

17.2    The evolution of net benefits from internationalization

24.1    FDI in tax havens

24.2    Conceptual framework of FDI

p.xii

27.1    Number of regions with a least one patent, 1980–2011

27.2    Average number of patents per region, 1980–2011

27.3    Regional concentration of patents, 1980–1984

27.4    Regional concentration of patents, 2006–2011

27.5    Box-plot of number of patents per million inhabitants per region, 1980–2011

27.6    Kernel density of the regional distribution of patents per million inhabitants, 1980–2011 (five-year intervals)

27.7    Time varying coefficients of the persistence in regional patenting activity, OLS estimates (with country fixed effects)

27.8    Time varying coefficients of the persistence in regional patenting activity, within-group estimates

27.9    Box-plot of the propensity to co-patent, by location of the co-inventor, 1980–2011 (five-year periods)

27.10  Kernel density of the regional propensity to co-patent with foreign co-inventors, 1980–2011 (five-year intervals)

27.11  Concentration of cross-border investment projects by city, 2003–2014

28.1    Dimensions of the territorial embeddedness of retail MNCs

29.1    Innovation trajectory of differentiation and segmentation in the hotel industry

29.2    Innovation trajectories of UK boutique and shabby chic hotel diaspora

32.1    Contractual relationships between asset owners and asset managers

32.2    Competition for talent in the investment management industry

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