Index

SYMBOLS

* (asterisk) wild card, 31

// (two forward slashes), 153

[ ] (braces), 337

_ (underscore character), 150

{ } (curly braces), 167

+ (concatenate) operator, 192, 193

++ (increment) operator, Java, 155

++x (prefix) operator, Java, 155

<applet> tag, 25

- (dash) character, 150, 155

. (period), 150

; (semicolon), 150–152

A

Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), 20, 279–280

AbstractSequentialList, 272

acquire( ) method, threads, 234

acquireUninterruptibly( ) method, threads, 234

ACTION-SWITCH, COBOL

adding multiple message types with, 38–39

implementing inheritance, 113–118

Java objects in COBOL, 73–76

method members vs., 87

private variables similar to, 14

returning value from private variables, 68

ActiveX specification, 322

add( ) method, ArrayLists, 267

addElement( ) method, Vectors, 267

AMOUNT element, OAG standard, 345

applet viewer (appletviewer.exe)

executing Java’s SDK, 21

running applets in, 25–26

testing applets with, 35

<applet> tag, 25

applets

applications vs., 34

CODEBASE references, 28

creating with Java’s SDK, 24–26

defined, 19

HelloWorld, 62–63

portability problems of, 19–20

summary of, 35

using AWT for GUI interaction, 279–280

applications

applets vs., 34

HelloWorld, 61–62

using AWT for GUI interaction, 279–280

arithmetic operations, Java, 154–159

exercises, 164–165

floating-point operations, 154–155

increment and decrement operators, 155

integer operations, 154–155

list of, 156

object reference variables, 157–159

postfix and prefix operators, 155

shortcut coding style, 155

arraycopy( ) function, 85

arraycopy( ) method, 85

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException exception, 84

ArrayList collection class

exercises, 275–278

overview of, 266–270

Vectors vs., 264

arrays

exercises, 98–99

Java syntax, 173–174

overview of, 83–87

as parameters, 87

ASCII character set, 254

ASSIGN statement, 244

assignment function, Java vs. COBOL, 149

asterisk (*) wild card, import statement, 31

attributes, DTD, 335–336

authoring, XML documents, 339

autoboxing, 199, 269

auto-commit, Connection class, 297

AUTOEXEC.BAT file, 22

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), 20, 279–280

B

base classes. see also superclasses (parent classes)

bottom-up design, 102

hiding variables and methods, 126–127

Java inheritance concepts, 121–126

multiple inheritance and, 121

overview of, 102

using inheritance as design pattern, 109

Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), 190

begin tag...end tag construct, XML, 332

BigDecimals, 202–204, 214–215, 217

BigIntegers, 202–204, 214–215, 217

BigNumbers, 202–208, 214–216, 217

binary arithmetic operators, Java, 154–159

binarySearch( ) function, collections, 274

bitwise operations, Java, 156

black box, COBOL, 112

BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane), 190

boolean expressions, 169–170

bottom-up design, inheritance, 102

braces ({ }), 167

brackets ([ ]), 337

break statement

defined, 181

exiting switch loop with, 177

flow control exercises, 184–186

overview of, 177–180

breakpoint, Eclipse debugger, 362–363

browsers

supporting applets, 35

Web servers and, 308–310

C

C comments, Java syntax, 152–153

C++ comments, Java syntax, 152–153

cab files, 33

CALL COUNTER, COBOL, 66–68

CALL SUBROUTINE USING, COBOL, 4–9

callbacks, SAX parser, 340

CALLER COBOL

calling subroutine, 4–9

implementing inheritance, 114–115

message passing, 37, 39–40

method overloading, 46–48

calling program

accessing public data members, 16

Caller class, 12–13

calling subroutine, 4–9

causing runtime errors, 47

COBOL subroutines and, 4

containing its objects, 14

creating new object prior to using it, 71

error processing capabilities, 196, 219–220, 225

inheritance in COBOL, 113, 119

method overloading in COBOL, 44–45

and reference variables, 71, 73

cardinality rules, DTD elements, 334–335

case sensitivity

identifiers, 151

Java compilers, 150

case statements

EVALUATE verb vs., 187

flow control exercise, 184

overview of, 176–177

catalog content management, XML, 352

CICS, 314

class libraries, building GUIs with, 20, 279–281, 286–289

class members, 65–100

arrays, 83–87

classes, objects and members, 71–72

constructors, 89–91

data members, 77–79

exercises, 91–99

local variables, 79–80

method members, 87–89

MYSUB COBOL, 66–68

objects and COBOL, 72–76

overview of, 65–66

primitive data types, 80–83

reviewing samples, 99–100

using objects in Java, 76–77

variables, 68–70

class methods, 87

class variables

defined, 77

exercises, 96–98

overview of, 70

classes

from COBOL perspective, 9

data members, 7, 10

defined in Java, 71–72

exercises in, 49–57

grouping into packages. see packages

inheritance hierarchy, 102–103

Java interfaces vs., 129

from Java perspective, 13, 15

CLASSPATH directory

adding jar file to, 33, 283

exercises, 55

overview of, 27–28

client

accessing EJB from, 327

using online XML, 343

CLOSE file, 244

COBOL

collections vs. files in, 264–265

error management, 220

Java BigDecimals vs., 204–205

Java flow control operators vs., 181

Java I/O vs., 244–245

Java operators vs., 153–154

Java Strings vs., 189–190, 194–196

Java syntax vs., 149–150

objects and, 109–112

statements, 150

understanding reference variables, 154–159

COBOL subroutines. see also MYSUB COBOL

behaving as object, 72–76

calling, 4–9

Java class vs., 13, 15

objects vs., 5

overview of, 4

terms to review, 9–10

code block, 168–172

CODEBASE references, 28

collections, 263–278

AbstractSequentialList, 272

background, 264–266

defining, 263

exercises, 275–277

HashSet, 271

iterators, 272–273

keyed, Hashtable and HashMap, 270–271

LinkedList, 272

managing arguments and returning values for methods, 84

ordered, Vector and ArrayList, 266–270

ordering and comparison functions, 273–275

reviewing exercises, 277–278

TreeSet, 272

commands, executable, 21

COMMAREA, CICS, 314

comments

flow control exercises, 182

Javadoc, 152–153, 284–286

Comparator interface, collections, 274–275

compareTo( ) method, 216, 274–275

comparison functions, collections, 273–275

compile process, Java, 18–19

compressed packages, 33

concatenate operator (+), 192, 193

ConcurrentHashMap collection class, 270

Connection class, 297–298

constructors

BigDecimal and BigInteger, 203–204

Hashtable and HashMap, 270–271

from Java perspective, 14

overview of, 89–91

Vectors and ArrayLists, 267

consumer (calling) class

extending methods, 107–108

inheritance and, 122–125

method overloading, 43

redefining methods, 106

sending messages to objects, 41

treating super-type objects, 109

using derived classes, 122

containers, EJB, 323–325

continue statement

defined, 181

flow control exercise, 184

overview of, 177–180

CONTROL-AREA, COBOL, 40, 47

copy( ) function, collections, 273

COPY statement, COBOL, 31

CounterServlet.java file, 317–320

currentThread( ) method, 238–239, 241

D

dash (-) character, 150, 155

data encapsulation, COBOL, 65

data members, Java, 14, 77–79

data repositories, XML, 351

data types, primitive, 80–83

databases. see JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

DATETIME element, OAG standard, 345–347

debugging, with Eclipse, 362–363

DecimalFormat class, 197–198, 261

declarations, XML, 337–338

deletes, database, 300–301

derived classes

clarifying variable for this operator, 127–128

defined, 102

extending inherited methods, 106–108

hiding methods and members, 131

hiding variables and methods, 126–127

inheritance and, 103, 121–126

inheriting methods, 103–104

design patterns

COBOL object-oriented, 112–119

inheritance and, 108–109

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides), 108–109

directories

creating for applets, 24

creating for Java files, 22

File class functions, 248–249

Java packages related to, 32–33

distributed computing, EJBs, 322–323

DNS (domain name system), 32, 308

Document Object Model (DOM) interface, 340

document type definitions. see DTDs (document type definitions), XML

doGet( ) method, HttpServlet, 312, 318

DOM (Document Object Model) interface, 340

domain name system (DNS), 32, 308

doskey command, 21

Double numeric class wrapper, 197–198

doubleValue( ) method, 197–198

do...while statement, 174–175, 181

drawstring( ) method, Graphics class

adding to applet, 26, 55–56, 59

overview of, 36

DriverManager, 296

drivers, JDBC

connecting to database, 296–298

defined, 294

types of, 294–295

DTDs (document type definitions), XML

attributes, 335–336

complete documents, 338–339

documents and, 332–333

elements, 334

entities, 336–337

OAG specifications for, 344–351

E

Eclipse, 355–367

debugging with, 362–363

getting started with, 356–358

installing, 356

making new project, 358–361

overview of, 355

refactoring with, 363–367

runtime, 362

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), XML and, 342–343

EJBs (Enterprise JavaBeans), 321–328

accessing from client, 327

container services, 324–325

distributed computing and, 322–323

exercises, 327–328

interfaces and implementation class, 325–327

types of, 323–324

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), XML and, 342–343

elements

adding to Hashtable and HashMap, 271

adding to Vectors or ArrayLists, 267–268

DTD, 334–335

XML nested, 332

encapsulation, 76

Enterprise Java

Eclipse. see Eclipse

Enterprise JavaBeans. see EJBs (Enterprise JavaBeans)

JDBC. see JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

XML. see XML (Extensible Markup Language)

enterprise resource planning (ERP), 343

entities, DTD, 336–337

EntityBeans, EJBs, 323–324, 326–327

equals( ) method, 191–192, 216

ERP (enterprise resource planning), 343

Error class, 221

ErrorMsg class

arrays, 83–87

constructors, 90–91

defining methods in, 40–41

exercises, 49–61

exercises, class members, 91–94, 96–97, 99

exercises, polymorphism, 142–143, 145

exercises, variables, 133–138, 140, 144

Hashtable and HashMap, 271

HelloWorld applet, 62–63

HelloWorld application, 61–62

hiding variables and methods, 127

inheritance, 103–108

inheritance and Java, 120–126

iterators, 272–273

Java data members, 78–79

Java variables, 69–71

method members, 88–89

method overloading, 43, 47–48

multiple messages, 41–43

objects and Java, 11–13

overview of, 63–64

packages, 29–32

refactoring in Eclipse, 366–367

reviewing samples, 57–61

the this variable, 127–128

Vector and ArrayList, 267–268

errors

exception handling. see exceptions

refactoring with Eclipse, 363–367

EVALUATE verb, COBOL, 177, 181, 187

Exception class, 221–222

exception processing, 196

exceptions, 219–229

creating, 221–223

Exception class hierarchy, 221

exercises, 237–241

overview of, 219–220

processing suggestions, 228–229

using, 223–227

EXCHANGE-AMOUNT, COBOL, 204–205

executable code, 18

executeUpdate( ) method, 301

execution process, Java, 18–19

exists( ) method, File class, 248

extends keyword, Java inheritance, 119–121

Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), 352

Extensible Markup Language. see XML

external entities, DTD, 336

F

factory class, 297

File class, 246–249, 258–261

FILE SECTION, DATA DIVISION, 244

FileInputStream class, 250

filenames

packages and, 32–33

source, 26–27, 33

FileReader class, 255

File.separator variable, 246

fill( ) function, collections, 273

Final keyword, 78

finalize( ) methods, garbage collection, 237

finally statement, 224–226, 229

floating-point operations, Java, 154–155

flow control, Java, 167–187

break statement, 177–180

code block, 168

continue statement, 177–180

do...while statement, 174–175

exercises, 181–186

if statement, 168–172

list of operators, 181

review, 186–187

for statement, 175–176

switch statement, 176–177

while statement, 172–174

for loop, collections, 273

for statement

defined, 181

flow control exercises, 183–185

overview of, 175–176

forName( ) method, 296

fully qualified names, 30

G

garbage collection, 236–237

Generics, 266–267

get( ) methods, File class, 247–248

GET requests, 310, 312

“GET$NARGS” function, 44–45

getConnection( ) method, database, 296, 302

getCounter( ) method, 100

getErrorMsg( ) method

adding to HelloWorld, 52–54

synchronization, 234

using overloaded version of, 56–58, 95

getFilePointer( ) method, RandomAccessFile, 257

getMessage( ) method, Exception class, 222

graphical user interfaces. see GUIs (Graphical user interfaces)

Graphics class, 36

GUIs (graphical user interfaces)

building with class libraries, 20

development of, 279–281

exercise in creating, 286–289

H

handle, reference pointer, 71

HashMap collection class

exercises, 275–278

Hashtable vs., 264

overview of, 270–271

HashSet, 271

Hashtable collection class, 264, 270–271

HelloWorld applet

exercises in, 53–56

overview of, 62–63

review, 59–60

HelloWorld application

ErrorMsg class in, 57–58

overview of, 61–62

HelloWorld program, 22–24, 57

HelloWorld.html, 25

HelloWorld.java (example exercises)

applets, 24

BigNumbers, 214–215

class members, 92–93

flow control, 181–186

I/O in Java, 258–261

Java syntax, 160–165

messages, 49–57

numeric wrapper classes, 210–213

string methods, 210

threads, 239–240

hiding methods

and members, 131

and variables, 126–127

home interface, EJB, 325–326

home page, Eclipse, 357

hostname, 308

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

executing applets, 25

Web servers and, 308–310

XML vs., 330–332, 340–341

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

compressed packages and, 33

Web servers using, 308–310

HttpServlet, 312, 318

Hypertext Markup Language. see HTML

I

IDE (integrated development environment), 20, 355

identifiers, Java, 150–152

if statement

defined, 181

flow control exercises, 181–182

overview of, 168–172

immutable strings, 192

implementation class, EJB, 325–327

implements keyword, 129–130

import statements, 30–31

importing, Java files to Eclipse project, 358–360

IMS, 314

increment operator (++), 155

indexed sequential (ISAM) file type, 270

information transfer systems, XML, 352

inheritance, 101–126

clarifying variable for this operator, 127–128

class definitions, 121–122

COBOL object-oriented design patterns, 112–119

COBOL perspective on, 109–112

as design pattern, 108–109

Exception class and, 221

exercises, 133–144

extending class methods, 123–124

extending methods, 106–108

with extends keyword, 119–121

hiding methods and members, 131

hiding variables and methods, 126–127

inheriting methods, 103–106

methods, 123–126

object-oriented design and, 101–102

objects and, 103

polymorphism and, 132

reviewing samples, 144–145

sharing variables and methods, 126

string methods, 191–192

from threads, 230–232

using protected keyword, 122–123

initialization

data variable, 69–70

servlet, 312–313

inner code blocks, 171–172

inputfile property, properties file, 282

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION, ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, 244

InputStream class, 249–251, 259–260

inserts, database, 300–301

inside packages, 29–31

installing, Eclipse, 356

integer operations, Java, 154–155, 269

integrated development environment (IDE), 20, 355

intelligent agents, XML, 352

interfaces

from COBOL perspective, 9

EJB, 325–327

Java, 128–131

Java Collection framework, 265–266

internal entities, DTD, 336

I/O in Java, 243–262

exercises, 258–262

File class, 246–249

InputStream and OutputStream classes, 249–251

overview of, 243

RandomAccessFile class, 256–258

Reader and Writer classes, 254–256

serialization, 252–254

streams vs. record-based I/O, 244–246

IOException class creating Exception objects with, 221

defined, 221

handling exceptions, 228

naming conventions, 221–222

ISAM (indexed sequential) file type, 270

isDirectory( ) method, File class, 248

isFile( ) method, File class, 248

isolation level, EJBs, 324

iteration, 175–176

iterators, 272–273

J

jar files

compressed package technology, 33

containing servlet classes, 319

creating, 282–284

Java. see also Enterprise Java

applets. see applets

BigNumbers. see BigNumbers

collections. see collections

data members, 77–79

exceptions. see exceptions

flow control. see flow control, Java

GUI development, 279–281

inheritance and, 119–126

interfaces, 128–131

I/O. see I/O in Java

numbers. see numbers

properties files, 281–282

StringBuffers. see StringBuffers

strings. see strings

threads. see threads

utilities, 282–286

variables, 68–70

XML and, 339–340

Java API For XML Processing (JAXP), 339–341

Java Archive utility, 282–284

Java byte codes, 18

Java compiler (javac.exe)

compiling applet, 24–25

compiling Java source, 23

executing for SDK, 21

writing programs, 20

Java Database Connectivity. see JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

Java Development Environment, 17–36

applications vs. applets, 34

classes and filenames, 26–28

CLASSPATH variable, 27–28

CODEBASE references, 28

compressed packages, 33

getting started with SDK, 21–24

inside packages, 29–31

name collisions, 31–32

packages, 28–29

packages and filenames, 32–33

review of code samples, 34–36

runtime interpretation and Java byte codes, 17–21

writing applet with SDK, 24–26

java. exe (Java runtime), 21, 23

Java Foundation Classes (JFC), 20, 280–281

Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), 327

Java run unit, 16

Java runtime (java. exe), 21, 23

Java Server Pages. see JSPs

Java Studio, 21

Java syntax, 149–165

binary arithmetic operators, 154–159

COBOL vs., 149–150

comments, 152–153

exercises, 160–165

flow control. see flow control, Java

operators, 153–154

reference variables, understanding with COBOL, 159–160

statements, 150–152

Java virtual machines (JVMs), 18–20

JAVA_HOME environment variable, 316

JavaBeans, 322

Javadoc

comments, 152–153

utility, 284–286

JAXP (Java API For XML Processing), 339–341

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity), 293–304

configuring JDBC-ODBC bridge, 301–302

connecting to, 296–298

exercises, 302–304

how it works, 294–295

inserting, updating and deleting, 300–301

overview of, 293

querying tables, 298–299

JDBC-ODBC bridge, 294–295, 301–304

JEE SDK, download and tutorial, 327–328

JFC (Java Foundation Classes), 20, 280–281

JFrame class, 280–281

JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface), 327

JSPs (Java Server Pages), 314–320

design principles for, 307

exercises, 317–320

getting started with servlets and, 316–317

overview of, 314–316

JVM (Java virtual machine), 18–20

K

keyed collections, 270–271

L

LANGUAGECODE static variable, 133, 135–136, 144

length numbers, arrays, 84

Level 88 items, COBOL, 336

LINKAGE SECTION, COBOL

data encapsulation and, 65–66

describing subroutine parameters in, 4

implementing inheritance, 109–112, 116–119

terms to review, 9–10

LinkedList, 272

List interface, collections

AbstractSequentialList implementation, 272

defined, 265

LinkedList implementation, 272

local variables

exercises, 96–98

overview of, 79–80

review, 100

scope, 170–172

logical operators, 169–170

lookup() method, JDB, 327

M

Map interface, collections, 265, 270

markup tags, Javadoc comments, 285–286

math functions, 202–204, 207

MathContext parameter, Big Decimals, 203

max( ) function, collections, 274

member data items, 47

members

hiding methods and, 131

Java, 71–72

memory

collections stored in, 265

shrinking Vectors or ArrayList to conserve, 269

message passing, 37

MessageBeans, EJBs, 324, 326–327

messages, 37–64

in COBOL, 38–40

defined, 132

ErrorMsg class, 63–64

exercises, 57–61

exercises in classes, objects and methods, 49–57

HelloWorld applet, 62–63

HelloWorld application, 61–62

in Java, 40–41

method overloading in COBOL, 44–48

multiple, 41–43

overview of, 37–38

terms, 48

method members, 87–89

method overloading

in COBOL, 44–48

exercise in, 56–58

in Java, 41–43, 48

review, 60–61

method signatures, 48

methods

ArrayList, 270

array-specific, 85–86

Connection class, 298

constructors vs., 89–91

ErrorMsg class, 40–41

extending inherited, 106–108

File class, 246–249

hiding members and, 131

hiding variables and, 126–127

inheriting, 103–104, 123–126

InputStream class, 250

Java, 48

Java string, 191–192, 194–196

numeric wrapper classes, 196–199

overriding, 123, 131

package, 70, 87–89

private, 70

public, 70

redefining inherited, 105–106

static, 70

StringBuffer, 200–201

Vector, 270

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Media Extension) type, 309

min( ) function, collections, 274

MS-DOS window, 21

MsgThread.java file, 237–238

MsgThreadRunnable.java file, 238–239

multiple inheritance, 121, 128–129

Multipurpose Internet Media Extension (MIME) type, 309

myErrorMsg class, 12–13, 58–60

MyFrame.java, 287–289

MYSUB COBOL

implementing inheritance, 116–119

message passing, 37–40

method overloading, 44–48

private variables, 66–68

MYSUB subroutine, 5–9

MYSUB-CONTROL

all instances as objects in, 8–9

behaving as object, 72–76

class data members in, 10

ErrorMsg class and, 11

inheritance, 110–112, 113–119

object-oriented language and, 7

N

name collisions, 31–32

naming conventions

classes inside packages, 29–31

Exception classes, 221–222

internal and external classes, 35

name collisions, 31–32

packages and files, 32–33

public Java classes, 26–27

source files, 26–27

New Java Project dialog, Eclipse, 358–359

NEWSUB COBOL, 109–119

next() method, ResultSet, 299

NoDatabaseAvailableException, 223, 228

Number class, 197–198

numbers

BigNumbers, 202–208

exercises, 210–217

numeric wrapper classes, 196–199

placing into Vector arrays, 269

rounding options in Java and COBOL, 206

numeric wrapper classes, 196–199, 210–213, 217

O

OAG (Open Application Group), XML, 344–351

object instance variables, 71, 72–76

object reference variables, Java, 157–160

object wrappers, 269

ObjectInputStream class, 253–254

object-oriented language. see OO (object-oriented language)

ObjectOutputStream class, 253–254

objects, 3–16

and COBOL, 5–10, 72–76

defined, 71–72

functionality of, 3

inheritance and, 103

Java and, 12–16, 76–77

message passing, 37

ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)

exercises, 302–304

JDBC as variation on, 293–294

JDBC-ODBC bridge, 294–295, 301–302

online references

authoring XML documents, 339

Eclipse, 20, 356

Java Software Development Kit, 20, 327

opening zip files, 356

predefined Exception objects, 221

Sun’s coding conventions, 151, 167

Tomcat, 316

URI type file specification, 247

online XML, 343–344

OO (object-oriented language)

classes, objects and members, 71–72

COBOL and, 5–10, 112–119

inheritance and, 101–102

from Java perspective, 3, 13–14

message passing, 37

method overloading, 48

method signatures, 48

methods, 48

Open Application Group (OAG), XML, 344–351

Open Database Connectivity. see ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)

OPEN file, 244

operator overloading, 193, 203

operators, Java

binary arithmetic, 154–159

exercises, 163–165

flow control, 181

syntax, 153–154

options switches, 113

Order document type, 337

ordered collections, 266–270

ordering functions, collections, 273–275

outputfile property, properties file, 282

OutputStream class, 249–251, 258–260

overriding methods, 123, 131

P

Package Explorer, Eclipse

creating Java project, 359, 361

debugging with, 362

refactoring with, 363–367

packages, 28–33

compressed, 33

and filenames, 32–33

inside, 29–31

methods, 70, 87–89

name collisions, 31–32

overview of, 28–29

variables, 68

paint( ) function, 35

parameter entities, DTD, 336–337

parameters

arrays as, 87

calling subroutine, 4–9

passed, 47

parent classes. see superclasses (parent classes)

parentheses

controlling evaluation of expressions, 170

Java syntax, 153–154, 162–165

parse( ) method, DecimalFormat class, 197–198

parseInt( ) method, 196–197

passed parameters, Java, 47

pathname, Web servers, 309

PERFORM UNTIL, COBOL, 181, 187

performance, and Vectors, 267–268

period (.), 150

PIC X, COBOL, 189, 216

polymorphism, 132–133

PopupErrorMsg sample, 120, 122, 124–125, 128

port number, 308, 317

POST requests, 310, 312

precedence conventions, operators, 153–154

prefix operator (++x), 155

prepared statements, 300

prepareStatement( ) method, Connection, 300

primitive data types

autoboxing and unboxing, 199

Java Strings syntax vs., 190

overview of, 80–83

PrintFileErrorMsg sample

creating and using, 136–138

hiding variables and methods, 127, 138–139

inheritance, 119–120, 122, 124–126

review, 144–145

the this variable, 127–128

using Java interfaces, 129–130, 139–141

printIn( ) method, 216

printIn statement

ErrorMsg class, 57–58

exercises, class members, 92–93

review, 100

PrintStream, 245

private elements or properties, COBOL, 10

private elements or properties, Java, 14

private methods, 70, 87–89

private variables

COBOL, 66–68

Java, 68–70, 77, 94

properties, OO terminology, 7

properties files, Java, 281–282

protected keyword, Java, 122–123

protected variables, Java, 68, 77

public elements or properties, COBOL, 10

public elements or properties, Java, 14

public methods, 70, 87–89

public variables

COBOL, 68

Java, 68–70, 77, 94

put() method, Hashtable and HashMap, 271

Q

query strings, URL, 309–310

querying tables, 298–299

Queue interface, collections, 266

R

RandomAccessFile class, 256–258

READ file, 244

READ NEXT statement, COBOL, 299

reading data

InputStream methods, 250

Reader class, 254–256, 262

readLine( ) method, BufferedReader, 255

record-based I/O, 244–246

refactoring, with Eclipse, 363–367

reference variables

arrays as, 85

assignment and equality in, 157–159

defined, 71

understanding with COBOL, 159–160

release( ) method, threads, 234

Reload function, applet menu, 26

remote interface, coding EJB, 325

Remote Method Invocation (RMI), 252–254

replaceAll( ) function, collections, 273

ResultSet objects, querying tables, 298–299

reuse, Java support for, 77

reverse( ) function, collections, 273

RMI (Remote Method Invocation), 252–254

rounding functions, BigDecimals, 205–206

run( ) method

creating new thread, 230–232

exercises, 238–240

implementing Runnable interface, 232–233

Runnable interface, 232–233, 238–240

runtime

Eclipse, 362

garbage collection at, 236–237

Java byte codes at, 17–21

optimizing strings at, 191

RuntimeException class, 221–222, 228

S

s class. see derived classes

SAX (Simple API for XML) parsing interface, 340

Scanner class, 198, 216

schemas, XML, 339

scope, local variable, 170–172

SDK (Software Development Kit)

creating applets with, 24–26

development of, 20

getting started with, 21–24

jar utility program, 282–284

searches, XML-based, 352

security, EJB, 324

seek( ) method, RandomAccessFile, 257

SELECT statement, 244

semaphore tool, 234

semicolon (;), 150–152

Serializable interface, 252–254

serialization, 252–254

servlet engine

overview of, 310

processing JSPs, 315

servlet protocol, 311–314

servlets, 307–320

browsers and Web servers, 308–310

design principles for, 307

exercises, 317–320

getting started with, 316–317

Java Server Pages and, 314–316

protocol, 311–314

as transaction processor, 310

Session objects, creating, 313

SessionBeans, EJBs, 323, 326–327

Set interface, collections

caution about, 272

defined, 265

HashSet implementation, 271

setErrorMsg method

inheritance, 120–125

inheritance exercises, 134, 136–138, 140–145

message exercises, 58–60

polymorphism, 132

setMsgText method, 133–134, 144

setOut( ) method, PrintStream, 245

SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), 330

sharing, methods and variables, 126

signature, subroutine, 9

Simple API for XML (SAX) parsing interface, 340

SimpleFrame class, 287–289

single-type-import declaration statement, 31

16-bit Unicode characters, Java Strings, 190

size, Vectors and ArrayLists, 267–268

slashes (//), 153

sleep() method, threads, 239, 241

Software Development Kit. see SDK (Software Development Kit)

sort( ) function, collections, 273

SortedSet interface, collections

Comparator interface and, 275

defined, 265

TreeSet implementation of, 272

source filenames, 26–27, 33

SQL

JDBC support for, 294

querying tables using, 298–299

src directory, Eclipse, 360

standalone interpreters, 34

standard doclet, Javadoc, 286

Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), 330

standard in, 35–36

standard out, 35–36

start( ) method, 231, 233

stateful SessionBeans, EJBs, 323

stateless SessionBeans, EJBs, 323

statements, Java

COBOL vs., 150

in code blocks, 167

exercises, 161–163

flow control. see flow control, Java

syntax, 150–152

static class, 35, 70

static initializer code, 88–89

static keyword, 131

static methods, 70

StAX (Streaming API for XML) interface, 340

stop processing variables, 231

stopThread( ) method, 231–233, 238–240

stream-based IO, 244–246

Streaming API for XML(StAX) interface, 340

StringBuffers, 200–201, 213–214

strings, 202–208

comparing, 191–192

exercises, 210, 216

overview of, 189–191

StringBuffers, 200–201

working with, 193–196

subclasses

defined, 102

Exception class hierarchy, 221

inheritance and, 31–32, 103–104

subroutines

calling, 4–9

COBOL, 4

reusing in complex environments, 112–119

terminology, 9–10

Sun, integrated development environments, 20–21

super keyword, 131

superclasses (parent classes)

hiding methods and members, 131

inheritance and, 103

inheritance as design pattern and, 109

inherited methods, 103–104

inherited methods, extending, 106–108

inherited methods, redefining, 105–106

overview of, 102

swap( ) function, collections, 273

Swing class graphical libraries, 20, 280–281

switch statement, 176–177, 181

synchronization, 233–234, 264

synchronized keyword, 233–234

sysedit function, 22

System icon, Control Panel, 22

System.out.printIn( ) method

displaying information on console with, 244–245

I/O exercises, 259–260

Java compile and execution, 18–19

overview of, 35

T

tables, querying database, 298–299

tags, JSP, 316

templates, Java interfaces as, 129

text editors

creating HelloWorld.java, 24

getting started with SDK, 22

writing programs in Java with, 20

TextMessage class sample

creating, 133–134

extending methods, 107

hiding methods and members, 131

hiding variables and methods, 127

inheritance, 119–124, 126, 134–136

inheriting methods, 103–104

redefining methods, 105

review, 144–145

sharing variables and methods, 126

TEXT-STRING, 39

this keyword, 90, 127–128

Thread class, 230–232

threads, 229–241

benefits and cautions, 235–236

exercises, 237–241

garbage collection, 236–237

implementing Runnable, 232–233

inheriting from, 230–232

overview of, 229–230

synchronization, 233–234

Throwable class, 221

timeToStop( ) method, threads, 231, 238–240

Toggle Breakpoint option, Eclipse, 362

Tomcat Web server, 316–317, 319

top-down implementation, inheritance, 102

toString( ) method, 193, 200

transaction contexts, EJBs, 324

transaction logic, updating database, 297

transaction processors, servlets as, 310

TreeSet, 272

try...catch code blocks, 223–226, 228–229

type cast, 82–83

type-import-on-demand declaration statement, 31

Types 1 - 4 JDBC drivers, 294–295

U

UML (Universal Modeling Language), static classes, 128

unboxing, 199

underscore character (_), 150

Unicode format

comparing Java strings, 194

double-byte, 254

Java strings, 82, 189–190

XML document characters similar to, 337

Universal Modeling Language (UML), static classes, 128

updates, database, 300–301

URI type file specification, 247

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

CODEBASEs defined by, 28

overview of, 308–309

UTF-8 coding scheme, XML declarations, 337

utilities, Java, 282–286

V

value-added networks (VANs), EDI services, 342

VANs (value-added networks), EDI services, 342

variables

clarifying for this operator, 127–128

defined, 71

exercises, 131–145

hiding, 126–127

Java, 68–70

reference, 154–159

sharing methods and, 126

stop processing, 231

Vector collection class, 264, 266–270

virtual machine environment, 18

W

Web servers

browsers and, 308–310

servlet engines operating as, 310

servlet protocol, 311–314

Tomcat, 316–317

Web services, XML, 343–344

while statement

defined, 181

do...while statement vs., 174

overview of, 172–174

for statement vs., 176

Windows 98, Me, XP, Vista, 2000 and 2003, 22

WordPad, 22

WORKING-STORAGE area, COBOL

class variables vs., 70

data encapsulation and, 65–66

DTD comparable to, 334

implementing inheritance, 116–119

private items in, 10

Workspace Launcher, Eclipse, 357

write( ) method, OutputStream, 251

WRITE file, 244

writing data

OutputStream methods, 250–251

Writer class, 254–256, 262

X

x++ (postfix) operator, Java, 155

XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language), 352

XHTML, 340–341

XML (Extensible Markup Language), 329–354

authoring XML documents, 339

basics of, 330

complete XML documents, 338

declaration, 337–338

document type definitions, 332–333

DTD components, 333–337

Electronic Data Interchange, 342–343

exercises, 352–354

HTML vs., 330–332, 340–341

Java and, 339–340

OAG specifications for, 344–351

possible new application functions, 351–352

schemas, 339

Web services or online, 343–344

where to use, 341–342

XML documents

authoring, 339

complete, 338

defined, 330

XMLDocAnalyzer.java, 352–354

XSD (XML Schema Definition), 339

Z

zip files

compressed packages, 33

jar files vs., 282

unpacking, 356