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by Rose Qingyang Hu, Yi Qian, Feng Ye
Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures
Cover
Chapter 1: Background of the Smart Grid
1.1 Motivations and Objectives of the Smart Grid
1.2 Smart Grid Communications Architecture
1.3 Applications and Requirements
1.4 The Rest of the Book
Chapter 2: Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures
2.1 An ICT Framework for the Smart Grid
2.2 Entities in the ICT Framework
2.3 Communication Networks and Technologies
2.4 Data Communication Requirements
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3: Self‐Sustaining Wireless Neighborhood‐Area Network Design
3.1 Overview of the Proposed NAN
3.2 Preliminaries
3.3 Problem Formulations and Solutions in the NAN Design
3.4 Numerical Results
3.5 Case Study
3.6 Summary
Chapter 4: Reliable Energy‐Efficient Uplink Transmission Power Control Scheme in NAN
4.1 Background and Related Work
4.2 System Model
4.3 Preliminaries
4.4 Hierarchical Uplink Transmission Power Control Scheme
4.5 Analysis of the Proposed Schemes
4.6 Numerical Results
4.7 Summary
Chapter 5: Design and Analysis of a Wireless Monitoring Network for Transmission Lines in the Smart Grid
5.1 Background and Related Work
5.2 Network Model
5.3 Problem Formulation
5.4 Proposed Power Allocation Schemes
5.5 Distributed Power Allocation Schemes
5.6 Numerical Results and A Case Study
5.7 Summary
Chapter 6: A Real‐Time Information‐Based Demand‐Side Management System
6.1 Background and Related Work
6.2 System Model
6.3 Centralized DR Approaches
6.4 Game Theoretical Approaches
6.5 Precision and Truthfulness of the Proposed DR System
6.6 Numerical and Simulation Results
6.7 Summary
Chapter 7: Intelligent Charging for Electric Vehicles—Scheduling in Battery Exchanges Stations
7.1 Background and Related Work
7.2 System Model
7.3 Load Scheduling Schemes for BESs
7.4 Simulation Analysis and Results
7.5 Summary
Chapter 8: Big Data Analytics and Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid
8.1 Background and Motivation
8.2 Pricing and Energy Forecasts in Demand Response
8.3 Attack Detection
8.4 Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid
8.5 Summary
Chapter 9: A Secure Data Learning Scheme for Big Data Applications in the Smart Grid
9.1 Background and Related Work
9.2 Preliminaries
9.3 Secure Data Learning Scheme
9.4 Smart Metering Data Set Analysis—A Case Study
9.5 Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 10: Security Challenges in the Smart Grid Communication Infrastructure
10.1 General Security Challenges
10.2 Logical Security Architecture
10.3 Network Security Requirements
10.4 Classification of Attacks
10.5 Existing Security Solutions
10.6 Standardization and Regulation
10.7 Summary
Chapter 11: Security Schemes for AMI Private Networks
11.1 Preliminaries
11.2 Initial Authentication
11.3 Proposed Security Protocol in Uplink Transmissions
11.4 Proposed Security Protocol in Downlink Transmissions
11.5 Domain Secrets Update
11.6 Summary
Chapter 12: Security Schemes for Smart Grid Communications over Public Networks
12.1 Overview of the Proposed Security Schemes
12.2 Proposed ID‐Based Scheme
12.3 Single Proxy Signing Rights Delegation
12.4 Group Proxy Signing Rights Delegation
12.5 Security Analysis of the Proposed Schemes
12.6 Performance Analysis of the Proposed Schemes
12.7 Conclusion
Chapter 13: Open Issues and Possible Future Research Directions
13.1 Efficient and Secure Cloud Services and Big Data Analytics
13.2 Quality‐of‐Service Framework
13.3 Optimal Network Design
13.4 Better Involvement of Green Energy
13.5 Need for Secure Communication Network Infrastructure
13.6 Electrical Vehicles
Reference
Index
End User License Agreement
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Title Page
Table of Contents
Cover
Chapter 1: Background of the Smart Grid
1.1 Motivations and Objectives of the Smart Grid
1.2 Smart Grid Communications Architecture
1.3 Applications and Requirements
1.4 The Rest of the Book
Chapter 2: Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures
2.1 An ICT Framework for the Smart Grid
2.2 Entities in the ICT Framework
2.3 Communication Networks and Technologies
2.4 Data Communication Requirements
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3: Self‐Sustaining Wireless Neighborhood‐Area Network Design
3.1 Overview of the Proposed NAN
3.2 Preliminaries
3.3 Problem Formulations and Solutions in the NAN Design
3.4 Numerical Results
3.5 Case Study
3.6 Summary
Chapter 4: Reliable Energy‐Efficient Uplink Transmission Power Control Scheme in NAN
4.1 Background and Related Work
4.2 System Model
4.3 Preliminaries
4.4 Hierarchical Uplink Transmission Power Control Scheme
4.5 Analysis of the Proposed Schemes
4.6 Numerical Results
4.7 Summary
Chapter 5: Design and Analysis of a Wireless Monitoring Network for Transmission Lines in the Smart Grid
5.1 Background and Related Work
5.2 Network Model
5.3 Problem Formulation
5.4 Proposed Power Allocation Schemes
5.5 Distributed Power Allocation Schemes
5.6 Numerical Results and A Case Study
5.7 Summary
Chapter 6: A Real‐Time Information‐Based Demand‐Side Management System
6.1 Background and Related Work
6.2 System Model
6.3 Centralized DR Approaches
6.4 Game Theoretical Approaches
6.5 Precision and Truthfulness of the Proposed DR System
6.6 Numerical and Simulation Results
6.7 Summary
Chapter 7: Intelligent Charging for Electric Vehicles—Scheduling in Battery Exchanges Stations
7.1 Background and Related Work
7.2 System Model
7.3 Load Scheduling Schemes for BESs
7.4 Simulation Analysis and Results
7.5 Summary
Chapter 8: Big Data Analytics and Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid
8.1 Background and Motivation
8.2 Pricing and Energy Forecasts in Demand Response
8.3 Attack Detection
8.4 Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid
8.5 Summary
Chapter 9: A Secure Data Learning Scheme for Big Data Applications in the Smart Grid
9.1 Background and Related Work
9.2 Preliminaries
9.3 Secure Data Learning Scheme
9.4 Smart Metering Data Set Analysis—A Case Study
9.5 Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 10: Security Challenges in the Smart Grid Communication Infrastructure
10.1 General Security Challenges
10.2 Logical Security Architecture
10.3 Network Security Requirements
10.4 Classification of Attacks
10.5 Existing Security Solutions
10.6 Standardization and Regulation
10.7 Summary
Chapter 11: Security Schemes for AMI Private Networks
11.1 Preliminaries
11.2 Initial Authentication
11.3 Proposed Security Protocol in Uplink Transmissions
11.4 Proposed Security Protocol in Downlink Transmissions
11.5 Domain Secrets Update
11.6 Summary
Chapter 12: Security Schemes for Smart Grid Communications over Public Networks
12.1 Overview of the Proposed Security Schemes
12.2 Proposed ID‐Based Scheme
12.3 Single Proxy Signing Rights Delegation
12.4 Group Proxy Signing Rights Delegation
12.5 Security Analysis of the Proposed Schemes
12.6 Performance Analysis of the Proposed Schemes
12.7 Conclusion
Chapter 13: Open Issues and Possible Future Research Directions
13.1 Efficient and Secure Cloud Services and Big Data Analytics
13.2 Quality‐of‐Service Framework
13.3 Optimal Network Design
13.4 Better Involvement of Green Energy
13.5 Need for Secure Communication Network Infrastructure
13.6 Electrical Vehicles
Reference
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Enabling wireless technologies in HANs.
Table 2.2 Enabling wired technologies in HANs.
Table 2.3 PLC operating frequency bands.
Table 2.4 Data communication latency requirements.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Selected DoDs and their maximum cycles.
Table 3.2 The remaining parameters for the Erceg model.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Key notations and terminology.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Key sets and variables.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Key sets and variables.
Table 6.2 Residential settings for the case study.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 List of notations and variables.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Useful data in the smart grid
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 A sample set of smart metering data.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Functional Requirements.
Table 10.2 Security requirements for data transmitted over private networks.
Table 10.3 Security requirements for data transmitted over the public networks.
Table 10.4 Selected standards for the Smart Grid.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Security services.
Table 11.2 Notations of the keys.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Computational complexity.
Table 12.2 Computational time for each operation.
Table 12.3 Computational time of each algorithm.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Latency requirements in smart grid communications.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Dispatchable renewable resources.
Figure 1.2 NIST conceptual domain model for the smart grid.
Figure 1.3 High‐level illustration of the smart grid communication architecture.
Figure 1.4 Smoother power load achieved by DR.
Figure 1.5 High‐level illustration of AMI.
Figure 1.6 High‐level illustration of the monitoring system.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 An overview of the proposed ICT framework.
Figure 2.2 Examples of internal data collectors.
Figure 2.3 Cloud computing service and the power grid.
Figure 2.4 Example of power generators in the ICT framework.
Figure 2.5 High‐level illustration of the advanced metering infrastructure.
Figure 2.6 High‐level illustration of NANs.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Overview of the proposed NAN structure.
Figure 3.2 Solar panel charging rate estimate.
Figure 3.3 Modeling of maximum cycles against depth of discharge.
Figure 3.4
‐function
.
Figure 3.5 A quasiconcave function.
Figure 3.6 Illustration of rings.
Figure 3.7 Illustration of “one on each” method.
Figure 3.8 Illustration of “outsider ring first” method.
Figure 3.9 Global uplink transmission power efficiency.
Figure 3.10 Optimal number of gateways.
Figure 3.11 Global power efficiency with respect to number of gateways.
Figure 3.12 Global transmission rate with respect to number of gateways.
Figure 3.13 Global power consumption with respect to number of gateways.
Figure 3.14 Total cost of a DAP.
Figure 3.15 Battery capacity of a DAP.
Figure 3.16 Solar panel size of a DAP.
Figure 3.17 Impact on charging thresholds of a DAP.
Figure 3.18 Remaining energy at
every day.
Figure 3.19
at
every day.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Illustration of the studied NAN structure.
Figure 4.2 Illustration of utility function with/without penalty.
Figure 4.3 Illustration of
.
Figure 4.4 The estimate of
and
with respect to different
.
Figure 4.5 Reliability of NAN.
Figure 4.6 Total uplink transmission power usage comparison.
Figure 4.7 Convergence of the NE.
Figure 4.8 Convergence of the SE.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 A section between two towers with fiber‐optic connections.
Figure 5.2 Source of interference for link
Figure 5.3 Illustration of
.
Figure 5.4 Illustration of the modified utility function.
Figure 5.5 Simulation setting for transmission line.
Figure 5.6 Computational time of
and
.
Figure 5.7 Total transmission power by solving
and
.
Figure 5.8 Normalized transmission efficiency of each sensor.
Figure 5.9 SINR of each sensor.
Figure 5.10 Delay of each link.
Figure 5.11 Comparison of normalized transmission power.
Figure 5.12 Dynamic power allocation for
.
Figure 5.13 Corresponding
and
.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Demand‐side power management system.
Figure 6.2 Power sale to the customers in United States.
Figure 6.3 Existing net capacity by energy source and producer type [108].
Figure 6.4 Daily consumption of customers.
Figure 6.5 Solution to
with
.
Figure 6.6 Solution to
with
.
Figure 6.7 Load schedules by
,
and
.
Figure 6.8 Load of different types of residential customers.
Figure 6.9 Load of different types of business customers.
Figure 6.10 Load of different types of industrial customers.
Figure 6.11 Load scheduling from different distributed approaches.
Figure 6.12
illustration.
Figure 6.13 Load achieved by
for type
residential customers.
Figure 6.14 Load achieved by
for type
business customers.
Figure 6.15 Load achieved by
for type
industrial customers.
Figure 6.16 Convergence of
and mixed
.
Figure 6.17 Load schedule without storage units.
Figure 6.18 Impact of storage units on PAR.
Figure 6.19 An estimate of different power suppliers.
Figure 6.20 Corresponding total cost estimates for future years.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Demand‐side power management system with BESs.
Figure 7.2 Distribution of incoming customers.
Figure 7.3 An example of a power load without PHEVs in the power grid.
Figure 7.4 Smoothed load with BESs.
Figure 7.5 The impact of
on fully charged batteries.
Figure 7.6 Impact of port number on fully charged batteries.
Figure 7.7 Impact of
on fully charged batteries.
Figure 7.8 Impact of
on PAR.
Figure 7.9 The impact of port number on PAR.
Figure 7.10 Load schedules achieved by distributed scheme.
Figure 7.11 Estimate of battery storage by distributed scheme.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 The world's effective data capacity.
Figure 8.2 Data processing procedure.
Figure 8.3 Energy consumption and temperature.
Figure 8.4 Energy forecast.
Figure 8.5 A cloud computing architecture for the smart grid.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Traditional centralized learning process for big data applications.
Figure 9.2 Proposed security scheme based on zero‐knowledge proof.
Figure 9.3 The ICT architecture of AMI in the smart grid.
Figure 9.4 Regularization results using learning entity 1.
Figure 9.5 Regularization results using learning entity 5.
Figure 9.6 Regularization results using learning entity 6.
Figure 9.7 Convergence on the values of cost functions
.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Initial authentication process for DAP
.
Figure 11.2 Initial authentication process for a smart meter.
Figure 11.3 Detailed initial authentication process through one active neighbor.
Figure 11.4 Data aggregation process in an uplink transmission.
Figure 11.5 Multiflow data aggregation process.
Figure 11.6 Data recovery process in uplink transmission.
Figure 11.7 Data integrity check in uplink transmission.
Figure 11.8 Encryption of broadcast control message
.
Figure 11.9 Encryption of control message
for
.
Figure 11.10 Example of control message
to
.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Signing rights delegation from
to
.
Figure 12.2 Signing rights delegation from
to a group of
s.
Guide
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