Contents

FACT FILE DIRECTORY

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

CHAPTER 1   What is Sound?

A Vibrating Source

Characteristics of a Sound Wave

How Sound Travels in Air

Simple and Complex Sounds

Frequency Spectra of Repetitive Sounds

Frequency Spectra of Non-repetitive Sounds

Phase

Sound in Electrical Form

Displaying the Characteristics of a Sound Wave

The Decibel

Sound Power and Sound Pressure

Free and Reverberant Fields

Standing Waves

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 2   Auditory Perception

The Hearing Mechanism

Frequency Perception

Loudness Perception

Practical Implications of Equal-loudness Contours

Spatial Perception

Recommended Further Reading

Recommended Listening

CHAPTER 3   Microphones

The Moving-coil or Dynamic Microphone

The Ribbon Microphone

The Capacitor or Condenser Microphone

Directional Responses and Polar Diagrams

Specialized Microphone Types

Switchable Polar Patterns

Stereo Microphones

Microphone Performance

Microphone Powering Options

Radio Microphones

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 4   Loudspeakers

The Moving-coil Loudspeaker

Other Loudspeaker Types

Mounting and Loading Drive Units

Complete Loudspeaker Systems

Active Loudspeakers

Subwoofers

Loudspeaker Performance

Setting up Loudspeakers

Thiele–Small Parameters and Enclosure Volume Calculations

Digital Signal Processing in Loudspeakers

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 5   Mixers

A Simple Six-channel Analog Mixer

A Multitrack Mixer

Channel Grouping

An Overview of Typical Mixer Facilities

EQ Explained

Stereo Line Input Modules

Dedicated Monitor Mixer

Technical Specifications

Metering Systems

Automation

Digital Mixers

Mixers with Integrated Control of Digital Workstations

Introduction to Mixing Approaches

Basic Operational Techniques

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 6   Analog Recording

A Short History of Analog Recording

Magnetic Tape

The Magnetic Recording Process

The Tape Recorder

Magnetic Recording Levels

What are Test Tapes For?

Tape Machine Alignment

Mechanical Transport Functions

The Compact Cassette

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 7   Noise Reduction

Why is Noise Reduction Required?

Methods of Reducing Noise

Line-up of Noise Reduction Systems

Single-ended Noise Reduction

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 8   Digital Audio Principles

Digital and Analog Recording Contrasted

Binary for Beginners

The Digital Audio Signal Chain

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

D/A Conversion

Direct Stream Digital (DSD)

Changing the Resolution of an Audio Signal (Requantization)

Introduction to Digital Signal Processing

Pitch Shifting and Time Stretching

Audio Data Reduction

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 9   Digital Recording, Editing and Mastering Systems

Digital Tape Recording

Mass Storage-based Systems

Audio Processing for Computer Workstations

Mass Storage-based Editing System Principles

Editing Software

Mastering and Restoration

Preparing for and Understanding Release Media

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 10 Digital Audio Formats and Interchange

Audio File Formats for Digital Workstations

Consumer Optical Disk Formats

Interconnecting Digital Audio Devices

Recommended Further Reading

Websites

CHAPTER 11 Power Amplifiers

Domestic Power Amplifiers

Professional Amplifier Facilities

Specifications

Coupling

CHAPTER 12 Lines and Interconnection

Transformers

Unbalanced Lines

Cable Effects with Unbalanced Lines

Balanced Lines

Working with Balanced Lines

Star-quad Cable

Electronic Balancing

100 Volt Lines

600 Ohms

DI Boxes

Splitter Boxes

Jackfields (Patchbays)

Distribution Amplifiers

CHAPTER 13 Plug-ins and Outboard Equipment

Plug-ins

Outboard Equipment

Connection of Outboard Devices

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 14 MIDI and Synthetic Audio Control

Background

What is MIDI?

MIDI and Digital Audio Contrasted

Basic Principles

Interfacing a Computer to a MIDI System

How MIDI Control Works

MIDI Control of Sound Generators

General MIDI

Scalable Polyphonic MIDI (SPMIDI)

RMID and XMF Files

SAOL and SASL in MPEG 4 Structured Audio

MIDI over USB

MIDI over IEEE 1394

After MIDI?

Sequencing Software

Recommended Further Reading

Websites

CHAPTER 15 Synchronization

SMPTE/EBU Timecode

Recording Timecode

Machine Synchronizers

Digital Audio Synchronization

MIDI and Synchronization

Synchronizing Audio/MIDI Computer Applications

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 16 Two-Channel Stereo

Principles of Loudspeaker Stereo

Principles of Binaural or Headphone Stereo

Loudspeaker Stereo Over Headphones and Vice Versa

Two-Channel Signal Formats

Two-Channel Microphone Techniques

Binaural Recording and ‘Dummy Head’ Techniques

Spot microphones and Two-Channel Panning Laws

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 17 Surround Sound

Three-Channel (3-0) Stereo

Four-Channel Surround (3-1 Stereo)

5.1-Channel Surround (3-2 Stereo)

Other Multichannel Configurations

Surround Sound Systems

Matrixed Surround Sound Systems

Digital Surround Sound Formats

Ambisonics

Surround Sound Monitoring

Surround Sound Recording Techniques

Multichannel Panning Techniques

Recommended Further Reading

CHAPTER 18 Sound Quality

What is Sound Quality?

Methods of Sound Quality Evaluation

Aspects of Audio System Performance Affecting Sound Quality

Recommended Further Reading

APPENDIX    Record Players

Pickup Mechanics

RIAA Equalization

Cartridge Types

Connecting Leads

Arm Considerations

Laser Pickups

Recommended Further Reading

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

GENERAL FURTHER READING

INDEX

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