Notes

Chapter 1

1. Kurt Fischer, Vice President of HR, Corning, interview by Pete Ramstad and John Boudreau, Corning, New York, March 2001.

2. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Where’s Your Pivotal Talent?” Harvard Business Review, April 2005, 23–24.

3. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Robert I. Sutton, Hard Facts, Dangerous Truths, and Total Nonsense (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006).

4. See, for instance, Edward E. Lawler III, John W. Boudreau, and Susan Mohrman, Achieving Strategic Excellence (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006); Frederick Frank and Craig Taylor, “Talent Management: Trends That Will Shape the Future,” Human Resource Planning Journal 27, no. 1 (2004): 33–41.

5. James O’Toole, Edward E. Lawler III, and Susan R. Meisinger, The New American Workplace (Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

6. Lawler, Boudreau, and Mohrman, Achieving Strategic Excellence.

7. Orlando C. Richard, Thomas A. Kochan, and Amy McMillan-Capehart, “The Impact of Visible Diversity on Organizational Effectiveness: Disclosing the Contents in Pandora’s Black Box,” Journal of Business and Management 8, no. 3 (2002): 265–291.

8. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Talentship and the New Paradigm for Human Resource Management: From Professional Practices to Strategic Talent Decision Science,” Human Resource Planning Journal 28, no. 2 (2005): 17–26.

9. Keith H. Hammonds, “Why We Hate HR,” Fast Company, August 2005, 40–48.

10. “Writer Defends ‘Why We Hate HR’ Article,” Compensation.BLR.com, November 29, 2005, http://compensation.blr.com/display.cfm/id/154876

11. Wickham Skinner, “Big Hat, No Cattle: Managing Human Resources,” Harvard Business Review, September–October 1981.

12. Andrall E. Pearson, “Muscle-Build the Organization,” Harvard Business Review, July–August 1987.

13. Ed Gubman, “HR Strategy and Planning: From Birth to Business Results,” Human Resource Planning Journal 27, no. 1 (2004): 13–23.

14. James Mead (former manager of worldwide sales recruiting, Procter & Gamble), interview by John W. Boudreau, October 2006.

15. Interview with financial services organization by John Boudreau and Peter Ramstad, October 2003.

16. Eric Abrahamson, “Management Fashion,” Academy of Management Review 21, no. 1 (1996): 254–285.

17. Jack F. Welch and John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Business Books, 2001).

18. Stephen W. Pruitt, T. Bettina Cornwell, and John M. Clark, “The NASCAR Phenomenon: Auto Racing Sponsorships and Shareholder Wealth,” Cambridge Journals, January 31, 2005, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=274889.

19. “Coca-Cola Shakes Up Wireless Vending Plan,” Discovery Channel, October 19, 1999, http://www.exn.ca/Stories/1999/10/29/57.asp; Constance L. Hays, “What Wal-Mart Knows About Customers’ Habits,” New York Times, November 14, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/14/business/yourmoney/14wal.html?ex=1258088400&en=0605d1fc88b8ab98&ei=5090.

20. Sunmee Choi and Anna S. Mattila, “Impact of Information on Customer Fairness Perceptions of Hotel Revenue Management,” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 46, no. 4 (2006): 444–452.

21. H. Thomas Johnson, “Management Accounting in an Early Integrated Industrial: E. I. DuPont de Nemours Powder Company, 1903–1912,” Business History Review 49, no. 2 (1975): 184–204.

22. H. Thomas Johnson and Robert S. Kaplan, Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1991).

23. Robert Bartels, The History of Marketing Thought (Columbus, OH: Grid, 1976).

24. John A. Howard, Marketing Management: Analysis and Decision (Homewood, IL: R. D. Irwin, 1957).

25. Neil H. Borden and Martin V. Marshall, Advertising Management: Text and Cases (Homewood, IL: R. D. Irwin, 1959).

26. Brian E. Becker and Mark A. Huselid, “High-Performance Work Systems and Firm Performance: A Synthesis of Research and Managerial Implications,” Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management 16 (1998): 53–101.

27. Michael E. Porter, “What Is Strategy?” Harvard Business Review, November–December 1996, 61–78.

28. “Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002,” http://www.sarbanes-oxley.com/section.php?level=1&pub_id=Sarbanes-Oxley.

Chapter 2

1. Mike Lossey, Dave Ulrich, and Sue Meisinger, eds., The Future of Human Resource Management: 64 Thought Leaders Explore the Critical HR Issues of Today and Tomorrow (New York: Wiley, 2005).

2. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Talentship, Talent Segmentation, and Sustainability: A New HR Decision Science Paradigm for a New Strategy Definition,” in The Future of Human Resource Management: 64 Thought Leaders Explore the Critical HR Issues of Today and Tomorrow, eds. Mike Lossey, Dave Ulrich, and Sue Meisinger (New York: Wiley, 2005).

3. Roger G. Schroeder, Kevin Linderman, and Dongli Zhang, “Evolution of Quality: First Fifty Issues of Production and Operations Management,” Production and Operations Management 14, no. 4 (2005): 468–481.

4. Amy E. Colbert, Sara L. Rynes, and Kenneth G. Brown, “Who Believes Us? Understanding Managers’ Agreement with Human Resource Research Findings,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 41, no. 3 (2005): 304–325.

5. John W. Boudreau, “Strategic Knowledge Measurement and Management,” in Managing Knowledge for Sustained Competitive Advantage, eds. Susan E. Jackson, Michael A. Hitt, and Angelo S. DeNisi (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer, 2003), 360–396.

6. Wayne F. Cascio, Costing Human Resources: The Financial Impact of Behavior in Organizations, 4th ed. (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western, 2000).

7. H. Thomas Johnson, “Management Accounting in an Early Integrated Industrial: E. I. DuPont de Nemours Powder Company, 1903–1912,” Business History Review 49, no. 2 (1975): 184–204.

8. In accounting the chart of accounts is a listing of all the accounts in the general ledger, with each account accompanied by a reference number. Examples might include assigning numbers 1000–1999 to asset accounts, 2000–2999 to liability accounts, and 3000–3999 to equity accounts. Source: “Chart of Accounts,” NetMBA, http://www.netmba.com/accounting/fin/accounts/chart/.

9. John S. Bronson (former executive vice president of HR, Pepsicola Worldwide), interview by John W. Boudreau, August 2006.

10. Interview with HR professional by John Boudreau, March 2002.

11. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a corporate-level strategy that focuses on creating and maintaining lasting relationships with customers. CRM enables organizations to better manage their customers through the introduction of reliable systems, processes, and procedures. Source: “Customer Relationship Management,” Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_Relationship_Management.

12. Conjoint analysis is a tool that allows a subset of the possible combinations of product features to determine the relative importance of each feature in the purchasing decision. Source: “Conjoint Analysis,” QuickMBA, http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/research/conjoint/.

13. Johnson, “Management Accounting.”

14. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Human Resource Metrics: Can Measures be Strategic?” In Patrick Wright et al., eds., Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Supplement 4, Strategic Human Resources Management in the Twenty-First Century (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999), 75–98.

15. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Where’s Your Pivotal Talent?” Harvard Business Review, April 2005, 23–24.

16. “Press Kit: History & Timeline 1930s,” Allstate, http://www.allstate.com/Media/PressKit/PageRender.asp?page=1930s.htm.

17. Adrienne Carter, “Telling the Risky from the Reliable,” BusinessWeek, August 1, 2005, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_31/b3945085_mz017.htm.

18. Interview with Matthew Brush and Kurt Fischer, in Corning, NY, by John Boudreau, November 2003.

19. Interview with Shawn Lancaster by Peter Ramstad, March 2005. Lynn Farrell, “Turning HR Cost Reduction Into Opportunity at The Hartford” (Presentation in Beyond the Bottom Line executive program, Center for Effective Organizations. April 2004).

Chapter 3

1. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Talentship, Talent Segmentation, and Sustainability: A New HR Decision Science Paradigm for a New Strategy Definition,” Human Resource Management 44, no. 2 (2005): 129–136.

2. Information regarding the Walt Disney Company came from Disney executives, interviews by John W. Boudreau, July through September 2006.

3. “Disneyland Resort,” Disney Online, http://disneyland.disney.go.com/disneyland/en_US/home/home?name=HomePage.

4. “Cedar Point Amusement Park, The Roller Coaster Capital of the World,” http://www.cedarpoint.com.

5. “Fan Mail,” Eyes and Ears, March 30–April 12, 2006.

6. “Jobs, Cedar Point,” http://www.cedarpoint.com/public/jobs/index.cfm.

7. “Imagineers scale massive heights to create thrilling experience,” Eyes and Ears, March 30–April 12, 2006.

8. Ibid.

9. Michael Lewis, Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game (New York: Norton, 2003).

Chapter 4

1. “Merkel Clinches It, but the Price Is High,” The Economist, October 12, 2005, 1.

2. Information regarding Airbus comes from many documented sources. See, for instance, Ken Vadruff, “Spirit Gets First Shot at Non-Boeing Job,” Wichita Business Journal, October 14, 2005, http://wichita.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/2005/10/17/story1.html; “Airbus Innovation Will Give the A350 XWB Family Its Competitive Edge,” Airbus, July 18, 2006, http://www.airbus.com/en/myairbus/headlinenews/index.jsp; “The A380 Enters Production,” Airbus, January 23, 2002, http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/01_23_02_A380.html; Irene L. Sinrich, “Airbus Versus Boeing (A): Turbulent Skies,” Case 9-386-193 (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1990), 1–23.

3. Information regarding Boeing comes from many documented sources. See, for instance, Suresh Kotha et al., “Boeing 787: The Dreamliner,” Case 9-305-101 (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2005), 1–18; “Where Is Boeing Going?” The Travel Insider, http://www.thetravelinsider.info/2003/boeing5.htm; “Major Assembly If First Boeing 787 Dreamliner Starts,” Boeing, http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/q2/060630a_nr.html; Irene L. Sinrich, “Airbus Versus Boeing (A): Turbulent Skies,” Case 9-386-193 (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1990), 1–23.

4. Multiple models exist for many of the aircraft shown in figure 4-3. In those cases we plotted the model with the longest range. The models depicted are: 747-400ER, 767-400ER, 777-300ER, 787-9, A330-300, A340-600, A350-900 (as proposed), and the A380. The A350 specifications were not finalized before the project was replaced by the A350-XWB, so the positioning shown for the A350 is based on the preliminary specifications that were released as Airbus explored the concept. All other specifications are from the respective company Web sites.

5. Michael E. Porter, “What Is Strategy?” Harvard Business Review, November–December 1996, 61–78.

6. Jay B. Barney, “Integrating Organizational Behavior and Strategy Formulation Research: A Resource-Based Analysis,” Advances in Strategic Management 8 (1992): 39–61.

7. “Thirsty Long-Term Investors Should Take a Sip of PepsiCo,” Bull and Bears Top Stocks to Watch, http://www.thebullandbear.com/digest/0105-digest/0105-stocks.html.

8. Porter, “What Is Strategy?”

9. Barney, “Integrating Organizational Behavior.”

10. Eliyahu Y. Goldratt, Theory of Constraints (Great Barrington, MA: North River Press, 1999).

11. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Measuring Intellectual Capital: Learning from Financial History,” Human Resource Management 36, no. 3 (1997): 343–356.

Chapter 5

1. Berkshire Hathaway, http://www.berkshirehathaway.com.

2. General Electric, http://www.ge.com/en/.

3. For sources on information about Boeing and Airbus, see notes 2 and 3 of chapter 4 above.

4. Dinah Deckstein et al., “Berlin Mulls Purchase of EADS Shares,” Spiegel Online International, http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,442783,00.html.

5. Daniel Michaels, “Airbus CEO Resignation Reflects Company’s Deep Structural Woes,” Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2006, A1.

6. Information regarding the Walt Disney Company came from Disney executives, interview by John W. Boudreau.

7. Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, “Measuring the Strategic Readiness of Intangible Assets,” Harvard Business Review, February 2004, 52–63; John W. Boudreau, Peter M. Ramstad, and John S. Bronson, “The HC BRidge: Linking Business Imperatives to Human Capital Strategies” (paper presented at the Balanced Scorecard Collaborative Best Practices Conference, Naples, FL, February 27, 2002).

8. Randy Bassler, Randy’s Journal, http://www.boeing.com/randy.

9. Mark A. Huselid, Richard W. Beatty, and Brian E. Becker, “‘A Players’ or ‘A Positions’? The Strategic Logic of Workforce Management,” Harvard Business Review, December 2005, 110–117.

10. The three conclusions are cited in John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Measuring Intellectual Capital: Learning from Financial History,” Human Resource Management 36, no. 3 (1997): 343–356; John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Strategic I/O Psychology and the Role of Utility Analysis Models.” In Walter C. Borman, Daniel R. Ilgen, and Richard J. Klimoski, eds., Handbook of Psychology, vol. 12, Industrial and Organizational Psychology (New York: Wiley, 2004), 193–221; and John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Where’s Your Pivotal Talent?” Harvard Business Review, April 2005, 23–24.

11. Huselid, Beatty, and Becker, “‘A Players’ or ‘A Positions’?”

12. M. Bichler et al., “Applications of Flexible Pricing in Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce,” IBM, http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/412/bichler.html.

13. J. Boudreau and P. Ramstad, “Strategic I/O Psychology and the Role of Utility Analysis Models,” in Handbook of Psychology, vol. 12, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, eds. Walter C. Borman, Daniel R. Ilgen, and Richard J. Klimoski (New York: Wiley, 2004), 193–221.

14. Interview with large Midwest bank by Peter M. Ramstad, October 2005.

15. See, for instance, “Northrop Grumman Elects Wesley G. Bush Chief Financial Officer, Succeeding Charles H. Noski,” Northrop Grumman, January 17, 2005, http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.mhtml?d=70968; “Condit Announces Changes to Strengthen Boeing Leadership,” Boeing, May 8, 2000, http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2000/news_release_000508a.html.

16. Mary Bellis, “The History of Pepsi Cola: Caleb Bradham,” About.com, http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpepsi.htm.

17. “People & Events: The Business of Direct Selling,” American Experience, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tupperware/peopleevents/e_direct.html.

18. See, for instance, “Amway Business Opportunity,” Amway, http://www.amway.com/en/BusOpp/business-opportunity-10092.aspx; “Start a Business,” Mary Kay, http://www.marykay.com/startabusiness/default.aspx.

19. Liza Featherstone, “Wal-Mart’s Women—Employees and Customers—in Unhealthy Relationship,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 2, 2005, http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/205768_focus02.html.

Chapter 6

1. Erico Guizzo, “Winner: Carbon Takeoff,” IEEE Spectrum, January 2006, http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/2606.

2. See, for instance, Robert S. Kaplan, “How the Balanced Scorecard Complements the McKinsey 7-S Model,” Strategy and Leadership 33, no. 3 (2005): 41–46; Mark A. Huselid, Richard W. Beatty, and Brian E. Becker, “‘A Players’ or ‘A Positions’? The Strategic Logic of Workforce Management,” Harvard Business Review, December 2005, 110–117.

3. James O’Toole, Edward E. Lawler III, and Susan R. Meisinger, The New American Workplace (Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

4. Geoffrey Colvin, “Managing in Chaos,” Fortune, October 2, 2006, 76.

5. Edgar H. Schein, “Culture: The Missing Concept in Organization Studies,” Administrative Science Quarterly 41, no. 2 (1996): 229–235.

6. Peter Pae, “Japanese Helping 787 Take Wing,” Los Angeles Times [HOME EDITION], May 9, 2005, p. C1. Copyright, 2005, Los Angeles Times.

7. Eric Raimy, “Cyber Move,” Human Resource Executive, September 2000.

8. Ibid.

9. Interview with technical person at Williams-Sonoma by John Boudreau and Peter Ramstad, February 2002.

10. Denise Rousseau, “The Shifting Risk for the American Worker in the Contemporary Employment Contract,” in America at Work: Choices and Challenges, ed. Edward E. Lawler III and James O’Toole (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006), 153–172.

Chapter 7

1. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Tapping the Full Potential of HRIS: Shifting the HR Paradigm from Service Delivery to a Talent Decision Science;” Chapter 2 in PeopleSoft, Heads Count: An Anthology for the Competitive Enterprise (Pleasanton, CA: PeopleSoft, 2003), 69–88.

2. Sue Shellenbarger, “In Their Search for Workers, Big Employers Go to Summer Camp,” Wall Street Journal, February 23, 2006, D1.

3. John W. Boudreau and Chris J. Berger, “Decision Theoretic Utility Analysis Applied to Employee Separations and Acquisitions,” Journal of Applied Psychology 70 (1985): 581–612.

4. “The Pros and Cons of Online Recruiting,” HR Focus 81, no. 4 (2004): S2.

5. Shalini S. Dagar and Archna Shukla, “Soaring Salaries … Vanishing Workers,” Business Today, September 24, 2006, 66.

6. Patrick F. McKay and Derek R. Avery, “What Has Race Got to Do with It?” Personnel Psychology 59, no. 2 (2006): 395–429.

7. Mary Dee Hicks and David B. Peterson, “The Development Pipeline,” Knowledge Management Review, July–August 1999, 30–33.

8. James Combs, Yongmei Liu, Angela Hall, and David Ketchen, “How Much Do High-Performance Work Practices Matter? A Meta-Analysis of Their Effects on Organizational Performance,” in Personnel Psychology 59, no. 3 (2006): 501–528.

9. Wayne F. Cascio and John W. Boudreau, Costing Human Resources, 5th ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, forthcoming).

10. Peer C. Fiss, “A Set-Theoretic Approach to Organizational Configurations,” Academy of Management Review (forthcoming).

11. Eric Abrahamson, “Managerial Fads and Fashions: The Diffusion and Rejection of Innovations,” Academy of Management Review 16, no. 3 (1991): 586–612.

12. Jack F. Welch and John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Business Books, 2001).

13. Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room (New York: Penguin, 2003).

14. For sources on information about Boeing, see note 3 of chapter 4 above.

15. Michael Cieply, “Pivotal Property: Disney’s Plan to Build Cities on Florida Tract Could Shape Its Future,” Wall Street Journal, July 9, 1985, 1.

16. Information and quotations regarding Starbucks came from an interview with David Pace by John Boudreau, “Human Resource Strategic Excellence” (teleconference series from the Center for Effective Organizations, University of Southern California, 2006).

17. Ibid.

18. Matt Richtel, “The Long-Distance Journey of a Fast-Food Order,” New York Times, April 11, 2006, A1.

19. Kristina Goetz, “The Diva of Starbucks,” Cincinnati Enquirer, May 6, 2001, http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/05/06/loc_the_diva_of.html.

20. Brooke Locascio, “Working at Starbucks: More Than Just Pouring Coffee,” Tea & Coffee Trade Online, January–February 2004, http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0104/coffee.htm.

21. John S. Bronson (former senior vice president of HR, Williams-Sonoma), personal communication with John Boudreau and Peter Ramstad, September 2006.

Chapter 8

1. James O’Toole, Edward E. Lawler III and Susan R. Meisinger, The New American Workplace (Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

2. Information in this chapter regarding SAS was provided by Gale Adcock (director of corporate health services, SAS), interview by John W. Boudreau, September 2006.

3. Jeff Chambers, “Human Resource Strategic Excellence” (teleconference series from the Center for Effective Organizations, University of Southern California, 2006).

4. Useful formulas for calculating such costs can be found in Wayne F. Cascio, Costing Human Resources, 4th ed. (Cincinnatti, OH: South-Western, 2000); and in Wayne F. Cascio and John W. Boudreau, Costing Human Resources, 5th ed. (New York: Prentice-Hall, forthcoming).

5. Jack F. Welch and John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Business Books, 2001).

6. John W. Boudreau, “Effects of Employee Flows on Utility Analysis of Human Resource Productivity Improvement Programs,” Journal of Applied Psychology 68 (1983): 396–407.

7. Wayne F. Cascio and John W. Boudreau, Costing Human Resources, 5th ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, forthcoming).

8. Wayne F. Cascio, Responsible Restructuring: Creative and Profitable Alternatives to Layoffs (New York: Berrett-Koehler, 2002).

9. Sherry Kuczynski, “Help! I Shrunk the Company!” HR Magazine 44, no. 6 (1999): 40–45.

10. Douglas P. Shuit, “Passing the Bucks,” Workforce Management 82, no. 9 (2003): 30–34.

11. Edward E. Lawler III et al., Human Resources Business Process Outsourcing (Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2004).

12. Interviews by John Boudreau with Six-Sigma experts in several companies, July 2002.

Chapter 9

1. See, for instance, John W. Boudreau, “Utility Analysis for Decisions in Human Resource Management,” in Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol. 2, 2nd ed., eds. Marvin D. Dunnette and Leaetta M. Hough. (Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black, 1991), 621–745; John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Human Resource Metrics: Can Measures Be Strategic?” in Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Supplement 4, Strategic Human Resources Management in the Twenty-First Century, eds. Patrick Wright et al. (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999), 75–98; Wayne F. Cascio and John W. Boudreau, Costing Human Resources, 5th ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, forthcoming); Jac Fitz-enz, How to Measure Human Resource Management, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001).

2. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Talentship and Human Resource Measurement and Analysis: From ROI to Strategic Organizational Change,” Human Resource Planning Journal 29, no. 1 (2006): 25–33.

3. Edward E. Lawler III, Alec Levenson, and John W. Boudreau, “HR Metrics and Analytics: Uses and Impacts,” Human Resource Planning Journal 27, no. 4 (2004): 27–35.

4. Boudreau and Ramstad, “Talentship and Human Resource Measurement and Analysis.”

5. John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad. “Tapping the Full Potential of HRIS: Shifting the HR Paradigm from Service Delivery to a Talent Decision Science.” Chapter 2 in PeopleSoft, Heads Count: An Anthology for the Competitive Enterprise (Pleasanton, CA: PeopleSoft, 2003), 69–88.

6. Stephen Gates, Measuring More Than Efficiency, Research report r-1356-04-rr (New York: Conference Board, 2004).

7. Stephen Gates, Value at Work: The Risks and Opportunities of Human Capital Measurement and Reporting. Conference Board Report #r-1316-02-rr (New York: Conference Board 2002).

8. Edward E. Lawler III, John W. Boudreau, and Susan Mohrman, Achieving Strategic Excellence (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006).

9. California Strategic Human Resource Partnership, Sun’s HR Labs: Driving Decisions with Data (Palo Alto, CA: California Strategic Human Resource Partnership, 2002).

10. National Academy of Public Administration, HR in a Technology-Driven Environment (Washington, DC: National Academy of Public Administration, 2002).

11. G. Johns, “Constraints on the Adoption of Psychology-Based Personnel Practices: Lessons from Organizational Innovation,” Personnel Psychology 46, no. 3 (1993): 569–592.

12. See, for instance, John W. Boudreau and Peter M. Ramstad, “Tapping the Full Potential of HRIS: Shifting the HR Paradigm from Service Delivery to a Talent Decision Science.” Chapter 2 in PeopleSoft, Heads Count; Boudreau and Ramstad, “Talentship and Human Resource Measurement and Analysis.”

13. Information regarding Limited Brands came from Toyin Ogun, “Limited Brands Talent Measurement” (Presented at the Metrics and Analytics Executive Program, Center for Effective Organizations, University of Southern California, September 23, 2005).

Chapter 10

1. Edward E. Lawler III and Christopher G. Worley, Built to Change (Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2006).

2. Joan Crockett (senior vice president of HR, Allstate), interview by Peter M. Ramstad, January 2006.

3. Interview with software applications organization by John Boudreau and Peter Ramstad, June 2004.

4. Edward E. Lawler III, John W. Boudreau, and Susan Mohrman, Achieving Strategic Excellence (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006).