A
absorptive remediation technologies,
368
advanced gas deposition (AGD),
174–6
advanced oxidation processes (AOP),
310
current applications in buildings,
213–20
granular aerogel prototype consisting of two glass panes,
217
Lumira application in polycarbonate sheets,
219
nanogel window products manufacturers and references,
221–5
optical, thermal, and energy properties for daylighting systems,
218
spectral transmittance of different silica aerogel layers,
217
view through monolithic aerogel sample,
214
window manufactured by joining four optimised tile prototype in test frame,
215
physical, mechanical and thermal properties,
212–13
synthesis and production,
209–12
gel preparation (sol-gel process),
209–10
aligned carbon nanotubes (ACNT),
379
alloying elements,
78,
88
ambient pressure drying (APD),
210
amphiphilic domain network,
307–8
anatase-to-rutile transformation (ART),
333
antibacterial activity,
309
self-cleaning tiles,
336–9
photocatalytic paints,
353
Apparatus for the Utilisation of Radiant Energy,
272
atomic force microscopy (AFM),
15–16
atomistic simulations,
20
C
calcium hydroxide (CH),
11
average segment length evolution,
45
physico-chemical properties of commercial additions,
45
carbon-based nanomaterials,
134–5
hydrodynamic slip flow profile characterised by slip length,
385
MWCNT shown as composed of concentric arrangement of graphene cylinders,
378
overview of synthesis procedures for CNTs,
381
schematic of spray pyrolysis setup,
382
SEM image of self-standing tube showing the alignment of CNT in radial direction,
383
stereoscopic micrograph of self-standing macrotube,
383
carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC),
374
cathodic arc evaporation (CAE),
99
cation exchange capacity (CEC),
110
chemical formulae and nomenclature of major constituents of Portland cement,
10
worldwide annual production (1925–2009),
10
nanoscience and nanoengineering,
9–29
cement-polymer nanocomposites,
27–8
C-S-H/polymer composites microstructure,
28
cementitious nanocomposites,
23–8
chemical vapour deposition (CVD),
172,
292,
380
Clean Air Act (1990),
310
compression strength,
59–60
mortar and plaster application in titanium dioxide nanoparticles,
299–322
existing patents and standards on photocatalytic cementitious materials,
319–22
heterogeneous photocatalysis principles,
301–5
pilot projects and field test,
318–19
semiconductor photocatalysis applications,
305–9
TiO
2 efficiency in built environment,
314–18
TiO2 in cement-based materials,
309–14
concrete nanoengineering,
9–29
cement-based materials,
22–8
material developments,
22–3
mono-sized spheres packing,
23
conductive admixtures,
55–9
effect on concrete beams electrical properties,
61–7
conductive concrete sensitivity,
67
electric field vs force field loading boundary conditions,
63
electrical vs mechanical parameters,
62
force field and electric field relationship,
61–3
regression equation parameters,
67
relationship between FCR and
ε2 of BF 28,
66
relationship between FCR and
ε2 of CF 13,
66
relationship between FCR and
ε2 of NCB 03,
65
relationship between FCR and
ε2 of PC,
65
resistance vs strain of IGNA and time,
64
strain and FCR relationship,
63–7
variation of strain of IGNA with load vs time before cracking,
64
effect on concrete mechanical properties,
59–61
slump flow, compressive strength and flexural strength content,
60
workability and compression strength,
59–60
carbon fibre (CF) properties,
56
nano carbon black (NCB) and particle size,
55
nano carbon black (NCB) properties,
56
reference concrete design mixture,
56
specimen preparation and testing set-up,
57–8
specimen configuration for measuring resistance,
58
load-time relationship I and II,
58
measuring point arrangement,
59
conductive heat transfer,
194
continuum micromechanics,
20–2
multi-scale think model for cement-based materials,
21
copper nanoparticles,
131,
136
utilisation of nanotechnology for corrosion resistance of steel,
97
critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC),
345
D
commercially available G5 PAMAM,
372
diesel exhaust particles (DEPs),
390
diphasic electrical conductive materials,
72–3
resistance, damage, stress and strain of BF28,
72
domestic water purification
challenges to bring about integrated system,
395–416
common water contamination problems,
396
comparative chart of POU conventional UV and chemical treatment technologies,
400–1
comparison of POU conventional water filtration technologies,
398–9
comparison of POU nanotechnology-based water purification technologies,
402–6
sustainability of water purification technology,
397,
407
integrated water-based systems development challenges,
407–16
nanomaterials availability,
407
nanomaterials integration into water purification systems,
407–15
health, safety and environment,
388–94
need for nanomaterials,
367–9
types, properties and usage,
369–88
dynamic creep test,
120–2
cumulative permanent axial strain and number of loading cycles,
121
dynamic plastic deformation (DPD),
90
E
important production parameters,
332–5
temperature stability of photocatalyst,
332–5
nanotechnology in manufacturing paints,
343–58
photocatalytic paints application in an indoor environment,
350–3
photocatalytic paints application in an outdoor environment,
347–9
potential formation of by products,
353–7
self-cleaning tiles and glasses,
327–39
third-generation photovoltaic (PV) cells,
270–94
technology overview of first, second and third generation cells,
276–83
eco-efficient construction
nanoclay-modified asphalt mixtures,
108–25
lifecycle of nano-enabled structures,
138–40
nano-hazards of manufactured nanomaterials (MNM),
131–8
nanomaterial toxicity profiling,
140–50
switchable glazing technology,
236–62
electrochromics materials and devices,
237–48
future trends in electrochromic and thermochromic glazing,
259–62
thermochromics materials and devices,
248–59
thin films and nanostructured coatings,
161–82
large scale manufacturing,
178–81
thin film technologies and samples,
163–78
eco-efficient technology,
162
flexible electrochromic foil,
246–8
generic five-layer battery-type device design,
238–40
practical constructions,
240–2
transparent conducting films,
244–6
emulsified zero-valent iron (EZVI),
34
current applications in buildings,
213–20
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD),
EU Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development Programme,
215
EU Non-Nuclear Energy Programme JOULE III,
215
European Committee on Standardisation (CEN),
321
nanoporous thin gold layer,
169
H
Hagen–Poiseuille flow,
385,
386
heat affected zones (HAZ),
79–80
heterogeneous photocatalysis,
299
other photocatalyst,
304–5
titanium oxide a photocatalyst,
303–4
semiconductor activation,
302–3
schematic representation,
302
high density calcium silicates (HD C-S-H),
19
high performance concrete (HPC)
calcium leaching control,
44–5
HPSCC compressive strength,
43
mixture resistivity vs time,
44
mechanical properties,
41
nanoparticle dispersion,
45–8
particle size and specific surface area related to concrete materials,
40
high performance thermal insulators (HPTI)
advantages and disadvantages for vacuum insulation panels and aerogel insulation,
199
thermal properties for vacuum and aerogel insulation,
198
nanotechnology and its application,
190
state-of-the-art insulators,
194–8
high throughput screening (HTS),
141
MNM toxicity profiling,
143–7
toxicity paradigms, analytes, readout modes and potential problems,
145–6
mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress effects of MNM,
147–50
highly insulating and light transmitting and aerogel glazing,
215
Honda–Fujishima effect,
300
household water management,
396
hydrophilic mechanism,
336
I
in situ technologies,
368–9
increase in softening point (ISP),
115
indirect tensile strength test,
118–19
increase strength and temperature for Cloisite-15A,
119
total fracture energy results,
119
indoor photocatalytic paints
efficiency investigation at the laboratory scale,
351–3
antimicrobial and antifungal effect,
353
photocatalysis of NO and O
2,
351–2
volatile organic compounds photooxidation,
352–3
inelastic neutron scattering (INS),
18
construction materials energy consumption,
13
interfacial transition zone (ITZ),
18,
41
intermediate products,
353
International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme,
214
International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage,
395
International Standards Organisation (ISO),
321–2
intervalency absorption,
239
M
macroscopic heat transfer,
189
magnetic nanoparticles,
386–8
magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS),
387–8
characterisation before toxicity screening,
141–3
ENM characterisation,
142
classes and properties associated with toxicity,
132
toxicological effects used in construction industry,
133–4
toxicity profiling using high throughput screening (HTS),
143–7
Maxwell–Garnett (MG) theory,
253
metal-based nanowire meshes,
246
metal oxide nanoparticles,
375–8
change in band gap and generation of free radicals in TiO
2 photocatalyst,
377
noble metal nanoparticles,
374–5
zero-valent iron (ZVI),
373–4
metal oxide nanoparticles,
375–8
micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS),
130
atomistic simulations,
20
mixed electrochromic oxide,
243
molecular self-assembly,
387
concrete and plaster application in titanium dioxide nanoparticles,
299–322
existing patents and standards on photocatalytic cementitious materials,
319–22
heterogeneous photocatalysis principles,
301–5
pilot projects and field test,
318–19
semiconductor photocatalysis applications,
305–9
TiO
2 efficiency in built environment,
314–18
TiO
2 in cement-based materials,
309–14
multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT),
25–6,
135
multiple exciton generation,
287
N
nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS),
130
steel tensile strength as function of interparticle spacing,
79
utilisation of nanotechnology for mechanical properties of steel bulk,
81–7
nano-particle-based coatings,
173–8
artificial colouring showing silver- based crystalline nanoparticles,
Plate II
carbon-based nanostructures,
177
deposited film of WO
3 and WO
3:Pd film,
176
unit for advanced gas deposition,
175
nano-titanium oxide (nano-TiO
2),
40,
42,
130
nanoclay-modified asphalt mixtures eco-efficient construction,
108–25
aggregates properties,
113
nanoclays properties,
114
loading properties and test temperatures,
117
marshal stability, flow and VTM,
116,
118
specimen preparation,
116
intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposite,
111
montmorillonite structure,
109
rheological tests and results,
114–16
mechanical properties of steel bulk,
89–90
mechanical properties of steel surface,
90–6
304 SS after SMAT and SAED patterns,
95
utilisation of nanotechnology for mechanical properties of steel surface,
92–4
microstructure and chemical composition,
76–8
phase diagram Fe-C relevant to carbon steel,
77
domestic water purification,
367
effect of reactive oxygen species in cells,
391
interaction and adverse effect of nanoparticles,
391
lifecycle of nano-enabled structures,
138–40
demolition, disposal and recycling,
140
manufacturing and construction use,
138–9
useful life of the structure,
139
nano-hazards of manufactured
nanomaterials (MNM),
131–8
safety for construction applications,
127–51
self-sensing concrete,
53–73
conductive admixtures,
55–9
conductive admixtures effect on concrete beams electrical properties,
61–7
conductive admixtures effect on concrete mechanical properties,
59–61
diphasic electrical conductive materials,
72–3
strain and damage in concrete beams,
67–72
types, properties and usage in water purification,
369–88
nanoparticle dispersion,
45–8
carbon nanotubes ultracentrifuged suspension,
48
hybrid CNF/SF cement composites surface fracture,
46
sedimentation progression of nanomaterials,
48
silica fume particles intermixed with carbon nanofibres after dry mixing,
47
high performance concrete (HPC),
38–49
calcium leaching control,
44–5
mechanical properties,
41
particle size and specific surface area related to concrete materials,
40
VIP structures main components,
195
nanoscale emulsified zero-valent iron (nEZVI),
374
nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST),
eco-efficient construction,
161–82
large scale manufacturing,
178–81
domestic water purification,
364–416
challenges to bring about integrated system,
395–416
need for nanomaterials,
367–9
population without water access to reliable water sources,
365
relative water withdrawal by sector in 2000,
365
types, properties and usage,
369–88
eco-efficient construction,
1–5
health, safety and environment,
388–94
evidence for toxicity of nanomaterials,
389–92
toxicity of carbon nanotubes,
393
toxicity of silver nanoparticles,
392
toxicity of titanium dioxide and silica nanoparticles,
393–4
manufacturing paints for eco-efficient buildings,
343–58
band gap and optimum excitation wavelength of different catalysts,
344
photocatalytic paints application in an indoor environment,
350–3
photocatalytic paints application in an outdoor environment,
347–9
potential formation of by products,
353–7
nanocomposite steel properties,
89–100
nanocomposite steel research,
76–89
photovoltaic (PV) cells,
283–92
steel bulk and surface properties improvement,
75–102
engineered nanomaterials (ENM),
129–3
naturally occurring nanomaterials,
129
naturally occurring nanomaterials,
129
noble metal nanoparticles,
374–5
non-metal nanoparticles,
136–7
non-plasma-based techniques,
171–3
layers of anodic aluminium oxide (AAO),
174
sol-gel-produced multilayer coating of Ni-Al
2O
3 and SiO
2,
173
non-vaccum-based techniques,
171–3
layers of anodic aluminium oxide (AAO),
174
sol-gel-produced multilayer coating of Ni-Al
2O
3 and SiO
2,
173
P
nanotechnology for eco-efficient buildings,
343–58
photocatalytic paints application in an indoor environment,
350–3
potential formation of by products,
353–7
photocatalytic paints application in an outdoor environment,
347–9
efficiency investigation of active outdoor paints at laboratory scale,
347–8
real-life examples of outdoor photocatalytic paints usage,
349
areas of application,
202–3
edge spacer construction types for vacuum insulated sandwich elements,
204
phonon radiative transfer,
194
oxidation potentials of various oxidants relative to normal hydrogen electrode (NHE),
329
possible solutions to diminish by-products accumulation,
355–7
formaldehyde secondary emission during long-term radiation,
357
pretreatment of photocatalytic paint prior to commercial distribution,
357
secondary emission reduction with appropriate paint constituents selection,
356
stable supporting materials development,
356–7
schematic of photocatalytic mechanism,
328
effective surface area,
346
temperature stability,
332–5
patent search for photocatalytic tiles and glass,
334
existing patents and standards,
319–22
examples of patents on TiO
2 in building materials,
321
ISO standards on photocatalytic fine ceramics,
322
Photocatalytic Innovative Coverings Application for Depollution Assessment (PICADA),
318
photoelectric effect,
272
pollution control and self-cleaning in titanium dioxide nanoparticles,
299–322
existing patents and standards on photocatalytic cementitious materials,
319–22
heterogeneous photocatalysis principles,
301–5
pilot projects and field test,
318–19
semiconductor photocatalysis applications,
305–9
TiO
2 efficiency in built environment,
314–18
TiO2 in cement-based materials,
309–14
operation of the first basic PV,
274
origin of the word photovoltaic,
274
PV advantage and disadvantages,
steps in producing electricity from sun,
275
job creation opportunities in PVs,
293
top five global PV country producers in 2011,
273
multilayer PV layers,
282
reasons for consideration,
284
operation of three-layer multifunction PV,
282
potential efficiencies,
281
energy levels achieved by PVs in 2010,
277
eco-efficient buildings,
270–94
physical vapour deposition (PVD),
165
plasma-based techniques,
163–71
plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD),
172
concrete and mortar application in titanium dioxide nanoparticles,
299–322
existing patents and standards on photocatalytic cementitious materials,
319–22
heterogeneous photocatalysis principles,
301–5
pilot projects and field test,
318–19
semiconductor photocatalysis applications,
305–9
TiO
2 efficiency in built environment,
314–18
TiO
2 in cement-based materials,
309–14
point-of-entry (POE),
366
presence of mixtures,
347
self-cleaning and photo sterilisation in titanium dioxide nanoparticles,
299–322
existing patents and standards on photocatalytic cementitious materials,
319–22
heterogeneous photocatalysis principles,
301–5
pilot projects and field test,
318–19
semiconductor photocatalysis applications,
305–9
TiO
2 efficiency in built environment,
314–18
TiO
2 in cement-based materials,
309–14
polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
241
polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC),
242
polyvinyl buteral (PVB),
241
S
scanning electron microscope (SEM),
381
scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM),
15
paint constituents,
354–5
carbonyl compounds formation,
355
self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS),
387
colour measurements in CIELab colour space,
317
pollution control and photo sterilisation in titanium dioxide nanoparticles,
299–322
existing patents and standards on photocatalytic cementitious materials,
319–22
heterogeneous photocatalysis principles,
301–5
pilot projects and field test,
318–19
semiconductor photocatalysis applications,
305–9
TiO
2 efficiency in built environment,
314–18
TiO
2 in cement-based materials,
309–14
schematic representation on TiO
2 containing surfaces,
308
theoretical mechanism and practical effect of photoinduced superhydrophilicity,
307
antibacterial action,
336–9
mechanism of solar light activated antimicrobial photocatalysts,
338
glasses for eco-efficient buildings,
327–39
commercial photocatalytic tiles and glasses,
331–2
important production parameters,
332–5
practical use of photocatalysts for tiles and glasses,
330–1
titanium dioxide application for tiles and glasses,
331
mechanism of photoinduced hydrophilicity,
336
conductive admixtures,
55–9
conductive admixtures effect on concrete beams electrical properties,
61–7
conductive admixtures effect on concrete mechanical properties,
59–61
diphasic electrical conductive materials,
72–3
strain and damage in concrete beams,
67–72
semiconductor photocatalysis
antibacterial and anti-vegetative properties,
308–9
photocatalytic degradation of pollutants,
305–6
sensitisation approach,
350–1
severe plastic deformation (SPD),
76,
80,
88
Shockley-Queisser limit,
281
energy-efficient windows,
207–32
current applications of aerogels in buildings,
213–20
aerogel glazing system with nanogel and window prototype,
230
aerogel pane transmission optical properties,
226
energy balance for window glazing as function of U-value and solar factor,
228
sound reduction index value vs frequency,
231
spectral transmittance of different glazing samples,
227
U-value on conventional glazing and with translucent insulation materials,
229
silica nanoparticles,
393–4
silicon dioxide nanoparticles,
137
single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT),
25,
135
single-walled nanotubes (SWNT),
289,
378
small angle neutron scattering (SANS),
17–18
small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS),
17–18
gold film made onto glass,
165
In
2O
3:Sn film sputter,
166
nanoporous thin gold layer,
169
sputter deposited ZnO:Al film,
168
thin film nanostructures made by sputter deposition,
167
Staebler–Wronski phenomenon,
279
stainless steels (SS),
78
nanotechnology for bulk and surface properties improvement,
75–102
nanocomposite steel,
76–89
nanocomposite steel properties,
89–100
damage in concrete beams,
67–72
styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) block copolymer,
111–12
‘penniform’ TiO
2 thin film made by sputter deposition,
172
supercritical drying (SCD),
210
suspended particle device (SPD),
242
switchable glazing technology
eco-efficient construction,
236–62
electrochromics materials and devices,
237–48
thermochromics materials and devices,
248–59
future trends in electrochromic and thermochromic glazing,
259–62
conceptual sketch of super fenestration,
261
T
Task-18 Advanced Glazings and Associated Materials for Solar and Building Application,
214
temperature-programmed desorption (TPD),
380
thermal transmittance,
220
doped VO
2 films with thermochromic switching at room temperature,
258–9
Mg-doped VO
2 films with enhanced luminous transmittance,
256–9
absorption coefficient and photon energy,
258
spectral and luminous transmittance vs doping level,
257
vanadium dioxide-based thin films three challenges,
249–53
VO
2 nanoparticle composites,
253–6
thermodynamic modelling,
89
thermomechanical treatment (TMT),
80,
88,
98
eco-efficient construction,
161–82
elemental abundance in the Earth’s crust,
Plate III
large scale manufacturing,
178–81
internal components of a roll-to-roll coater,
180
manufacturing plant for making multilayer coatings,
180
roll-to-roll coating unit,
181
sputter deposition principles,
179
technologies and samples,
163–78
nano-particle-based coatings,
173–8
non-vaccum and non-plasma-based techniques,
171–3
survey of thin film deposition technology,
164
vacuum and plasma-based techniques,
163–71
applications for tiles and glasses,
331
cement-based materials,
309–14
atmospheric pollutants emission and VOC release,
310
Cite des Arts et de la Musique, Chambery and church Dives in Rome,
311
interaction with hydraulic and non-hydraulic binders,
310–13
common photocatalyst,
303–4
concrete, mortar and plaster application,
299–322
heterogeneous photocatalysis principles,
301–5
pilot projects and field test,
318–19
semiconductor photocatalysis applications,
305–9
TiO
2 efficiency in built environment,
314–18
existing patents and standards on photocatalytic cementitious materials,
319–22
current patents overview,
320
standards for materials testing,
320–2
scheme of possible progressive shielding of photocatalyst,
314
most common photocatalyst
main effects connected with TiO
2 photoactivity,
304
spectral irradiance of sunlight,
304
nanocomposites photocatalytic and self-cleaning mechanism,
27
pollution control, self-cleaning and photo sterilisation,
299–322
HTS for mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress effects of MNM,
147–50
MNM characterisation before toxicity screening,
141–3
MNM high throughput screening (HTS),
143–7
silver nanoparticles,
392
titanium dioxide and silica nanoparticles,
393–4
transformation induced plasticity (TRIP),
80
transparent conducting films,
244–6
transparent insulating materials (TIM),
209