Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1   Introduction to compression

1.1    What is MPEG?

1.2    Why compression is necessary

1.3    MPEG-1, 2, 4 and H.264 contrasted

1.4    Some applications of compression

1.5    Lossless and perceptive coding

1.6    Compression principles

1.7    Video compression

1.7.1   Intra-coded compression

1.7.2   Inter-coded compression

1.7.3   Introduction to motion compensation

1.7.4   Film-originated video compression

1.8    Introduction to MPEG-1

1.9    MPEG-2: Profiles and Levels

1.10  Introduction to MPEG-4

1.11  Introduction to H.264 (AVC)

1.12  Audio compression

1.12.1   Sub-band coding

1.12.2   Transform coding

1.12.3   Predictive coding

1.13  MPEG bitstreams

1.14  Drawbacks of compression

1.15  Compression pre-processing

1.16  Some guidelines

References

Chapter 2   Fundamentals

2.1    What is an audio signal?

2.2    What is a video signal?

2.3    Types of video

2.4    What is a digital signal?

2.5    Sampling

2.6    Reconstruction

2.7    Aperture effect

2.8    Choice of audio sampling rate

2.9    Video sampling structures

2.10  The phase-locked loop

2.11  Quantizing

2.12  Quantizing error

2.13  Dither

2.14  Introduction to digital processing

2.15  Logic elements

2.16  Storage elements

2.17  Binary coding

2.18  Gain control

2.19  Floating-point coding

2.20  Multiplexing principles

2.21  Packets

2.22  Statistical multiplexing

2.23  Timebase correction

References

Chapter 3   Processing for compression

3.1    Introduction

3.2    Transforms

3.3    Convolution

3.4    FIR and IIR filters

3.5    FIR filters

3.6    Interpolation

3.7    Downsampling filters

3.8    The quadrature mirror filter

3.9    Filtering for video noise reduction

3.10  Warping

3.11  Transforms and duality

3.12  The Fourier transform

3.13  The discrete cosine transform (DCT)

3.14  The wavelet transform

3.15  The importance of motion compensation

3.16  Motion-estimation techniques

3.16.1   Block matching

3.16.2   Gradient matching

3.16.3   Phase correlation

3.17  Motion-compensated displays

3.18  Camera-shake compensation

3.19  Motion-compensated de-interlacing

3.20  Compression and requantizing

References

Chapter 4   Audio compression

4.1    Introduction

4.2    The deciBel

4.3    Audio level metering

4.4    The ear

4.5    The cochlea

4.6    Level and loudness

4.7    Frequency discrimination

4.8    Critical bands

4.9    Beats

4.10  Codec level calibration

4.11  Quality measurement

4.12  The limits

4.13  Compression applications

4.14  Audio compression tools

4.15  Sub-band coding

4.16  Audio compression formats

4.17  MPEG audio compression

4.18  MPEG Layer I audio coding

4.19  MPEG Layer II audio coding

4.20  MPEG Layer III audio coding

4.21  MPEG-2 – advanced audio coding

4.22  Dolby AC-3

4.23  MPEG-4 audio

4.24  MPEG-4 AAC

4.25  Compression in stereo and surround sound

References

Chapter 5   MPEG video compression

5.1    The eye

5.2    Dynamic resolution

5.3    Contrast

5.4    Colour vision

5.5    Colour difference signals

5.6    Progressive or interlaced scan?

5.7    Spatial and temporal redundancy in MPEG

5.8    I and P coding

5.9    Bidirectional coding

5.10  Coding applications

5.11  Intra-coding

5.12  Intra-coding in MPEG-1 and MPEG-2

5.13  A bidirectional coder

5.14  Slices

5.15  Handling interlaced pictures

5.16  MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 coders

5.17  The elementary stream

5.18  An MPEG-2 decoder

5.19  MPEG-4 and AVC

5.20  Video objects

5.21  Texture coding

5.22  Shape coding

5.23  Padding

5.24  Video object coding

5.25  Two-dimensional mesh coding

5.26  Sprites

5.27  Wavelet-based compression

5.28  Three-dimensional mesh coding

5.29  Animation

5.30  Scaleability

5.31  Advanced Video Coding (AVC)

5.32  Motion compensation in AVC

5.33  An AVC codec

5.34  AVC profiles and levels

5.35  Coding artifacts

5.36  MPEG and concatenation

References

Chapter 6   MPEG bitstreams

6.1    Introduction

6.2    Packets and time stamps

6.3    Transport streams

6.4    Clock references

6.5    Program Specific Information (PSI)

6.6    Multiplexing

6.7    Remultiplexing

Reference

Chapter 7   MPEG applications

7.1    Introduction

7.2    Telephones

7.3    Digital television broadcasting

7.4    The DVB receiver

7.5    ATSC

7.6    CD-Video and DVD

7.7    Personal video recorders

7.8    Networks

7.9    FireWire

7.10  Broadband networks and ATM

7.11  ATM AALs

References

Index