Contents

Figures

Tables

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

1 Introducing C#

Hello, World

C# Syntax Fundamentals

Console Input and Output

2 Data Types

Fundamental Numeric Types

More Fundamental Types

null and void

Categories of Types

Nullable Modifier

Conversions between Data Types

Arrays

3 Operators and Control Flow

Operators

Introducing Flow Control

Code Blocks ({})

Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces

Boolean Expressions

Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~)

Control Flow Statements, Continued

Jump Statements

C# Preprocessor Directives

4 Methods and Parameters

Calling a Method

Declaring a Method

The using Directive

Returns and Parameters on Main()

Advanced Method Parameters

Recursion

Method Overloading

Optional Parameters

Basic Error Handling with Exceptions

5 Classes

Declaring and Instantiating a Class

Instance Fields

Instance Methods

Using the this Keyword

Access Modifiers

Properties

Constructors

Static Members

Extension Methods

Encapsulating the Data

Nested Classes

Partial Classes

6 Inheritance

Derivation

Overriding the Base Class

Abstract Classes

All Classes Derive from System.Object

Verifying the Underlying Type with the is Operator

Conversion Using the as Operator

7 Interfaces

Introducing Interfaces

Polymorphism through Interfaces

Interface Implementation

Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces

Interface Inheritance

Multiple Interface Inheritance

Extension Methods on Interfaces

Implementing Multiple Inheritance via Interfaces

Versioning

Interfaces Compared with Classes

Interfaces Compared with Attributes

8 Value Types

Structs

Boxing

Enums

9 Well-Formed Types

Overriding object Members

Operator Overloading

Referencing Other Assemblies

Defining Namespaces

XML Comments

Garbage Collection

Resource Cleanup

Lazy Initialization

10 Exception Handling

Multiple Exception Types

Catching Exceptions

General Catch Block

Guidelines for Exception Handling

Defining Custom Exceptions

Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception

11 Generics

C# without Generics

Introducing Generic Types

Constraints

Generic Methods

Covariance and Contravariance

Generic Internals

12 Delegates and Lambda Expressions

Introducing Delegates

Lambda Expressions

Anonymous Methods

General-Purpose Delegates: System.Func and System.Action

13 Events

Coding the Observer Pattern with Multicast Delegates

Events

14 Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators

Anonymous Types and Implicitly Typed Local Variables

Collection Initializers

What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable<T>

Standard Query Operators

15 LINQ with Query Expressions

Introducing Query Expressions

Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations

16 Building Custom Collections

More Collection Interfaces

Primary Collection Classes

Providing an Indexer

Returning Null or an Empty Collection

Iterators

17 Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming

Reflection

nameof Operator

Attributes

Programming with Dynamic Objects

18 Multithreading

Multithreading Basics

Working with System.Threading

Asynchronous Tasks

Canceling a Task

The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern

Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel

Running LINQ Queries in Parallel

19 Thread Synchronization

Why Synchronization?

Timers

20 Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code

Platform Invoke

Pointers and Addresses

Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate

Using the Windows Runtime Libraries from C#

21 The Common Language Infrastructure

Defining the Common Language Infrastructure

CLI Implementations

C# Compilation to Machine Code

Runtime

Application Domains

Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules

Common Intermediate Language

Common Type System

Common Language Specification

Base Class Library

Metadata

A Downloading and Installing the C# Compiler and CLI Platform

Microsoft’s .NET

B Tic-Tac-Toe Source Code Listing

Index

Index of 6.0 Topics

Index of 5.0 Topics

Index of 4.0 Topics

Index of 3.0 Topics