Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

About the Authors

Preface

Structure of the Book

Intended Readership

Acknowledgments

Part I: A Review of Relational Concepts

Part I A Review of Relational Concepts

Chapter 1. Types and Relations

The Running Example

Types

Relations

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 2. Relational Algebra

Rename

Restrict

Project

Union, Intersect, and Minus

Join

Matching and Not Matching

Extend

Image Relations

Group and Ungroup

Extend bis

Relational Comparisons

Formulating Expressions One Step at a Time

Relational Completeness

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 3. Relation Variables

Relations vs. Relvars

Relational Assignment

Keys

Foreign Keys

Database Constraints

Views

The Relational Model

Exercises

Answers

Part II: Laying the Foundations

Part II Laying the Foundations

Chapter 4. Time and the Database

Temporal Databases

Timestamped Propositions

Valid Time vs. Transaction Time

Some Fundamental Questions

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 5. What’s the Problem?

Revising the Running Example

Sample Constraints and Queries

Semitemporalizing the Example

Fully Temporalizing the Example

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 6. Intervals

What’s an Interval?

Applications of Intervals

Point and Interval Types

A More Searching Example

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 7. Interval Operators

Notation

Interval Comparisons

“Set Operators”

Queries

Concluding Remarks

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 8. The EXPAND and COLLAPSE Operators

Preliminary Remarks

Expanded Form

Collapsed Form

Operator Definitions

Unary Relations

Nullary Relations

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 9. The PACK and UNPACK Operators I: The Single-Attribute Case

Preliminary Examples

Packed Form

Unpacked Form

Further Queries

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 10. The PACK and UNPACK Operators II: The Multiattribute Case

PACKING and UNPACKING on NO Attributes

UNPACKING ON Two or More Attributes

PACKING ON Two or More Attributes

A Logical Difference

Equivalence of Relations

Expand and Collapse Revisited

Some Remarks on Redundancy

A More Complex Example

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 11. Generalizing the Algebraic Operators

A Motivating Example

Dyadic Operators

n-Adic Operators

Monadic Operators

Relational Comparisons

The Underlying Intuition

The Regular Operators Revisited

Exercises

Answers

Part III: Building on the Foundations

Part III Building on the Foundations

Chapter 12. Database Design I: Structure

The Running Example Revisited

Since Relvars Only

During Relvars Only

A New Normal Form

“The Moving Point Now

Both Since and During Relvars

Concluding Remarks

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 13. Database Design II : Keys and Related Constraints

Simplifying the Running Example

The Redundancy Problem

The Circumlocution Problem

PACKED ON

The Contradiction Problem

WHEN / THEN

Combining Specifications

PACKED ON without WHEN / THEN

WHEN / THEN without PACKED ON

Neither PACKED ON nor WHEN / THEN

Keys Revisited

Putting it all Tgether

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 14. Database Design III : General Constraints

The Nine Requirements

Since Relvars Only

During Relvars Only

Both Since and During Relvars

Syntactic Shorthands

Concluding Remarks

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 15. Queries

The Twelve Queries

Since Relvars Only

During Relvars Only

Both Since and During Relvars

Views Can Help

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 16. Updates

Since Relvars Only

During Relvars Only I: U_UPDATES

During Relvars Only II: Portion Specifications

During Relvars Only III: Multiple Assignment

Both Since and During Relvars

Views can Help

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 17. Logged Time and Stated Time

A Quick Review

A Closer Look

The Database and the Log

Terminology

Logged Times

Queries Involving Logged Time

Exercises

Answers

Chapter 18. Point and Interval Types Revisited

Ordered vs. Ordinal

Type Inheritance

Point Types Revisited

Numeric Point Types

Granularity Revisited

Interval Types Revisited

Concluding Remarks

Exercises

Answers

Part IV: SQL Support

Part IV SQL Support

Chapter 19. The SQL Standard

Periods

Database Design

Queries

Updates

System Time

Bitemporal Tables

Summary and Assessment

Exercises

Answers

Appendixes

Appendixes

Appendix A. Cyclic Point Types

The Weekday Example

Weekday as a Point Type

The Corresponding Interval Type

Allen’s Operators

Union, Intersect, and Minus

PACK and UNPACK

Exercises

Answers

Appendix B. Is Ordinality Necessary?

Appendix C. Generalizing PACK and UNPACK

Sets of Relations

Sets of Sets

Sets of Bags

Bags: A Digression

Other Kinds of Sets

Effect on “PACK and UNPACK ON”

Appendix D. A Tutorial D Grammar

Appendix E. Implementation Considerations

PACK and UNPACK

A Graphical Representation

Algebraic Operators

Update Operators

A Final Remark

Appendix F. References and Bibliography

Index

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