Index
Note: Figures are identified by f following the page number. Tables are identified by t following the page number. Endnote information is identified by n and note number following the page number.
- Aavishkar, 143
- Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). See J-PAL
- Abed, Sir Fazle Hasan, 44–45
- Absorvidas, 22
- accelerator initiatives, during Covid-19 pandemic, 331–332
- Accion Venture Lab, 160
- accounting firms, 83, 95, 98
- Accounting Principles Board (APB), 95, 109n74, 109n77
- Acumen Fund, 145, 146
- acute stress, 47
- additionality, 4
- commercial, market-validated impact investments, 142
- commercial, non-market-validated investments, 143–144
- explained, 140
- Returns Continuum, 141f
- subcommercial impact investments, 145–147
- advocacy, 119, 171, 183
- affinity diagram, 244
- Afghan Institute of Learning (AIL), 47, 48
- Africa. See also individual countries in Africa
- Bridge Academies, 158–159
- CAMFED, 38, 45–46, 237–239
- CommCare, 172
- d.light and, 146, 157–158
- PlayPump International, 234–235
- Pula Advisors, 159–160
- African Americans, 39, 62, 132
- African Leadership Academy (ALA), 21
- aggregate carbon emissions, 348
- agriculture
- in Nigeria, 235–236
- Proximity Designs (Myanmar), 241
- Pula Advisors and, 159–160
- Alder Graduate School of Education, 188, 203
- Alibaba, 308
- Alphabet (Google), 324
- ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, 194
- alumnae network, social sector funding through, 38, 45–46
- Amazon, 300, 308, 324, 330
- ambiguity, navigating (design ability), 260–262
- American Carbon Registry, 366
- American Honors, 282, 284
- American Institute of Accountants, 94–95
- Andrews, Maya DiRado, 42
- angel investors, 160
- animal-to-human transmission of diseases, 322–323
- Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), 38
- APB (Accounting Principles Board), 95, 109n74, 109n77
- Apple, 324
- Apple-Google partnership, 304, 309, 312
- Arnold, John, 63, 70, 161
- Arnold, Laura, 70, 161
- Arrillaga-Andreesen, Laura, 6, 11, 12
- artificial intelligence (AI)
- Covid-19 pandemic and, 300
- effective altruism movement and, 72
- Fei-Fei Li, 67
- human intelligence and, 60
- Asana.com, 71
- ASER Centre, 38–39
- Ashoka, 68–69, 329
- AstraZeneca vaccine, 336
- at-home lab tests, 301
- Atlantic Philanthropies, 63
- Audacious Project, 70, 180
- auditors, 86
- audits, 97–98
- audits and auditors, 111n91
- Aung Din, Debbie, 241
- aviation sector, carbon emission reductions, 355–356
- avoidance offsets, 362–363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 371, 374
- Babban Gona, 235–236
- Bajaj, Avnish, 148
- Ballmer, Steve, 70
- Bamboo Finance, 143
- Banerjee, Abhijit, 46, 64
- Banerji, Rukmini, 36, 39
- Bangladesh, 14, 37, 44–45, 195, 326
- Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). See BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee)
- Bannick, Matt, 3, 6, 118, 121, 137, 138, 140, 150
- Baptista, David, 20, 23
- Barra, Mary, 334
- B Corp certification, 86
- B corporations, 1, 189, 196, 284
- Beach, Dave, 256–257
- behavior change, scaling social innovation and, 181–182
- Bellevue University, 282
- beneficiary journey map, 244
- benefit corporations, 1, 197
- Berger, Alexander, 71–72
- Bezos, Jeff, 70
- “Big Bet Philanthropy,” 180
- Bildner, Eli, 288–291, 292
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 58, 126, 179
- Breakthrough Energy Ventures (BEV) and, 153
- Bridgespan report (2018), 56
- Chopra Foundation and, 25
- on Chuck Feeney, 62
- Covid-19 response, 308
- Covid-19 vaccine and, 335
- gender equality efforts, 50, 51
- Giving Pledge and, 62
- BillPhils (billionaire philanthropists)
- criticism of, 60–61
- evidence-based practices and, 65–67
- facts about, 56–59
- growth in personal wealth, 56–57
- “servant philanthropy” mindset of, 70–72
- shifting from foundations to “giving while living,” 61–64
- signing the Giving Pledge, 56
- team-of-teams model and, 67–70
- BioNTech, 336
- Bischof, Chris, 240
- B Lab, 86
- Black Lives Matter, 200
- BlackRock, 350
- Black social entrepreneurs, 132
- blockchain technology, 97
- Bloomberg (rating service), 86
- Bloomberg Green, 367
- Bloomberg, Michael, 63
- Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), 346, 347–348, 347f
- Bloomberg Philanthropies, 179
- Bloom, Gordon, 7, 319, 320
- Blue Meridian Partners (BMP), 69, 180
- Board Fellows, 210
- board of trustees
- board governance, 41
- diversity in, 39–40
- FASB, 95, 109n74
- Boeing, 149, 355
- BP, 347f, 356–357, 360, 369, 379n49
- BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee), 37–38, 44, 195
- brainstorming, in empathetic approach, 15
- Brandman University, 291
- Brazil, 141, 154, 155–156, 178
- Breakspear, Simon, 192
- Breakthrough Energy Ventures (BEV), 152, 153
- Brest, Paul, 3, 6, 79, 80, 121, 246
- Bridge Academies, 147, 158–159
- Bridges Fund Management, 129, 143
- Bridgespan, 69, 70
- Bridgespan report (2018), 56
- Brown, Moaz, 190–191
- Buffett, Warren, 55, 62
- BUILD, 194
- Built to Last (Collins and Porras), 191
- Burberry, 323
- bureaucratic organizational model for foundations, 67–68
- business-as-usual carbon emissions, 349f
- business model canvas (BMC), 272
- California Cap-and-Trade system, 369
- California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CCTC), 188, 203
- Calkins, Lucy, 193
- Camelback Ventures, 133
- CAMFED, 38, 45–46, 237–239
- Cántaro Azul, 329
- Caplow Children’s Prize, 51
- Carbon Disclosure Project, 82, 346, 360
- carbon emissions. See also carbon offsets; corporate decarbonization
- carbon reduction goals by specific corporations, 351–359
- corporate carbon goals, 347–348, 347f
- d.light solar lanterns, 158
- ESG metrics and, 87–88
- gross emissions, 359–360
- net-zero targets, 345, 346–347, 350, 373, 373f
- projected pathway of, until 2050, 348–349, 349f
- reasons for corporate decarbonization pledges, 349–350
- Scope 1, 348
- United Kingdom reporting mandate, 373
- carbon offsets, 346
- avoidance offsets, 362–363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 374
- BP and, 357, 379n49
- costs, 350
- differences in, 362
- Google and, 351, 362–363
- Microsoft and, 358
- origin and growth of, 364, 365f
- prices, 362, 364–366, 366f, 368
- purchasing, 362, 363–364
- qualitative criteria, 366–368
- REI purchasing, 353
- removal offsets, 363, 364f, 367, 368–369, 371
- Unilever and, 355
- United Airlines and, 355–356
- Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), 355–356
- Careem, 148
- career impact bonds, 144–145
- Cargill, Inc., 73n3
- Carlson, Rachel, 281, 282–285
- Carnegie, Andrew, 59, 62, 67
- Carnegie Corporation of New York, 67
- car seatbelts, 170–171
- Case Foundation, 13
- case studies
- Chopra Foundation, 24–26
- Hopebound, 16–19
- Latin American Leadership Academy (LALA), 19–24
- market-creating innovators, 152–160
- cash, alleviating poverty by giving, 66
- cash flow, for financial sustainability, 196
- catalytic capital
- defined, 164n22
- deploying, 160–162
- Catalytic Capital Consortium, 161
- cause diagram, 237f
- Cayley, George, 171
- CDC Group, 145, 161
- CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project), 82, 372
- CDSB (Climate Disclosure Standards Board), 82
- Ceniarth, 143, 145
- Center for Philanthropy and Civil Society (PACS), 59, 210
- Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO), 193
- Center for Social Innovation (CSI), 59, 249
- about, 209–210
- guidance on creating a social venture from, 249
- guide to developing a theory of change, 246
- hiring decisions, 129–130
- impact compass, 130, 212–213
- social innovation defined by, 212
- Stanford Social Innovation Review, 210
- student conversations, 210–211
- theory of change online guide, 246
- Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Commission on Strengthening America’s Health Security report, 297–298
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 323, 330
- CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations), 302, 312
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI), 57–58, 152, 159
- charter schools, 193
- Chen, Cindy, 245
- child labor, 91–92, 107n62
- Children’s Television Workshop, 67
- China, 60, 154
- Chinese unicorns, 148
- Chipotle, 284
- Chivas Venture, 173
- chlorhexidine, 176–177
- Chlorhexidine Working Group, 176–177
- Choiseul Africa Capital, 160
- Chopra Foundation, 24–26
- Chopra, Manu, 24–26
- chunkable goals, 43–44
- Civil Rights Act (1964), Title VII, 93
- civil rights, Gen Y and Gen Z social entrepreneurs on, 13
- Clavier, Bernadette, 6, 115, 116, 189, 209, 210, 246
- clean energy, catalyzing new markets in, 153
- climate change, 59. See also carbon emissions
- corporate carbon footprint reduction plans and, 348
- decarbonization pledges and, 349–350
- focus on scaling social innovation and, 180
- giving while living philanthropy and, 63
- J-PAL 2.0, 46
- Climate Neutral, 354
- climate neutrality, 359
- Climeworks, 363
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, 335
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), 335
- Cohen, Sir Ronald, 123
- Co-Impact collaborative giving model, 180
- collaboration, for vaccine development, 334–336. See also cross-sector partnerships; multisector partnerships
- college degrees. See postsecondary education
- Collins, Jim, 31, 38, 191
- Colloredo-Mansfeld, Chesca, 258
- Comello, Stephen, 3, 7, 345, 346
- CommCare, 172–173, 304, 309
- commercial investments, 121. See also commercial, non-market-validated investments; subcommercial investing/investments
- commercial, market-validated impact investments, 138, 141–143
- commercial, non-market-validated investments
- about, 138, 143–144
- capital deployed from, 160
- catalyzing new, high-impact markets, 137
- in developed markets, 152–153
- in emerging economies, 154–156
- foundations making, 161
- market innovators securing financing through, 150
- Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP), 94–95
- common metric, 85
- CommonPass, 305, 308
- Common Project, 305
- Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 333
- communication skills, of leaders for social change, 219–220
- community college, 277–278, 283, 286, 287, 289
- community empowerment, 130–133
- competitive analysis, 239–241
- Concourse Education, 290
- constraints, design thinking and, 262
- contact-tracing initiative, 333
- contact-tracing software, 304
- continuous improvement, nonprofit leadership and, 45–46
- Cooper, Brad, 83
- Cooper, Eleanor, 285, 288
- Cornell Tech, 63
- corporate carbon footprint (CCF), 345. See also carbon offsets; corporate decarbonization
- conceptual framework for determining, 359, 360f
- of Google, 351
- gross emissions, 359–361
- improving transparency and accountability of disclosures, 369–372
- transparency and accountability of disclosures, 369–372, 374
- United Kingdom reporting mandate, 382n89
- corporate decarbonization. See also carbon offsets
- corporate carbon goals, 347–348, 347f
- goals by specific corporations, 351–359
- graph on reduction goals, 347–348, 347f
- hypothetical time-consistent emission trajectory, 370–371, 370f
- improving transparency and accountability of disclosures on, 369–372
- measurement issues, 359–369, 374
- net-zero goals, 345, 346–347, 350
- projected pathway, 348–349, 349f
- reasons for, 348, 349–350
- regulatory requirement, 369
- transparency and accountability of CCF disclosures, 369–372, 374
- corporations. See corporate carbon footprint (CCF); corporate decarbonization; for-profit companies; individual names of companies
- corruption, government, 21
- cost structure, understanding of, 195–196
- Cottee, Julian, 174
- Cotton, Ann, 38
- Coulson, Stuart, 3, 6–7, 15, 253, 254
- counterfactual analysis, 4
- Coursera, 288
- COVAX-ACT accelerator, 335
- Covid-19 Action Platform, 303, 305
- Covid-19 Community Tracing Collaborative (CTC), 333
- Covid-19 pandemic
- agility of the social innovation community during, 309
- broad range of social innovations during, 301–306
- challenges and disruptions during, 309–311
- collaborative efforts during, 308, 331–332
- CommCare and, 172–173
- deaths, 298, 319
- demonstrating interconnection between human and planetary forces, 322–323, 337–338
- digital health social innovations during, 299–301
- economic impact, 324
- “golden opportunity” with, 325
- government response, 319–320, 325, 330–331
- health-care systems’ response to, 323–324
- influencing voting behaviors of eighteen to twenty-four year olds, 13
- lessons learned from, 311–313
- opportunities for social innovators, 298, 321–322
- poverty and, 60, 231
- racial/ethnic disparities and risks during, 324–325
- ramifications and repercussions, 319–322, 323
- scaling social innovation and, 179, 302, 308–309
- social inequities and, 324–325
- stress levels of nonprofit leaders and, 47
- volume and intensity of social innovation during, 306–308
- Covid-19 vaccine, 179, 302, 329, 334–335
- COVID Response Alliance for Social Entrepreneurs, 307
- CoWIN digital tool, 308, 309
- cross-sector partnerships, 181, 327, 334–336
- CSI. See Center for Social Innovation (CSI)
- CS + Social Good, 24
- “The Current State of Sustainability Reporting” (D’Aquila), 82
- Cycling without Age, 329
- Dale, Harvey, 63
- Dalio, Ray, 70
- Damodaran, Aswath, 141
- Dangote Foundation, 179
- D’Aquila, Jill M., 82
- data, audits and reliable internal, 98
- data management, ESG reporting and, 96–97
- Datar, Gayatri, 226–227
- David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 58, 126
- Davis, Steve, 6, 7, 117, 165, 166, 190, 297, 298
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 120
- Defense Production Act (2020), 333
- deforestation, 326
- Deloitte, 83
- Dengue virus, 326
- Denning, Steve, 63
- Department of Justice, 98
- depression, 17–18
- design abilities, Stanford d.school, 259–263, 260f
- Design for Extreme Affordability course (Stanford Graduate School of Business), 226, 253–272
- designing an intervention, 244–249
- design thinking, 3, 259–263. See also human-centered model of social change
- desirability, intersection with feasibility and viability, 268, 269f
- developed economies, market innovators catalyzing new markets in, 151–153
- development finance institutions (DFIs), 145, 159, 160–161
- digital divide, 23–24
- digital health social innovations, 299–301
- digital payment platform, 139, 147–148
- digital social innovations, during Covid-19 pandemic, 302–306
- digital technology, 11, 14, 26–27, 201
- digital vaccine record, 305
- Dimagi, 172–173, 304, 309
- direct impact, 147–148
- disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 91
- disciplined goal setting, by social sector leaders, 42–45
- discrimination, 13, 92–93, 107n66, 131–132
- disease and illnesses
- animal-to-human transmission of, 322–323
- mosquito-borne, 326
- Nipah virus, 326
- diversity. See also racial and ethnic groups/inequities
- on board of trustees, 39–40
- philanthropic community, 58–59
- workforce, 39
- d.light, 146, 147, 157–158
- Dodd-Frank Act, 97
- “The Doer and the Payer: A Simple Approach to Scale” (Starr and Hattendorf), 249
- Doherty, Sean, 152
- donations, 37, 125, 194, 311. See also philanthropy and philanthropists
- donor advised funds (DAFs), 57, 58
- DoSomething.org, 13
- Doubtnut app, 156
- Downar, Benedikt, 372
- Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation, 331–332
- Drayton, Bill, 68–69
- Duflo, Esther, 46, 64
- Duty Free Shoppers, 62–63
- early-stage investing, 137–162
- early-stage social innovations, 118, 214, 303, 314
- Early Years (Pratham), 245
- earned income, social sector funding through, 37–38
- earned revenue, 2, 37, 38, 194–195
- Earth Enable, 226–227
- Earthshot Prize, 173
- Eastside College Preparatory School, 240, 247
- eBay, 148, 149
- Ebola virus, 35
- Echoing Green, 115, 118, 119t, 131–132
- Econet, 308
- economics of social innovation, Covid-19 and, 311
- Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, 69, 190
- education. See also postsecondary education
- Afghan Institute of Learning, 47–48
- Alder Graduate School of Education, 188
- Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), 38–39
- Bridge Academies, 158
- CAMFED, 38, 45–46, 237–238, 238–239
- career impact bonds, 144–145
- digital, during Covid-19 pandemic, 300
- Doubtnut app, India, 156
- Eastside College Preparatory School, 240–241, 247
- Guild Education, 281–285
- increasing access to higher, 276–277
- KIPP Through College program, 202–203
- NACA Inspired Schools Network, 200
- National Equity Project (NEP), 187, 202
- NewSchools Venture Fund for, 197
- One Laptop Per Child initiative, 175
- Pathstream, 285–288
- Pratham (India), 244–246
- Rivet School, 288–292
- Success Academy, 199
- Units of Study, 193
- effective altruism, 72
- efficacy, 188
- aligning operating models and, 191–192
- definition, 189
- increasing, 190–193
- managing tensions between sustainability and scalability, 201–203
- tensions and trade-offs with scalability and sustainability, 201–203
- theory of change and, 190–191
- well-integrated approach to measuring progress for, 192–193
- Eisenhower Fellowship, 235
- electronic stability control technology (ESC), 171
- Elevar Equity, 143
- ELMA Foundation, 70
- emerging economies, catalyzing new markets in, 154–156
- Emerson Collective, 58, 152
- Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), 369
- empathetic approach
- Chopra Foundation using, 24–26
- Hopebound program using, 16–19
- LALA using, 19–24
- Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund (SV2) using, 27
- used by next-generation social entrepreneurs, 12, 14–16
- empathy, 16, 263
- Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 4, 127, 128
- Engine of Impact: Essentials of Strategic Leadership in the Nonprofit Sector (Starkey and Meehan), 31, 32, 33, 40, 41, 240, 247
- entrepreneurial skills/mindsets, 221
- environmental activism, 99
- environmental and social (E&S) factors, 80–81
- environmental impacts, 86–89, 140. See also carbon offsets; corporate decarbonization
- Environmental Protection Agency, 99, 372
- environmental, social, and governance (ESC) goals, scaling social innovation and, 182
- environmental, social, and governance (ESC) metrics, 79–100
- Equinor, 347f
- equity, in Stanford’s d.school course, 266–267
- ERISA. See Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)
- Ernst & Young, 83
- ESG accounting firms, 98
- ESG (environmental, social, and governance) constraints
- external reporting infrastructure, 97–99
- greenhouse gas emissions, 86–87
- ESG (environmental, social, and governance) measurement and reporting
- child labor, 91–92, 107n62
- current challenges, 82
- current status of, 82–83
- discrimination and, 92–93, 107n66
- efforts to improve standards for, 82–83
- elements of a comprehensive system for, 84–85, 103n21
- environmental versus social standards, 94
- factors for reporting, 80–81
- financial performance and, 121
- financial reporting versus, 80
- greenhouse gas emissions, 86–89
- GRI disclosures, 89–90
- impact investing and, 4
- internal reporting infrastructure, 96–97
- for occupational health and safety, 89–91
- organizations concerned with, 86
- retirement investing and, 127
- standard-setting body for, 94–96
- sustainability reporting agencies, 82–83
- three factors of, 80–81
- Estonia, 305
- ethical behavior, in Stanford’s d.school course, 264–266
- eugenics movement, 67
- European Medicines Agency, 335
- European Social Innovation Competition, 173
- European Union Transaction Log, 372
- evaluation, impact, 36–37, 247–248
- evidence-based practices, 64–66, 69–70, 71, 216
- experts/expertise, 20
- external reporting infrastructure, 97–99
- Extreme (Design for Extreme Affordability) course, Stanford University, 223, 253–272
- Facebook, 285, 287, 308, 324
- Fair Labor Association, 86
- family planning, 50–51
- farming. See agriculture
- FASB. See Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
- feasibility, 268, 269f, 271
- Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 126
- feedback, goal setting and, 43
- feedback loops, human-centered, 15, 16
- Feeney, Chuck, 62–63, 64
- Fidelity Investments, 73n3
- financial accounting
- reporting software, 97
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and, 94
- Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 81, 95, 109n77
- financial reporting. See also ESG (environmental, social, and governance) measurement and reporting
- ESG reporting and, 80, 98
- litigation risk and, 99
- organizations, 94–95
- regulatory enforcement, 98–99
- financial sustainability, 188
- explained, 189
- managing tensions between efficacy and scalability, 201–203
- organization’s legal structure and, 196–197
- scaling and, 198
- strong cash flow for, 196–197
- understanding of cost structure for, 195–196
- viable revenue model for, 193–195
- Finite Carbon, 369
- Fink, Larry, 350
- five-forces model, 239
- 501c3 tax exemption, 125
- Fleishman, Joel, 63, 66–67
- Flourish Ventures, 143, 160
- Floyd, George, 187
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 335, 336
- Forbes 400, 56, 73n3
- Ford car company, 171, 323
- Ford Foundation, 58 59, 126, 145, 161
- Ford, Henry, 59, 62
- for-profit business model, 115
- for-profit companies. See also corporate decarbonization; individual names of companies
- Covid-19 response, 304, 307–308, 324
- as drivers of social change, 1
- future participation in a crisis, 336–337
- government funding, 196
- Guild Education working with, 284, 285
- Pathstream working with, 285
- response to Covid-19 pandemic, 329–330
- success with fundraising, 115–116
- for-profit social entrepreneurs and ventures
- challenges, 229
- Echoing Green fellowship applications, 118, 119t
- fundraising by nonprofits versus, 115–116
- fundraising experience, 116–119
- investing behavior for funding, 123–124
- private sources of funding, 119–123
- success rate, 229
- Fortune 1000 companies, 281
- The Foundation: A Great American Secret; How Private Wealth Is Changing the World (Fleishman), 66
- foundations. See also names of specific foundations; philanthropy and philanthropists
- archaic organizational model used by, 67–68
- “giving while living” shift from, 61–64
- investing in market innovators, 161
- leading social change, 66–67
- program-related investments (PRIs) and, 125–126
- Founders’ Projects grants, 39
- 401(k) plans, 127
- France, 126–127
- Fresh Lifelines for Youth, 192
- Friends of the Children, 39
- frontier economies, catalyzing new markets in, 157–160
- funding
- of Bridge Academies, 159
- changes in, 1–2 (See also subcommercial investing/investments)
- of Doubtnut, 156
- of Dr. Consulta, 156
- fair allocation of funds, 130–131
- government intervention and, 124–125
- for Guild Education, 284
- hybrid savings instruments, 126–128
- of Mapan, 155
- philosophies for social ventures, 119–123
- for Pula Advisors, 160
- savings instruments, 126–128
- social sector leadership and, 37–38
- sources, 1–2
- theory of change and, 190
- fund management, racial inequities and, 132–133
- fundraising
- donations from, 194
- for-profit social ventures, 116–119
- racial disparities, 131–132
- by social ventures versus mainstream startups, 115–116
- success with, 37
- funds, fair allocation of, 130–131
- FUTUPLAN, 22
- GAAP. See Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
- Galperin, Marcos, 148
- Gandhi, Mahatma, 25
- Gates, Bill, 49, 55
- Gates Foundation, 70, 145, 159, 161, 180. See also Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Gates, Melinda French, 50–51, 55, 62
- Gavi (vaccine alliance), 173, 302, 312, 335
- gender equality, 50–51
- General Atlantic (GA), 63
- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), 94, 196
- General Motors (GM), 323, 333–334
- Gen X’ers/Gen Y’ers/Gen Z’ers. See also next-generation social entrepreneurs
- concern over social justice, 12–13
- digital technology and, 14
- Germany, 303, 307, 308, 309
- Getting beyond Better (Osberg and Martin), 243–244
- GHG Protocol. See Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol
- Gilded Age, 59, 62
- Giridharada, Anand, 5, 60
- GiveDirectly (GD), 66, 72
- GiveWell.org, 66, 71
- “give while you live” approach, 61–64
- Giving in the Light of Reason (Gunther), 71
- Giving Pledge(rs). See also BillPhils (billionaire philanthropists)
- about, 55–56
- criticism of, 57
- Forbes 400 and, 56, 73n3
- goal of, 61
- perpetual foundations and, 62
- sluggish start of, 56–59
- tracking progress of, 57–58
- wealth of signatories, 161–162
- GlaxoSmith Kline (GSK), 171, 176–177
- Global Brain Health Institute, 63
- global challenges, 59–60
- Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN), 160, 162
- Global Partnerships, 145
- Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). See GRI (Global Reporting Initiative)
- goal setting, in social sector leadership, 42–45
- Go-Jek, 155
- Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 25
- Goldman, Paula, 140, 150
- Good to Great and the Social Sectors (Collins), 38
- Good Ventures, 71, 72
- Goodwill Industries, 328
- Google, 360
- carbon offsets, 362–363, 365
- carbon reduction goals, 351–352, 359, 360
- Covid-19 response, 324, 330
- Google-Apple partnership, 304, 309, 312
- Google.org, 307
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, 58
- governance, GHG emissions and, 88
- government
- Covid-19 vaccine and, 334–335
- poverty addressed by, 66
- response to Covid-19 pandemic, 125, 319–320, 325, 330–331
- role in societal structures, 124–125
- scaling social innovation and, 178–179
- Government Accountability Office study, 97
- government corruption, 21
- government funding, 1
- government guarantees, 126
- Grameen Foundation, 155
- Grand Challenges, 173
- Great Depression, 126, 319, 324
- greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), 86–89, 104n34, 352. See also carbon emissions
- Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, 361, 374, 375n4, 381n81
- Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, 87–88, 105n42
- Greenleaf, Robert, 71
- Green Revolution, 67
- Green Trees, 362, 367
- GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), 82, 86, 90, 92
- disclosure 403-9, 90
- disclosure 405-1, 93
- standard 303 on Water and Effluents, 89
- standard 403 on Occupational Health and Safety, 89–90
- standard 406 on discrimination and diversity, 92–93
- standard 408 on child labor, 91–92
- Grit Digital Health, 329
- gross emissions, 359–362, 371
- growth capital, 115, 157
- GSB Impact Fund, 210, 212, 218
- GSK. See GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)
- Guilbeau, Christina, 16–19
- Guild Education, 281–285, 292, 293
- Gunther, Marc, 71
- Haas Center for Public Service, Stanford University, 266
- Hamara Gaon model, 245–246
- Hamel, Gary, 35
- Handshake, 152
- Hansmann, Henry, 62
- Hanstad, Tim, 36, 50
- Harvard Business Review, 35
- Harvard Business School, 44, 83
- Harvard Medical School, 333
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology programs, 172
- Harvey, Hal, 246
- Hassenfeld, Elie, 71
- Hattendorf, Laura, 246, 249
- health and healthcare. See also Covid-19 pandemic; disease and illnesses; mental health
- being prepared for a pandemic, 312–313
- catalyzing new markets in, 151–152
- chlorhexadine, 176–177
- CommCare, 172–173
- digital health social innovations during Covid-19, 299–301, 302–311
- Dr. Consulta, Brazil, 155–156
- ESG reporting for occupational health and safety, 89–91
- human and planetary, 325–326
- malaria vaccine, 171–172
- response to Covid-19 pandemic, 323–324
- Ultra Rice, 177–178
- HelloBetter, 303, 309
- Henry R. Kravis Prize in Nonprofit Leadership, 47, 49
- higher education. See also postsecondary education
- increased graduation rates, 277
- shift toward progressive liberal thinking in, 13
- US enrollment, 2018, 278
- high-impact markets, impact investing catalyzing, 137, 138–139. See also market-creating innovators/innovation
- hiring practices, 129–130
- Holley, Bruce, 198
- home solar systems, 146, 147
- Honigsberg, Colleen, 3, 6, 79, 80, 121
- Hopelab, 329
- human-centered model of social change, 15–19, 24, 26, 27, 215, 221, 267, 268
- humility, 263, 264, 265
- hybrid organizations, 118, 119t, 249
- hybrid savings instruments, 126–128
- idea generation, in empathetic approach, 15
- idea-oriented organizations, scaling and, 199f, 200
- Ignia, 143
- Ignite program, 197
- IIRC (International Integrated Reporting Council), 82
- Imaginable Futures, 143, 152
- impact. See also impact investors/investing/investments; impact measurement; impact triangle
- definition, 212
- impact investing and, 4
- indirect, 22, 149
- of Landesa, 50
- of market-creating innovators, 147–149
- measured in long time spans, 49
- pathways to, 248–249, 248f
- philosophies, 212
- tension among dimensions of, 213–214
- theory of change and, 2
- impact advisory boards, 151–152
- impact business model canvas (IBMC), 222, 225
- impact compass, 130, 212–213
- impact evaluation, 36–37, 247–248. See also impact measurement; randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
- impact-first investors/investments, 160, 161
- impact gaps canvas, 236–237, 236f
- impact investors/investing/investments, 1. See also subcommercial investing/investments
- Bridge Academies and, 159
- commercial, non-market-validated investments and, 144
- complementarity of segments, 150–151, 151f
- defined, 140
- ESG constraints and, 4
- failing to empower communities to help themselves, 131
- for-profit business model and, 115
- for for-profit social entrepreneurs, 118
- for-profit social ventures, 120–122
- foundation endowments and, 161
- growth of, 139
- impact skills/hiring and, 128–130
- investing versus, 4
- subcommercial, 125
- subcommercial returns and, 118
- tax breaks for, 125
- three segments of, 137–138, 140–147, 141f
- working with communities of color, 133
- impact leaders. See leaders and leadership
- Impact Management Project, 129
- impact measurement
- explained, 3
- lack of clear and measurable, 174
- need for systematic and reliable methods of, 5
- scaling social innovation and, 182
- social sector leadership and, 36–37
- impact multiplier. See multiplier effect
- impact potential score, 213
- impact triangle
- creating mutually reinforcing strategies in, 203
- definitions, 189–190
- efficacy, increasing, 190–193
- evaluating trade-offs in the, 202–203
- financial sustainability, increasing, 193–197
- mitigating risks in the, 201–202
- scalability, increasing, 197–201
- tensions and trade-offs between efficacy, sustainability, and scalability, 201–203
- “impact washing,” 5
- Impact-Weighted Accounts Initiative (IWAI), 83
- implementation of social innovation. See scalability/scaling social innovation
- incarcerated women, Absorvidas program for, 22
- incremental goals, 43
- incubator programs, 328–329
- India, 154
- Bridge Academies in, 159
- Chopra Foundation, 24–26
- CommCare, 172, 309
- CoWIN digital tool in, 308
- d.light and, 146, 157–158
- Doubtnut app, 156
- growth of venture capital funding in, 154
- per capita income, 154
- Pratham, 36–37, 38–39, 244–246
- Read India, 245
- Ultra Rice and, 177, 178
- indirect carbon emissions, 371, 374
- indirect impact. See also market-creating innovators/innovation
- Latin American Leadership Academy (LALA) and, 22
- measuring, 147–148, 149
- Indonesia, 154–155, 326
- inequities, 324–325. See also racial and ethnic groups/inequities
- Innovations for Poverty Action, 247
- Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), 99
- InStride, 285
- Intel, 308
- Intelehealth, 309
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 348
- internal reporting infrastructure, 96–97
- International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), 83
- International Finance Corporation (IFC), 145–146
- international financial institutions (IFIs), 145, 160–161
- International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation, 83
- International Labor Office (ILO), 92
- International Sustainability Standards Board, 83
- interpersonal skills, of leaders for social change, 217–218
- interviews, 242
- investments/investing. See also commercial, non-market-validated investments; impact investors/investing/investments; subcommercial investing/investments; venture capital (VC) investments
- behavior change, 123–124
- impact investing versus, 4
- qualifying social, 128–130
- Jackley, Jessica, 14
- Jobs, Laurene Powell, 60–61, 63, 161
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur, 126
- Johns Hopkins University
- Covid-19 Dashboard, 312
- “Thinking Fast in a Time of Crisis” initiative, 331
- Johnson & Johnson, 176–177, 336
- Johnson, Todd, 222, 249
- Jorasch, Gina, 230
- J-PAL, 36–37, 41, 46, 64, 66, 245, 246, 247
- J-PAL 2.0, 46
- Just Giving: Why Philanthropy Is Failing Democracy and How It Can Do Better (Reich), 60, 67
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 152–153
- Kapor Capital, 133
- Karnofsky, Holden, 71–72
- Kascek Ventures, 148, 156
- Kaslow, David, 172
- Kazeh, Hernan, 148
- Kellogg, Will Keith, 67
- Kenya, 139, 141–142, 147, 148, 158, 304, 326
- Kepler University, 289
- Kerala, India, 24
- Khosla Ventures, 159
- Kim, Helen, 240
- King Climate Action Initiative, 46
- King, Martin Luther Jr., 233
- King Philanthropies, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 46, 50, 159, 230, 237, 241, 246
- KIPP schools, San Francisco Bay Area, 187–188, 289
- KIPP Through College program, 188, 202–203
- Kiva.org, 14
- Klahr, Suzanne McKechnie, 194
- Kleiner Perkins, 152
- Kothari, Suruchi, 7, 319, 320
- KPMG, 83
- Kramer, Mark, 122
- Kremer, Michael, 64
- Kubzansky, Michael, 140
- Kyoto Protocol, 364
- Lagos, 159
- Lake, Lucy, 38
- LALA. See Latin American Leadership Academy (LALA)
- LALA Bootcamp, 22
- LALA Committee for Inclusion, 22
- Lancet and Financial Times Commission on Governing Health Futures 2030, 313
- Landesa, 36, 50
- land rights and reform, 49–50
- landscape analysis, 238–239
- land-to-the-tiller law, 50
- Lane, Randall, 57
- Last Mile Health (LMH), 34–36
- Latin America, 21, 143, 148, 154
- Latin American Leadership Academy (LALA), 19–24
- Latinx social entrepreneurs, 132
- leaders and leadership
- characteristics of, 215–216
- communication skills of, 219–220
- creating mutually reinforcing strategies in the impact triangle, 203
- critical analysis, 216
- entrepreneurial skills/mindsets of, 221
- evaluating trade-offs in the impact triangle and, 202–203
- interpersonal skills of, 217–218
- King Philanthropies and, 32
- management skills of, 225–227
- mitigating risks in the impact triangle and, 201–202
- persistence and resilience of, 220–221
- personal qualities of social sector, 33, 41–51
- of philanthropic community, 58–59
- self-awareness of, 216–217
- situational awareness of, 218–219
- skills, mindsets, and values for, 214–215
- social inequalities and poor, 21–22
- in social sector organizations, 31–32
- strategic management by social sector, 37–41
- strategic thinking by, 32, 33–37
- stress levels of, 46–47
- systems thinking for, 221–223
- lean management, 225–226
- Leapfrog, 143–144
- Learn Capital, 159
- learning from others, in Stanford’s d.school course, 263–264
- Lee, Gloria, 2, 6, 117, 187, 188, 213, 224, 246
- legal structure of organization, financial sustainability and, 196–197, 249
- legal structure of social enterprise, 115, 222, 226
- LGT Impact Ventures, 144, 156, 157, 159
- Liberia, 34, 35, 49, 159
- licensure process, clinical psychology, 17, 18
- Li, Fei-Fei, 67
- listening
- design thinking approach and, 3
- in empathetic approach, 15, 27
- Hopebound program using, 16, 19
- by Manu Chopra, 25, 26
- servant leadership and, 71
- litigation risk, financial reporting and, 99
- Lok Capital, 144
- Lotus solar-powered irrigation pump, 271
- lower-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), Covid-19 response and, 333
- Lumina Foundation, 280
- MacArthur Foundation, 145, 161, 180
- major depressive episodes (MDEs), 18
- malaria vaccine, 171–172
- Maldita, 329
- Malhotra, Neil, 1, 2
- malnutrition, 177
- Mapan, 154–155
- market-creating innovators/innovation
- case studies, 152–160
- catalytic capital for, 160–162
- catalyzing new markets, 150–152
- catalyzing new markets in developed economies, 151–153
- catalyzing new markets through impact investments in, 150–162
- in developed markets, 152–153
- in emerging economies, 154–156
- examples of, 138–139, 148
- impact of, 138–139, 147–149
- sources for investments in, 160–162
- market-rate returns, 121, 125, 127
- Martin, Roger, 243–244
- Marwell, Evan, 243
- Masha, Kola, 235–236
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Covid-19 Challenge, 331
- massive open online courses (MOOCs), 288
- Matrix China, 148
- Matrix India, 148
- McCarthy, Patrick, 179
- McChrystal, Stanley, 69
- McKinsey & Company, 20–21, 191, 348, 349f, 365f
- Medellín, Colombia, 19
- Meehan, William F., 6, 31, 32, 33, 40, 55, 56, 120, 189–190, 230, 240
- Memet, Sevda, 7, 319, 320
- mental health, 16–19, 119, 301, 303, 323–324
- Mental Health America, 17–18
- Mercado Libre, 148
- Mercy Corps Social Venture Fund, 160
- Mexico, 329
- microfinance, 37, 38, 150
- Microsoft
- carbon emission goals, 357–359
- carbon offsets, 367, 368, 369
- Covid-19 response, 307–308
- vaccine dissemination and, 330
- Middle East, 148
- Miers, Sarah, 248
- Millennial Impact Project, 13
- MiracleFeet brace, 200, 258–259
- mission creep, 35, 41, 68
- mission drift, 142
- mission-related investments (MRIs), 161
- mission, social sector organization, 34–35
- MIT Media Lab, 175
- mobile payments, 139, 147–148
- Moderna vaccine, 335, 336
- “mom and pop” innovators, response to Covid-19 pandemic, 330–331
- The Moment of Life: How Empowering Women Changes the World (Gates), 50
- Money Well Spent: A Strategic Plan for Smart Philanthropy, 246
- Moskovitz, Dustin, 71–72
- mosquito-borne illnesses, 326
- MPesa, 139, 147–148
- mRNA technology, 336
- MSCI, 86
- Mulago Foundation, 159, 160
- Mulgan, Geoff, 192
- multiplier effect, 22–23, 138, 139, 147, 239
- multisector partnerships, 174, 177, 181, 302–303, 306. See also cross-sector partnerships
- Mumbai, India, 36, 244
- Murimirwa, Angeline, 38
- Myanmar, 178, 241–242, 271
- NACA Inspired Schools Network, 200
- Nairobi, 157, 326
- National Equity Project (NEP), 187, 202
- National Housing Act, 126
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), 120, 330, 335
- Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), 345
- Natixis survey, 127
- natural gas companies, pension/retirement accounts and, 127–128
- nature-based carbon offsets, 362, 363, 364, 364f, 367, 369
- Nature Conservancy, 362, 367
- NCX (carbon offset supplier), 362
- NEA, 159
- needs analysis, of target population, 241–242
- Nepal, 176
- Nesta Challenges, 173
- Net Zero Ambition (BP), 356
- NewSchools Venture Fund, 133, 197
- New York City Pension Fund, 350
- next-generation social entrepreneurs
- characteristics of, 11–16
- Chopra Foundation (Manu Chopra) case study, 24–26
- digital technology and, 14
- empathetic approach by, 14–16
- Hopebound (Christina Guilbeau) case study, 16–19
- Latin American Leadership Academy (LALA) (Diego Ontaneda Benavides) case study, 19–24
- Nigeria, 159, 176, 235–236
- Nike, 86
- 90-10 funds, 127
- Nipah virus, 326
- Nobel Prize, 46, 64–65
- Nod (app), 329
- nonfinancial impact/value, 142
- nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 37, 65, 175, 177–178, 234, 258
- nonprofit organizations, 1–2. See also social sector organizations
- Echoing Green fellowship applications, 119t
- fundraising by for-profit social ventures versus, 115–116
- government funding, 196
- history of social innovation and, 1
- incubator programs, Covid-19 response, 328–329
- philanthropy funding, 120
- response to Covid-19 pandemic, 328
- survival of, 229
- time spent on fundraising, 37
- Notore Chemical Industries, 235
- Novavax vaccine, 336
- Novogratz, Jacqueline, 146
- Obama, Barack, 277–278
- Occidental, 347f
- occupational health and safety, 89–91
- oil and gas companies
- carbon emissions and, 346–347, 347f, 350
- pension/retirement accounts and, 127–128
- stakeholder capitalism and, 122–123
- Okoloko, Onajite, 235
- Omidyar Network, 58, 129, 138, 145, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160
- Omidyar, Pierre, 161
- One Acre Fund, 38, 40–41
- 100&Change competition, 180
- One Laptop Per Child initiative, 175
- Ontaneda Benavides, Diego, 19–24
- Open Philanthropy Project (OPP), 71–72
- operating models, 191–192
- Operation Warp Speed (OWS), 335–336
- organizational structure, 68, 115, 248–249
- Osberg, Sally, 243–244
- OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 90
- Oster, Sharon, 239, 240f
- Oster’s six forces model, 35, 239, 240, 240f
- Osterwalder, Alexander, 225, 272
- outcomes, theory of change and, 2
- outputs, theory of change and, 2
- Oxy Low Carbon Ventures, 356
- Packard Foundation, 58, 126
- PACS. See Center for Philanthropy and Civil Society (PACS)
- Palo Alto, California, 240
- pandemics, being prepared for a, 312–313
- Panjabi, Raj, 34–35
- Papi-Thornton, Daniela, 236f
- “parachute research”/“parachute design,” 265
- Paris agreement (2015), 345
- partnerships, 119, 200. See also cross-sector partnerships; multisector partnerships
- Partners in Health (PIH), 332–333, 335
- passion, finding and pursuing your, 232
- Patamar, 155
- PATH, 200
- Pathstream, 285–288, 292–293
- peer-to-peer loans, 14
- pension funds, 126–127
- perpetual foundations, 61–64
- perseverance, nonprofit leaders demonstrating, 49–51
- persistence, of social change leaders, 220–221
- Peters, Tom, 191
- Pfizer vaccine, 336
- philanthropy and philanthropists. See also BillPhils (billionaire philanthropists); foundations
- alternatives to, 1–2
- changing geography/culture of, 58–59
- failing to empower communities to help themselves, 131
- financial sustainability and donations from, 194
- for-profit social ventures, 120
- “give while you live” approach, 61–64
- the Giving Pledge, 55–56
- investing in high-impact ventures, 161–162
- market innovation and, 161–162
- prioritizing shorter-term and less risky opportunities, 174
- social sector funding and, 38
- social venture development and, 119
- US donations, 2020, 118
- physical product solutions, 269–271, 271f
- Pigneur, Yves, 225
- pilot projects, 179–180
- “planet” and “people” (E&S factors), 80–81
- planetary health, 322–323, 325–326
- PlayPump International, 234–235
- “plutography,” 70
- Polman, Paul, 123
- Ponseti Method, 258
- Porras, Jerry, 191
- Porter, Michael, 122, 239
- Porter Novelli/Cone Gen Z Purpose Study (2019), 14
- Porter’s five-forces model, 239
- postsecondary education
- affordability and, 279, 280, 281–285, 292
- attainment in, 278, 280, 288–292, 293
- courses and programs in on areas for social impact, 59
- efforts to increase attainment in, 279–280, 281–292
- increasing enrollment in, 277–278
- relevance and, 280–281, 285–288, 292–293
- “typical” college student in, 279
- poverty
- Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) and, 64–65
- BRAC and, 37, 44, 195
- Chopra Foundation helping to defeat, 24–26
- Covid-19 pandemic and, 60, 231
- GiveDirectly (GD) and, 66
- giving cash to reduce, 65–66, 72
- goal setting and, 42, 44
- predictions on, 231
- power purchasing agreement (PPA), 365
- Prahalad, C. K., 35
- Pratham, 36–37, 38–39, 244–246
- PricewaterhouseCoopers, 83
- “Priming the Pump,” 150
- Principles of Ethical and Effective Service, Haas Center for Public Service, 266
- private litigation, financial reporting and, 99
- private market impact investments, segmenting, 140–147
- private sector. See also for-profit companies
- as essential scaling social innovation, 175–176
- operating model and, 191
- response to Covid-19 pandemic, 329–330
- scaling innovation and, 175
- social sector versus, 192
- private standard setters for financial reporting, 94–95
- problem analysis, 236–238
- product-development model, 302, 305
- Product Realization Laboratory (PRL), 268–269
- products, scalability and, 199f, 200
- “program officer” model, 67–68
- program-related investments (PRIs), 120, 125–126, 145, 161, 197
- Project Vesta, 363
- Prosterman, Roy, 49–50
- Proximity Designs, 241–242, 271
- proxy advisors, 99
- PT Ruma, 155
- public charities, budget of, 229
- public sector, scaling social innovation and, 178–179. See also government
- Pula Advisors, 159–160
- Purdue Global University, 282
- Puro.Earth, 363
- Puttick, Ruth, 192
- racial and ethnic groups/inequities
- Covid-19 pandemic and, 311, 324–325
- social entrepreneurs of color and, 131–133
- social sector board members and, 39–40
- racial discrimination, Gen Y and Gen Z social entrepreneurs on, 13
- randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 3, 36–37, 65, 66, 192, 245, 246
- randomized evaluations, 247–248
- Rath, Tom, 232
- ratings services, 80, 86, 101n4, 101n5
- RCT. See randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
- Reach Capital, 133, 152, 200
- Read India (Pratham), 245
- regulatory guidance and enforcement
- carbon emission, 350, 369, 372
- on corporate-sponsored pension funds (France), 126–127
- of financial reporting, 98–99
- program-related investments (PRIs) and, 126
- scaling Ultra Rice and, 177–178
- REI (Recreational Equipment, Inc.), 353–354, 373
- Reichelstein, Julia, 3, 7, 345, 346
- Reichelstein, Stefan, 3, 7, 345, 346
- Reich, Rob, 56–57, 60–61, 67
- removal offsets, 362, 363, 364, 367, 368–369, 371
- reporting, environmental, social, and governance (ESG). See ESG (environmental, social, and governance) measurement and reporting
- Repsol, 347, 347f
- research-based approach to social change, 14–15
- research, on social problem/intervention, 235–236, 240–242
- resilience, of social change leaders, 220–221
- resource magnetism, 225
- retirement savings, 127–128
- Returns Continuum, 140, 141f
- revenue model, financially sustainable, 193–195
- revenue sources. See funding; philanthropy and philanthropists
- risk-adjusted returns, 4, 118, 125, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 160
- with commercial, non-market-validated investments, 143
- risk capital, 61, 66
- risk premiums, 141–142
- risk-return impact, 123
- Rivet School, 288–292, 293
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 67, 328
- Rockefeller Foundation, 67, 180
- Rockefeller, John D., 59, 62, 67
- Rocky Mountain Institute, 361
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory (NIH), 335
- Roob, Nancy, 69
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., 126
- Rosenwald, Julius, 62
- Rubicon Bakery, 195
- Rusheen Capital Management, 356
- Rwanda, 226, 227, 289
- SA8000, 86, 89, 91
- Saab car company, 171
- Sage, Russell, 62, 67
- Salesforce, 285
- Saltuk, Yasemin, 140
- Salvation Army, 328
- Sanofi-GlaxoSmithKline vaccine, 336
- SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board), 82–83
- savings instruments, 126–128
- scalability/scaling social innovation, 188
- car seatbelts, 170–171
- challenges, 169–174
- chlorhexadine, 176–177
- CommCare, 172–173
- configuring operations for, 198–201, 199f
- considering approaches to, 198
- Covid-19 and, 179, 302, 308–309
- definition, 190
- determining readiness to scale and, 197–198
- electronic stability control technology (ESC), 171
- focus on, 179–180
- increasing, 197–201
- international competitions, accelerators, and incubators, 173–174
- key lessons for, 180–183
- keys to successful, 174–179
- malaria vaccine, 171–172
- managing tensions between sustainability and efficacy, 201–203
- overview, 165–168
- private sector as essential for, 175–176
- public sector’s role in, 178–179
- scaling commercial innovations versus, 167, 173
- Ultra Rice, 177–178
- vaccine vial monitors (VVMs), 170
- Scalia, Eugene, 4
- Science-Based Targets, 346
- Scope 1 emissions, 87, 94, 346, 350, 351, 356, 358, 372, 375n4
- Scope 2 emissions, 87, 94, 346, 350, 351, 356, 358, 359, 371, 375n4
- Scope 3 emissions, 87, 351, 356, 358, 360, 361, 371, 374, 375n4
- Scott, MacKenzie, 70, 71
- SEC. See Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
- Securities Act of 1933, 94
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 94, 98–99, 108n71
- Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 94
- seed-stage for-profit organization, 118
- seed-stage subcommercial for-profit social ventures, 120
- self-awareness, of leaders of social change, 216–217
- self-referential goals, 43
- Senegal, 304
- Serafeim, George, 121
- servant-leader, 71
- servant philanthropy, 70–72
- services, scalability and, 199f, 199n, 200
- 7S Framework, 191
- Shao, Yibo, 148
- Silicon Valley, 132, 179, 331
- Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund (SV2), 27
- Singer, Peter, 72
- Singer, Sara, 7, 319, 320
- single-year grants, 68
- situational awareness, of leaders for social change, 218–219
- six-forces model, 35, 239, 240f
- Skoll Center for Social Entrepreneurship, 174
- Skoll Foundation, 180
- Smith, Ben, 83
- social change. See also human-centered model of social change; social enterprises; social innovation/innovators; social sector organizations
- foundations leading, 66–67
- Latin American organization building leaders for, 19–24
- leadership for. See leaders and leadership
- top-down, paternalistic approach to, 14–15
- social enterprise movement, 118, 122
- social enterprises. See also social entrepreneurs; social innovation/innovators; social sector organizations
- efficient capital allocation for, 128–130
- fair allocation of funds, 130–131
- hybrid savings instruments for, 126–128
- scaling an innovation and, 180
- social entrepreneurs. See also for-profit social entrepreneurs and ventures; next-generation social entrepreneurs
- characteristics of next-generation, 11–16
- of color, 131–132
- Covid-19 pandemic impacting role of (response to Covid-19), 321–322
- fair allocation of funds, 130–131
- for-profit business model used by, 115
- impact investing versus investing, 4
- teaching materials for, 221, 222
- Social Finance, 144
- social impact. See impact
- social innovation during Covid-19 pandemic, 321–322
- breadth of sources, 336–337
- broad range of, 301–306
- categories of social innovators, 327–328
- collaboration among partners and across for, 308
- by established nonprofit organizations, 328
- examples of, 332–334
- by for-profit organizations, 329–330
- by General Motors (GM), 333–334
- by incubator programs, 328–329
- lessons learned and, 311–313
- by “mom and pop” innovators, 330–331
- by Partners in Health (PIH), 332–333
- scaling and, 308–309
- volume and intensity of, 306–308
- social innovation education. See also Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB)
- free teaching modules for, 222
- impact-focused business model for, 224–225
- shared language and, 212–214
- understanding of values, mindset, and skills of social change leaders, 214–215
- user-centric design principles, 223
- social innovation/innovators. See also social change; social entrepreneurs; social ventures
- about, 1
- agility of the social innovation community for, 309
- Covid-19 pandemic providing opportunities for, 298
- definition, 212
- designing an intervention, 244–249
- disease/pandemic outbreaks and, 297–298, 312–313
- diversity of organizational forms for, 1
- funding. See funding
- generated during Covid-19 pandemic, 300–313
- having a deep understanding of the social problem for, 233–244
- identifying a social issue for, 231–233
- process of, 169–170, 169f
- questions and challenges related to, 3–4
- roadmap for, 229–250
- scaling. See scalability/scaling social innovation
- three key concepts of, 2–3
- social issue(s)/problem(s)
- competitive analysis of, 239–240
- current United States, 59–60
- generating ideas for potential solution to, 244–246
- having a comprehensive understanding of, 233–244
- identifying a, 231–233
- landscape analysis of, 239–241
- problem analysis of, 236–238, 236f, 237f
- researching, 235–236
- social entrepreneurs addressing, 119
- social sector organizations addressing, 189
- systems change analysis of, 243–244
- target population analysis of, 241–242
- social justice
- case studies, 16–26
- next-generation social entrepreneur’s commitment to, 11, 12–13
- social sector leadership. See leaders and leadership
- social sector organizations. See also nonprofit organizations; social enterprises
- difficulties and challenges with leading, 31
- funding, 36–38
- increasing efficacy in, 190–193
- increasing financial sustainability in, 193–197
- increasing scalability in, 197–201
- measuring their progress, 192–193
- personal qualities of leaders of, 33, 41–51
- scaling innovation and, 174
- skill sets of leaders in, 32
- social ills addressed by. See social issue(s)/problem(s)
- strategic thinking by leaders of, 33–37
- stress levels in, 46–47
- theory of change of, 190–191
- Social Security Administration, 247
- social ventures. See also social innovation/innovators; subcommercial for-profit social ventures
- fundraising, 115–116
- government intervention, 124
- guidance for, 248–249
- hybrid savings instruments for, 126–127
- reasons for failure of, 174–175
- socioeconomic disparities, 59
- software
- CommCare, 172–173, 304, 309
- contact tracing, 304
- ESG reporting, 97
- financial reporting, 96, 97
- Sorensen, Terri, 39–40
- Soros Economic Development Fund, 144, 145
- Soros, George, 161
- Soule, Sarah, 221, 222, 249
- South Africa, 21, 63, 154, 157
- South Asia, 159–160, 308
- Southern New Hampshire University, 282, 289, 291
- space saturation, taming ambiguity with, 261
- Spain, 329
- specific goals, 43
- Spero Ventures, 151
- Srougi, Thomaz, 156
- stakeholder capitalism, 119, 122–123
- Stanford d.school, 223, 253–272
- Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB), 32. See also Center for Social Innovation (CSI); next-generation social entrepreneurs
- development of leadership competencies, 215–227
- fundraising by social entrepreneurs, 115
- herd mentality, 209
- social innovation conversation among, 210–211
- Social Innovation Practicum: Designing Interventions and Social Ventures for Outsized Impact course, 230
- Stanford, Jane, 253, 268
- Stanford Rebuild, 330
- Stanford Service Corps (SSC), 264
- Stanford Social Innovation Fellowship, 18
- Stanford Social Innovation Review (SSIR), 59, 191, 210, 248
- Stanford University
- enter for Philanthropy and Civil Society (PACS), 59
- Haas Center for Public Service, 266
- Product Realization Laboratory (PRL), 268–269
- “Student Shop,” 268
- Starbucks, 330
- Starkey, Kim, 6, 31, 32, 229, 230
- Starr, Kevin, 66, 248, 249
- “Statement of Intent to Work Together Toward Comprehensive Reporting Requirements” (SASB), 83
- Stich, Brittany, 282–284
- strategic management, by social sector leaders, 32, 37–41
- strategic thinking, by social sector leaders, 32, 33–37
- strategy, of social sector organizations, 35–36
- stress muscle, of nonprofit leaders, 46–49
- Stripe, 363–364, 367, 368–369
- Student Blueprint, 283, 284
- subcommercial for-profit social ventures, 119
- government intervention, 124–125
- subsidies, 124, 125, 144–145
- subcommercial investing/investments, 123, 125. See also market-creating innovators/innovation
- about, 138
- additionality, 145–147
- capital deployed from, 160
- catalyzing new, high-impact market, 137
- criticisms of, 146
- in developed markets, 152–153
- in emerging economies, 154–156
- expected financial returns, 144–145
- foundations making, 161
- government guarantees and, 126
- investing behavior and, 123–124
- subsidies and, 124, 125
- tax breaks for, 125–126
- subcommercial returns, 118
- subsidies, 124, 125, 144–145, 146
- Success Academy, 199
- Summer Immersion Management Fund, 210
- sustainability (environmental), 326
- sustainability, financial. See financial sustainability
- sustainability reporting agencies, 82–83
- “sustainable,” 79, 101n1
- Sustainable Living Plan (USLP), 354
- symbiotic relationship, in Hopebound program, 16–17
- systems change analysis, 243–244
- systems thinking, 221–223
- Szekasy, Nicholas, 148
- Tableau, 285
- talent, in social sector organizations, 38–39
- talent management, 225
- talent models, in social sector organizations, 38–40
- Target Neutral, 357
- target population analysis, 241–242
- Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure (TCFD), 88, 105n44
- Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM), 366, 369
- Tata Social Enterprise Challenge, 173–174, 308
- tax breaks, 125–126
- tax code, 124, 125
- Taylor, Jim, 241
- Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL), 245
- team-of-teams model, 40, 67–70
- Teams of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World (McChrystal), 69
- Tech4Covid, 305–306
- technology. See also digital technology
- carbon offsets and, 363
- digital health social innovations during Covid-19, 299–301
- focus on scaling social innovation and, 180
- internal reporting systems and, 97
- Latin American Leadership Academy (LALA) using, 23–24
- mental health program using, 16–17
- mobile, 139, 147–148
- of PlayPump International, 234
- technology-based carbon offsets, 362–363, 365, 367
- TED Conferences (Technology, Entertainment, Design), 70, 180
- telemedicine, 301
- Tencent, 155, 156, 304, 308, 312
- Tesla, 323
- Teyit, 329
- theory of change, 3
- crafting a, 190–191
- developing a, 246–248
- explained, 2, 190
- impact model and, 224
- “third era of organizations,” 68
- Tides Foundation, 174
- tithing, 194
- TLcom Capital, 160
- tools, scalability and, 199f, 200
- Toyota, 361
- Transform Health Coalition, 313
- Transparency International, 21
- transparency of CCF disclosures, 369–372
- Trinity Challenge, 173, 313
- Trinity College Dublin, 63
- tripod treadle irrigation pump, 270–271, 271f
- Trump administration, 325, 333
- tuition reimbursement, 283
- Tuna, Cari, 71–72
- Turkey, 329
- twin “valleys of death.” See “valleys of death,” in social innovation process
- Type 1 Diabetes Fund, 152
- Ultra Rice, 177–178, 183
- “unicorns,” 129, 148
- Unilever, 354–355, 360, 361
- United Airlines, Inc., 355–356, 363–364, 369
- United Kingdom
- carbon emission disclosures, 372, 374
- CDC Group, 145, 161
- Covid-19 response, 323
- government, 124
- MPesa and, 147
- United Nations
- agency for aviation, 355
- collaboration by, 308
- Department for International Development (DFID), 147
- Digital Compact, 313
- Digital Roadmap, 312
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 348
- Sustainable Development Goals, 168
- World Food Program, 178
- United States, current challenges in, 59–60
- United Way, 328
- Units of Study, 193
- Unity (company), 285
- universal basic income, 24, 66
- University of California San Francisco, 63, 331
- University of Oxford, 334–335
- UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 180
- Uplink COVID-19 Challenge Cohort, 303
- Urban Institute study, 56
- Urstein, Rob, 7, 202, 277, 278
- USAID (United States Agency for International Development), 49–50, 234
- US Department of Health and Human Services, 330
- US Internal Revenue Code, 125
- US Public Health Accompaniment Unit, 333
- US tax code, 124, 125
- vaccine alliance (Gavi), 173, 302, 312, 335
- vaccine, Covid-19, 179, 302, 329, 334–335
- vaccine vial monitors (VVMs), 170, 200
- validity, E&S factors and, 84
- “valleys of death,” in social innovation process, 169f, 170, 171, 172
- value chain model, 168, 170, 182, 302, 305
- value of a statistical life (VSL), 91, 106n58
- Ventec Life Systems, 333
- venture capital, 1
- venture capital (VC) investments
- Bridge Academies and, 159
- in developed markets, 151–152
- in emerging economies, 154
- Guild Education and, 284
- venture capitalists, social ventures versus, 117
- Verified Carbon Standard, 366
- viability, 268, 269f, 271, 272
- virtual therapy sessions, 18
- vocational training, 277–278
- voluntary carbon markets, 363, 366, 367, 369
- voluntary carbon offsets, 363, 366f
- volunteers, 39
- Walker, Darren, 58–59
- Waterman, Robert H., 191
- WeChat, 304
- Wellcome Trust, 179
- #WeVsVirus online hackathon, 307, 308
- WhatsApp, 156
- William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, 58
- willingness to pay (WTP), 91, 107n59
- Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World (Giridharada), 5, 60
- Wolfe, Tom, 70
- Women’s World Banking, 160
- Woods, Wendy, 198
- workers’ compensation programs, 90–91
- workforce
- diversity in, 39–40
- team-of-teams model, 40–41
- workplace injuries and deaths, 90–91
- workplace safety, 89–91
- World Bank
- Development Marketplace Award, 234
- global poverty prediction, 231
- International Finance Corporation (IFC), 145–146
- World Economic Forum (WEF)
- Covid-19 Action Platform, 303, 305
- “Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism” report, 83
- World Health Organization (WHO), 311
- chlorhexidine and, 176
- Covid-19 Digital Clearinghouse, 305–306, 308
- Covid-19 vaccine and, 334
- Digital Health Technical Advisory Group, 300
- digital vaccine record and, 305
- “Public Statement for Collaboration on COVID-19 Vaccine Development,” 334
- vaccine vial monitors (VVMs) and, 170
- Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (WRAP), 86
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