Chapter 2
1. The number is 30,000 according to ask.com, and 5,000–7,000 according to yahoo.com. A study by the Australia Department for Environment and Heritage (2002) says 15,000.
2. See Rubenstein (1992), pp. 56–60, for more on the Selden patent, including the complete advertisement. The advertisement, as well as other information concerning the early years of the Ford Motor Company comes primarily from thousands of pages of depositions and testimony stemming from two legal cases. The first suit was initiated by two minority stockholders, John and Horace Dodge, to require Ford to pay higher dividends. The Dodge brothers charged that by repeatedly cutting prices and expanding production, Ford had sacrificed profits and paid low dividends. In 1917, Ford was ordered by the court to distribute over $19 million in dividends. After the decision, Henry Ford agreed to buy the shares of all of the minority shareholders, including the Dodge brothers. The minority shareholders refused to complete the transaction until they learned of their liability under the income tax law that had been created only a few years earlier with the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue set a valuation, the transaction was completed, but the Internal Revenue Service filed suit, claiming that even more tax was actually due.
3. Rae (1965), p. 59; Rubenstein (1992), p. 25.
Chapter 3
1. Clark (2012).
2. The most comprehensive history of Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company is a three-volume work by Nevins (1954); Nevins and Hill (1957); Nevins and Hill (1962).
3. The most comprehensive study of GM’s early years is Pound (1934). Cray (1980) and Keller (1989) studied mid 20th GM. Sloan published his memoirs in 1964. Durant himself left only a few papers, housed in the Kettering University library.
4. Gelsanliter (1990) reviews the arrival of the first Japanese-owned car plants in the United States.
5. See Laux (1976) for the early history of the French car industry, including Peugeot, Citroën, and Renault.
6. See Magee (2007) for more on Toyota’s history.
7. See Rieger (2013) for more on VW’s history.
8.North America and China production data from Automotive News and Europe production data from European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association.
9. See Rubenstein (1986), pp. 288–300; Klier and McMillan (2006) for more on auto alley.
10. See Klier and Rubenstein (2011a) for more on the distribution of motor vehicle plants within Europe.
Chapter 4
1. Wang, Liao, and Hein (2012).
2. Estimates by the author based on United States, European Union, and Japan vehicle import and export data.
3. Sloan (1964).
4. Sales data from Automotive News.
5. LaReau (2013).
6. Rubenstein (2001), p. 284.
Chapter 5
1. See Klier and Rubenstein (2008) for more on parts suppliers.
2. Klier and Rubenstein (2011a).
3. Automotive News publishes an annual ranking of the largest suppliers in North America and worldwide.
4. Davis, Diegel, and Boundy (2013), p. 4–17.
5. Klier and Rubenstein (2008), p. 121.
6. Klier and Rubenstein (2008), pp. 92–93.
7. Klier and Rubenstein (2008), p. 125.
8. Klier and Rubenstein (2008), p. 126.
9. Automotive News annual ranking of the largest suppliers.
10. Klier and Rubenstein (2011a).
11. Klier and Rubenstein (2008).
Chapter 6
1. Rubenstein (2001), pp. 207–214.
2. Rubenstein (2001), p. 213.
3. Rubenstein (2001), p. 304.
4. Rubenstein (2001), p. 305
5. Collas (2013), p. 8.
6. For individual country information, see the United Nations Global Fuel Economy Initiative at http://www.unep.org/transport/gfei/autotool/about.asp
Chapter 7
1. U.S. Energy Information Administration (2013).
2. Chrysler (2011).
3. Libby (2012).