Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements
by Thomas Stoffel, Joseph Michalsky, Frank Vignola
Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Chapter 1 Measuring Solar and Infrared Radiation
- Chapter 2 Solar Resource Definitions and Terminology
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Sun
- 2.3 Extraterrestrial Radiation
- 2.4 Solar Coordinates
- 2.5 Zenith, Azimuth, and Hour Angles
- 2.6 Solar, Universal, and Local Standard Time
- 2.7 Solar Position Calculation
- 2.8 Sunrise and Sunset Times
- 2.9 Global, Direct Normal, and Diffuse Irradiance
- 2.10 Solar Radiation on Tilted Surfaces
- 2.11 Spectral Nature of Solar Radiation
- 2.12 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
- 2.14 Models
- Questions
- Chapter 3 Historic Milestones in Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurement
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Earliest Observations of the Sun and The Nature of Light
- 3.3 Nineteenth-Century Radiometers
- 3.4 Operational Radiometers of the Twentieth Century
- 3.4.1 ABBOT SILVER-DISK PYRHELIOMETER (1906)
- 3.4.2 SMITHSONIAN WATER-FLOW PYRHELIOMETER (1910)
- 3.4.3 MARVIN PYRHELIOMETER (1910)
- 3.4.4 ÅNGSTRÖM PYRANOMETER (1919)
- 3.4.5 KIPP & ZONEN SOLARIMETER (1924)
- 3.4.6 ROBITZSCH BIMETALLIC ACTINOGRAPH (1932)
- 3.4.7 EPPLEY 180O PYRHELIOMETER (1930)
- 3.4.8 EPPLEY MODEL PSP (1957)
- 3.4.9 YANISHEVSKY PYRANOMETER (1957)
- 3.4.10 EPPLEY MODEL NIP (1957)
- 3.4.11 EPPLEY MODEL FIR (1968)
- 3.4.12 PRIMARY ABSOLUTE CAVITY RADIOMETER (PACRAD) (1969)
- 3.4.13 EPPLEY MODEL 8–48 (1969)
- 3.4.14 LI-COR MODEL LI-200SA (1971)
- 3.4.15 ROTATING SHADOWBAND RADIOMETER (1975)
- 3.4.16 WORLD STANDARD GROUP (1979)
- 3.5 Recent Advances in Solar Measurements
- Summary
- Questions
- Chapter 4 Direct Normal Irradiance
- 4.1 Overview of Direct Normal Irradiance
- 4.2 Pyrheliometer Geometry
- 4.3 Operational Thermopile Pyrheliometers
- 4.4 Absolute Cavity Radiometers
- 4.5 Uncertainty Analysis for Pyrheliometer Calibration
- 4.6 Uncertainty Analysis for Operational Thermopile Pyrheliometers
- 4.7 Uncertainty Analysis for Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Measurements of Direct Normal Irradiance
- 4.8 Direct Normal Irradiance Models
- 4.9 Historical and Current Surface-Measured Direct Normal Irradiance Data
- Questions
- Chapter 5 Measuring Global Irradiance
- Chapter 6 Diffuse Irradiance
- Chapter 7 Rotating Shadowband Radiometers
- Chapter 8 Measuring Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Effect of Tilt on Single Black Detector Pyranometers
- 8.3 Effect of Tilt on Black-and-White Pyranometers
- 8.4 Effect of Tilt on Photodiode Pyranometers
- 8.5 Recommendations for Tilted Irradiance Measurements
- 8.6 Notes on Modeling PV System Performance With Data From Photodiode Pyranometers
- Questions
- Chapter 9 Albedo
- Chapter 10 Infrared Measurements
- Chapter 11 Net Radiation Measurements
- Chapter 12 Solar Spectral Measurements
- Chapter 13 Meteorological Measurements
- Chapter 14 Setting Up a Solar Monitoring Station
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Choosing A Site
- 14.3 Grounding and Shielding
- 14.4 Data Logger and Communications
- 14.5 Measurement Interval
- 14.6 Cleaning and Maintenance
- 14.7 Record Keeping
- 14.8 Importance of Reviewing Data
- 14.9 Quality Control of Data
- 14.10 Field Calibrations
- 14.11 Physical Layout of a Solar-Monitoring Station
- Questions
- Appendix A: Modeling Solar Radiation
- Appendix B: Solar Radiation Estimates Derived from Satellite Measurements
- Appendix C: Sun Path Charts
- Appendix D: Solar Position Algorithms
- Appendix E: Useful Conversion Factors
- Appendix F: Sources for Equipment
- Appendix G: BORCAL Report
- Appendix H: Sunshine Duration
- Appendix I: Failure Modes
- Index
Dedication
_____________________________
The authors would like to dedicate this book to our wives, Mary Lou Vignola, Randi Michalsky, and Ann Stoffel, who provided encouragement and support while we worked on the manuscript.
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