Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.
A
Additive nature of variance,
41
Adsorptive bubble separation processes,
368
Advanced process control layer,
66–68
Advanced regulatory control (ARC) techniques,
64
Agglomeration–skin flotation,
368
Agro-mining,
Air dense medium fluidized bed (ADMFB) process,
241
Air distribution management,
310
Andreasen pipette technique,
100
ANOVA (analysis of variance),
453
Argyle,
Array-based flowmeters,
58
Arrested/free crushing,
125
Artificial intelligence (AI),
67
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN),
68–69
Autogenous work index,
114
B
Balanced/flat bank recovery profile,
309
Ball mill work index,
113
Barmac vertical shaft impact crusher,
141
Barytes,
high-confidence flotation testing,
321–322
Bauxite,
Belt cleaners and washing systems,
35
Bond-based AG/SAG models,
115
Bubble rise velocity reduction,
283
critical coalescence concentration (CCC),
281–282,
282
Bubble surface area flux (BSAF),
281
C
Canica vertical shaft impact crusher,
141
Cell power and hydrodynamics,
344
Cement copper,
Central Composite Design (CCD),
453–454
Central Limit Theorem (CLT),
41
Centralized multivariable control,
66
Centre peripheral discharge mills,
154–155
Centrifugal sedimentation,
429
solid bowl scroll centrifuge,
429
Circuit design and optimization by computer simulation,
449
Clark Hot Water Extraction (CHWE) process,
365
and grinding circuit behavior,
202–203
Classification System Efficiency (CSE),
120
Cliffs–Wabush iron ore mine,
393–394
Closed-loop control mechanism,
62–63
electrical double layer,
419
rank,
Collector adsorption
in non-sulfide mineral systems,
273–276
in sulfide mineral systems,
276–279
Collector speciation,
293
for non-sulfide minerals,
272
energy-based comminution models,
111–113
Concentrate,
Cone beam X-ray microcomputed tomography systems,
460–461
Consolidation trickling,
226
Conventional grinding,
109
Conveyor-belt tensioning systems,
32f
Critical coagulation concentration (CCC),
419,
420
Critical coalescence concentration (CCC),
281–282
and practical implications,
282
Critical surface tension of wetting,
367
Crushing circuits and control,
142–144
Crushing technology, developments in,
134–135
Cumulative-basis grinding model,
117
CYCLONEtrac PST (particle size tracking) and OSM (oversize monitor) systems,
106,
106,
106f
D
Data reconciliation technique,
45–46,
68
Decentralized control,
66
Degree of liberation,
Dense medium cyclones (DMC),
249–250
Dense medium separation (DMS), ,
224,
245
construction of partition curves,
259–263
laboratory heavy liquid tests,
254–257
Density controller (DC),
64–65
sulfide, hydrosulfide,
289
Design of Experiments (DOE),
452–454
Dewatering
Diagnostic surface analysis,
325–328
Diamagnetic materials,
381
Discrete element method (DEM),
450,
451
Dissolved air flotation,
368
Distribution coefficient method,
96
Distribution variance,
42–44
Double-toggle Blake crushers,
125
Dry rare earth drum separators,
390–391
Dyna Whirlpool separator,
251
E
Economic considerations in mineral processing,
12–23
Electrochemical/electron transfer model of flotation,
276
Electromotive force (emf),
57
Electrostatic model of flotation,
274–275
Electrostatic separation,
End peripheral discharge mills,
155,
155
Energy-based comminution models,
111–113
froth depth and wash water,
306
Equi-probable/probabilistic sampling model,
44
Error propagation approach,
81
F
Feedback mechanism,
62–63
Feeders
horizontal belt filter,
435
Floatability Characterization Test Rig (FCTR),
325
Floatability component model (FCM),
323
classification of minerals,
267–269
froth,
importance of pulp potential,
294–297
reagent addition and conditioning,
350–351
cell power and hydrodynamics,
344
mechanical cell scale-up parameters,
341–342
Flotation engineering
Flotation flowsheets and plant practice,
351–366
k–
Sb relationship, testing,
300–301
rate constant, components of,
299–300
reactor–separator cell designs, modifications to apply to,
301
mechanical flotation machines,
328–332
reactor/separator flotation machines,
335–339
Flotation plants, control of,
345–350
fundamental controlled variables,
347–349
higher level controlled variables,
349
process control objectives,
345–347
diagnostic surface analysis,
325–328
representative samples,
319
role of particle size and liberation,
301–306
Flowsheet,
Fluidized bed separators (FBS),
239–240
Fluorite,
Frantz Isodynamic Separator,
383
Froth depth and wash water,
306
bubble rise velocity reduction,
283
frother properties of other agents,
284
selection and characterization,
285
Fully mixed recovery equation, derivation of,
485
Functional performance analysis, for ball milling circuits,
120
Fundamental controlled variables,
347–349
Fundamental sampling error,
42
G
Galigher Agitair machine,
330
Gates-Gaudin-Schuhmann (G-G-S) method,
96
Generalized least squares minimization method,
75–77
Geologic deposits
Geometallurgical approach,
455
Geometallurgical domains,
456
Geometallurgical project,
455
Geometallurgical units,
318
estimating uncertainty,
457
metallurgical testing,
456
mine block model, populating,
456–457
process models for plant design and forecasting,
457
of concentrate and recovery,
10–11
Grain size, liberation, and association,
459–460
Gravity concentration, ,
223
Mozley Laboratory Separator,
235
single-stage units and circuits,
241–242
Gravity recoverable gold (GRG),
237–238
Gravity sedimentation,
417
Gravity separation,
Gravity slot sampler,
50f
motion of charge in tumbling mill,
148–150
uses to estimating minimum sample size,
44–45
H
Hierarchical multilayer control system,
62,
63f
High Confidence Flotation Testing methodology,
322
High-Compression Roller Mill,
137
High-confidence flotation testing,
321–322
Higher level controlled variables,
349
High-intensity magnetic separators,
induced roll magnetic separators,
391,
391,
391
High-resolution X-ray microtomography (HRXMT),
460–461
cyclone overflow size distribution,
209–210
factors affecting performance,
212–214
unusual partition curves,
209
I
Igneous rocks,
Impact Benefit Agreements (IBAs),
25
Imperial Smelting Process (ISP),
357
Induced roll magnetic (IRM) separators,
391,
391,
391
Industrial Designed Experiments (IDE),
452
InLine Pressure Jig (IPJ),
228
Instrumentation layer,
62
Interparticle comminution,
125,
133
Isomorphism,
J
double-toggle Blake crushers,
125
interparticle comminution,
125
K
Kelsey Centrifugal Jig (KCJ),
235–236
Knelson concentrator,
236
Knowledge acquisition phase,
67
L
LARCODEMS (Large Coal Dense Medium Separator),
250–251
Laser diffraction instruments,
104–105
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS),
54,
54–55
Leach-Precipitation-Flotation process,
Liberation by detachment,
Liberation-limited grade recovery,
460
cast iron/alloyed steel,
153,
153
Liquefied natural gas (LNG),
13
London-Van der Waals’ forces,
419
Low energy crushing work index,
113
Low-intensity magnetic separators, ,
388–391
counter-rotation type,
389
M
computational fluid dynamics (CFD),
450–451
discrete element method (DEM),
451
model validation by direct observation of particle behavior,
452
Magnetic field intensity,
384
Magnetic flux/magnetic induction,
384
Magnetic properties, measuring,
382–384
Magnetic separation, ,
381
material transport, in magnetic separators,
387
Magnetic separators
Magnetic susceptibility,
384
Mass balancing methods,
69–83
estimability and redundancy analysis,
81–82
generalized least squares minimization,
75–77
mass balance models,
77–79
metallurgical balance statement,
83
node imbalance minimization,
73
two-step least squares minimization,
74–75
Mass balancing technique,
45–46
Mass conservation equation,
70
array-based flowmeters,
58
ultrasonic flowmeters,
57
McGill Bubble Size Analyzer,
342
Mechanical cell scale-up parameters,
341–342
Mechanical flotation machines,
328–332
Mercury,
Metallic ore minerals,
463
Metallic ores,
Metallurgical accounting,
41
Metallurgical balance statement,
83
Metallurgical efficiency,
10
Metamorphosis,
Middlings,
combination drum-scoop feeders,
154
Milling,
Mineral dressing,
Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA),
6–7
Mineral (ore) reserves,
Mineral processing,
advanced process control layer,
66–68
automatic control in,
60–69
hierarchical multilayer control system,
62,
63f
instrumentation layer,
62
optimization layer,
68–69
regulatory control layer,
62–65
Mineral processing systems, representation of,
Mineral resources,
Mineral Separability Indicator,
320
Mineral separation,
grain size, liberation, and association,
459–460
high-resolution X-ray microtomography (HRXMT),
460–461
liberation-limited grade recovery,
460
Minerals,
and ores,
Modeling and characterization,
449
circuit design and optimization by computer simulation,
449
Monolayer penetration,
284
Monte Carlo simulation approach,
81
Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS),
55
Moving inlet sampler,
50f
Multi-Gravity Separator (MGS),
237
Multiplicative error model,
81
N
Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines,
15
Near infra-red (NIR),
413
spectroscopic technique,
55
Net smelter return,
16–17
Node imbalance minimization method,
73
Non-probabilistic samplers,
48–52
Non-sulfide mineral systems, collector adsorption in,
273–276
Non-sulfide minerals,
271t
Normalized/reduced efficiency curve,
measurement errors,
72–73
sensitivity analysis,
71–72
Nucleonic density gauges,
59f,
224
O
Oil-assisted flotation,
269
Oil-assisted separation processes,
367
Oily bubble flotation,
269
One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) experimental approach,
453
on-line element analysis,
53–55
on-line particle size analysis,
56
on-stream analysis,
53–54
on-stream ash analysis,
55–56
on-stream mineral phase analysis,
55
On-stream analysis pulp sampling system,
52f
Open circuit potential,
277
Open-gradient magnetic separators (OGMSs),
385
Optimization layer,
68–69
Ore beneficiation,
Ore dressing,
removal of harmful materials,
29–30
Organic polymer depressants,
289–290
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC),
12
Outokumpu Technology,
400
P
Parallel inclined channels (PICs),
341
Paramagnetic materials,
381
Particle size and liberation, role of,
301–306
Partition coefficient (partition number),
258
Partition (Tromp) curve,
258
Peat,
Pendulum roller mills,
169
Performance/partition curve,
205–207
collector speciation,
293
Phenomenological models,
186
Photoneutron separation,
413
Phytomining,
Pinched sluices and cones,
238
Platinum,
Platinum group metals (PGMs),
15–16
Pneumatic-based devices,
241
Point of zero charge (PZC),
273–274
Polyacrylamides (PAM),
421
Polymorphism,
Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT),
118,
452,
452
Potash,
Potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX),
357
Potential determining ions,
273–274
Precipitate flotation,
368
Preparation and analysis variance,
44
Pressure pipe sampler,
50,
51f
Probabilistic samplers,
48
Probable error of separation,
258–259
Process control objectives,
345–347
Process mineralogy,
Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA),
54
PSM (particle size monitor) system,
105
Pyrrhotite,
Q
Quantitative automated mineralogy,
458–459
R
RADOS XRF sorting technology,
413–414
Raman spectroscopic technique,
55
Rare earth roll separators,
390
Rate constant, components of,
299–300
Ratio of concentration,
10,
70
RCS (Reactor Cell System) machine,
332
Reactor–separator cell designs, modifications to apply to,
301
Reactor/separator flotation machines,
335–339
Real-time optimization (RTO) layer,
68
Recovery-by-size-by-liberation data,
303–304
Reflux Flotation Cell (RFC),
340
Refractory,
organic polymer depressants,
289–290
small organic molecule depressants,
289
Regulatory control layer,
62–65
Relative permeability,
384
Residence time distribution (RTD),
46–47,
298
Response surface modeling (RSM),
453
Retention time calculations,
59
Rio Tinto-Zinc (RTZ) Ore Sorters,
411,
412,
413
Rocks,
Rotary table splitter,
53f
Rougher concentrates,
317,
353
S
Gy’s equation, to estimating minimum sample size,
44–45
Sandwich conveyor systems,
34,
34f
efficiency and circulating load,
182–183
separation efficiency,
183
horizontal, low-head, linear,
188
inclined flat screens,
194
static/static grizzlies,
192
Screen vibrations
de-sliming/de-dusting,
181
tensioned rubber/polyurethane mats,
196–197
Sedimentary rocks,
centrifugal sedimentation,
429
coagulation and flocculation,
419–422
Self-heating, of sulfides,
38
Self-induced/collectorless flotation,
294
Self-similar distributions,
96
Sensor system of ash monitor,
56f
Sensor-based ore sorting (SBS),
409
example flowsheet and economic drivers,
414–415
Separation, measures of,
9–12
SGI (SAG Grindability Index) test,
114
presentation of results,
95–98
Silver,
Slurry streams
Small organic molecule depressants,
289
Smith predictor controller strategy,
65
Solids, linear sampler for,
48,
49f
Solids sampling system,
52f
Sorting,
Spectroscopic techniques,
55
SPI™ (SAG Power Index) test,
114
single
versus two stages of,
241–242
Staged Flotation Reactor (SFR),
338
Standard Autogenous Grinding Design (SAGDesign) test,
114–115
Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) scale,
277
Statistically Designed Experiments (SDE),
452
Stirred media detritor (SMD),
166–167
Metso Jar Ball Mill Test,
165
signature plot technique,
165
slurry percent solids,
168
Stirred Media Detritor (SMD®),
166–167
laser diffraction instruments,
104–105
microscopic/image analysis,
103–104
on-line particle size analysis,
105–107
Stokes’ equivalent diameter,
98–99
Sulfide mineral systems, collector adsorption in,
276–279
Sulfidization process,
Superconducting separators,
395–397
T
cyanide and ammonia management,
445
Tailings reprocessing and recycling,
15–16
Tailings retreatment,
TBM moisture monitor,
54,
55f
Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA),
6–7
Tetrabromoethane (TBE),
246
Thermo Gamma-Metrics AnStat in-stream analysis probe and sampler,
54,
55f
Thermo GammaMetrics PSM-400MPX on-line particle size analyzer,
105f
operation and control,
426
Tin smelter contracts,
17t
Tromp (Partition) curve,
258
Turbulent resistance,
199,
200
Two-step least squares minimization method,
74–75
Tyler H-series screen,
191
U
Ultrasonic extinction system (USE),
106
Ultrasonic flowmeters,
57
Uncertainty, estimating,
457
V
Vertical shaft impact (VSI) crushers,
141
Vertically pulsating high-gradient magnetic separator (VPHGMS),
385–386
Vezin style rotary samplers,
48
W
Wash water, froth depth and,
306
Water Flush technology,
133
Wear components, in gyratory and cone crushers,
133
Western Machinery Co. (WEMCO),
330
X
X-ray diffraction (XRD),
55
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis,
53
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),
326,
327–328
X-ray transmission method,
55
Y
Z