- Cover
- Title Page
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Part I
- 1 Power Systems
- 2 Review of AC Circuit Theory and Application of Phasor Diagrams
- 2.1 Representation of AC Voltages and Currents
- 2.2 RMS Measurement of Time Varying AC Quantities
- 2.3 Phasor Notation (Phasor Diagram Analysis)
- 2.4 Passive Circuit Components: Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors
- 2.5 Review of Sign Conventions and Network Theorems
- 2.6 AC Circuit Analysis Examples
- 2.7 Resonance in AC Circuits
- 2.8 Problems
- 2.9 Practical Experiment
- 3 Active Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor
- 4 Magnetic Circuits, Inductors and Transformers
- 4.1 Magnetic Circuits
- 4.2 Magnetic Circuit Model
- 4.3 Gapped Cores and Effective Permeability
- 4.4 Inductance Calculations
- 4.5 Core Materials
- 4.6 Magnetising Characteristics of GOSS
- 4.7 Energy Stored in the Air Gap
- 4.8 EMF Equation
- 4.9 Magnetic Circuit Topologies
- 4.10 Magnetising Losses
- 4.11 Two‐Winding Transformer Operation
- 4.12 Transformer VA Ratings and Efficiency
- 4.13 Two‐Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuit
- 4.14 The Per‐Unit System
- 4.15 Transformer Short‐Circuit and Open‐Circuit Tests
- 4.16 Transformer Phasor Diagram
- 4.17 Current Transformers
- 4.18 Problems
- 4.19 Sources
- 5 Symmetrical Components
- 5.1 Symmetrical Component Theory
- 5.2 Sequence Networks and Fault Analysis
- 5.3 Network Fault Connections
- 5.4 Measurement of Zero‐sequence Components (Residual Current and Voltage)
- 5.5 Phase‐to‐Ground Fault Currents Reflected from a Star to a Delta Connected Winding
- 5.6 Sequence Components Remote from a Fault
- 5.7 Problems
- 5.8 Sources
- 6 Power Flows in AC Networks
- Part II
- 7 Three‐Phase Transformers
- 7.1 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
- 7.2 Transformer Zero‐Sequence Impedance
- 7.3 Transformer Vector Groups
- 7.4 Transformer Voltage Regulation
- 7.5 Magnetising Current Harmonics
- 7.6 Tap‐changing Techniques
- 7.7 Parallel Connection of Transformers
- 7.8 Transformer Nameplate
- 7.9 Step Voltage Regulator
- 7.10 Problems
- 7.11 Sources
- 8 Voltage Transformers
- 8.1 Inductive and Capacitive Voltage Transformers
- 8.2 Voltage Transformer Errors
- 8.3 Voltage Transformer Equivalent Circuit
- 8.4 Voltage Transformer ‘Error Lines’
- 8.5 Re‐rating Voltage Transformers
- 8.6 Accuracy Classes for Protective Voltage Transformers
- 8.7 Dual‐Wound Voltage Transformers
- 8.8 Earthing and Protection of Voltage Transformers
- 8.9 Non‐Conventional Voltage Transformers
- 8.10 Problems
- 8.11 Sources
- 9 Current Transformers
- 9.1 CT Secondary Currents and Ratios
- 9.2 Current Transformer Errors and Standards
- 9.3 IEEE C57.13 Metering Class Magnitude and Phase Errors
- 9.4 Current Transformer Equivalent Circuit
- 9.5 Magnetising Admittance Variation and CT Compensation Techniques
- 9.6 Composite Error
- 9.7 Instrument Security Factor for Metering CTs
- 9.8 Protection Current Transformers
- 9.9 Inter‐Turn Voltage Ratings
- 9.10 Non‐Conventional Current Transformers
- 9.11 Problems
- 9.12 Sources
- 10 Energy Metering
- 10.1 Metering Intervals
- 10.2 General Metering Analysis using Symmetrical Components
- 10.3 Metering Errors
- 10.4 Ratio Correction Factors
- 10.5 Reactive Power Measurement Error
- 10.6 Evaluation of the Overall Error for an Installation
- 10.7 Commissioning and Auditing of Metering Installations
- 10.8 Problems
- 10.9 Sources
- 11 Earthing Systems
- 12 Introduction to Power System Protection
- 12.1 Fundamental Principles of Protection
- 12.2 Protection Relays
- 12.3 Primary and Backup Protection (Duplicate Protection)
- 12.4 Protection Zones
- 12.5 Overcurrent Protection
- 12.6 Differential Protection
- 12.7 Frame Leakage and Arc Flash Busbar Protection
- 12.8 Distance Protection (Impedance Protection)
- 12.9 Problems
- 12.10 Sources
- 13 Harmonics in Power Systems
- 13.1 Measures of Harmonic Distortion
- 13.2 Resolving a Non‐linear Current or Voltage into its Harmonic Components (Fourier Series)
- 13.3 Harmonic Phase Sequences
- 13.4 Triplen Harmonic Currents
- 13.5 Harmonic Losses in Transformers
- 13.6 Power Factor in the Presence of Harmonics
- 13.7 Management of Harmonics
- 13.8 Harmonic Standards
- 13.9 Measurement of Harmonics
- 13.10 Problems
- 13.11 Sources
- 14 Operational Aspects of Power Engineering
- 7 Three‐Phase Transformers
- Index
- End User License Agreement
AC Circuits and Power Systems in Practice
Graeme Vertigan
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