-
- A
- ac motor drives, converters for, 250
- adjustable speed drives (ASD), 3, 311
- Ampere’s law, 180
- ampere-turns, 173–174
- applications of power electronics, 2–4
- utility applications, 6–8
- application-specific ICs (ASICs), 29
- area-product method, 216–219
- core area-product Ap, 218
- design procedure based on, 218–219
- core cross-sectional area Acore, 217–218
- core window area Awindow, 216–217
-
- B
- bi-directional power flow converters for, 281–283
- voltage-link structure for, 282
- bi-directional switching power-pole, 74–75, 250–254
- as building-block, 250–254
- PWM of, 251–254
- Bipolar-Junction Transistors (BJTs), 22
- bi-positional switch in buck converter, 15
- Bode plots of transfer functions with poles and zeros, 125–128
- double pole in a transfer function, 126–128
- right-hand-plane (RHP) zero in transfer function, 126, 127
- Boost converter switching analysis
- Buck converter versus, 51
- in CCM
- hardware results, 57
- simulation results, 56
- in DCM
- hardware results, 82
- simulation results, 82
- in DCM in steady state, 77–78
- in dc steady state, 51–57
- operation, 52
- voltage transfer ratio, 55
- waveforms, 52
- Boost dc-dc converter, 3
- Bootstrap driver, 29
- ‘brushless dc’ drives, 235
- Buck-Boost converter analysis, 187
- in DC steady state, 57–65
- input/output voltage ratio, 59, 61
- operation, 58
- transistor switching function, 58
- waveforms, 58
- in CCM
- hardware results, 63
- simulation results, 62
- in DCM
- hardware results, 85
- simulation results, 84
- bi-positional switch in, 15
- transistor and diode forming, 15
- in CCM
- hardware results, 51
- simulation results, 50
- in DCM
- hardware results, 79
- simulation results, 79
- switching analysis
- in DCM in steady state, 77–78
- in dc steady state, 46–51
- synchronous-rectified buck converter, 66–71
- switching node voltage ringing in, 79–80
- switching power-pole in, 14
- bus voltage magnitude, 315–316
- conduction loss, MOSFETs, 28
- continuous conduction mode (CCM), 46, 160
- average representation in, 84–85
- critical condition at the border of, 76–77
- dynamic average representation of converters, 59–74
- power stage of DC-DC converters in, linearizing, 102–105
- converters for bi-directional power flow, 281–283
- core area-product Ap, 218
- core cross-sectional area Acore, 217–218
- core window area Awindow, 216–217
- crossover frequency fc of GL(s), 99
- Ćuk converters, 64–65
- current commutation, Ls effect on, 292–294
- current controller Gi(s) of PFC, designing, 165
- current-link structure, 10
- current-link systems, 300–302, 306
- converters for, 250, 254–260
- (-Vd,ṽ0,), 254–260
- currents defined in, 258
- switching waveforms in, 257–260
- diode-rectifier bridge ‘front-ends’, 148–156
- DC-bus capacitor to achieve a low-ripple, 150–151
- DC-bus capacitor, effect of, 154–155
- full-bridge diode rectifier, 149
- single-phase diode-rectifier bridge, 148–152
- three-phase diode-rectifier bridge, 152–156
- utility input rectification using, 139–158, See also under Utility input rectification
- diodes, See also power
- diodes i-v
- characteristic, 24
- justifying as ideal, 30
- symbol, 24
- direct-link structure, 11
- discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), 46, 75–85
- average representation in, 84–85
- Boost converters in, 80–82
- Buck-Boost converter in, 83–84
- Buck converters in, 77–80
- critical condition at the border of, 76–77
- feedback controller design in, 123
- displacement power factor (DPF), 144–146
- distributed generation (DG) applications, 306–311
- energy storage systems, 311
- fuel cell systems, 310
- micro-turbines, 311
- photovoltaic (PV) systems, 309–310
- power electronic loads, 311
- wind-electric systems, 307–309
- doubly-fed, wound-rotor induction generators, 308
- induction generators, directly connected to grid, 307–308
- power electronics connected generator, 309
-
- E
- electric motor drives, 231–244, See also induction machines
- DC motors, 232–235
- equivalent circuit, 234
- permanent-magnet AC (PMAC) machines, 235
- requirements imposed by DC machines on PPU, 235
- requirements imposed by induction machines on the PPU, 243
- requirements imposed by PMAC machines on the PPU, 239
- electric vehicles (EVs), 5–6
- electric welding, 4
- electrical isolation, need for, 186
- electric-motor driven systems, 4–5
- energy and environment, 4–8, See also under sustainable electric energy
- energy storage
- due to magnetic fields, 175–176
- storage systems, 310–311
- equivalent circuits of transformers, 181–182
-
- F
- FACTS, See flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
- Faraday’s law, 176–177, 180
- fast-recovery diodes, 24
- feedback controller design in switchmode dc power supplies, 97–138
- average-current-mode control, 115
- feedback controller design in voltage-mode control, 106–113
- in DCM, 123
- linear control theory, 98–100
- linearization of transfer function blocks, 100–106
- loop transfer function GL(s), 99
- peak-current mode control, 113–122
- phase and gain margins, 99–100
- in voltage-mode control, 106–113
- feedback controller design in PFC circuits, 159–169
- feedforward of input voltage, 169
- flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), 314–317
- flexible production, power electronics in, 3–4
- flux, 173–174
- flyback converters, 186–198
- RCD Snubber, 190–198
- with snubber
- hardware results, 197
- simulation results, 196
- without snubber
- hardware results, 191
- simulation results, 189
- forward converters, 198–204
- core flux, 200
- hardware results, 203
- simulation results, 201–202
- operation, 199
- transformer for, 221
- two-switch forward converters, 203–204
- waveforms in, 201
- Fourier analysis, obtaining harmonic components by, 142–144
- ‘front-end’ of power electronic systems, 148
- fuel cell systems, 310
- Full-bridge converters, 204–209
- phase-shift modulated (PSM), 205
- pulse-width modulated (PWM), 205
- sub-circuits, 206
- Full-bridge diode rectifier, 149
- with inductive load, 150
- with resistive load, 149
-
- G
- gate driver integrated circuits (ICs) with built-in fault protection, 29–30
- Gate-Turn-Off thyristors (GTOs), 22
-
- H
- half-bridge converters, 209
- Hardware
- flyback converter with snubber, 197
- flyback converter without snubber, 191
- forward converter, 203
- full bridge converter, 210
- in CCM
- buck converter, 51
- boost converter, 57
- buck boost converter, 63
- in DCM
- buck converter, 79
- boost converter, 82
- buck boost converter, 85
- peak-current-mode control of buck-boost converter, 121
- single phase inverter, 265
- synchronous buck converter, 71
- three phase inverter
- voltage-mode control of buck converter, 112
- hard-switching in switching power-poles, 223–224
- harmonic guidelines, in utility input rectification, 146–148
- heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC), 4
- HEVs, See hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) high efficiency, need for, 8–9
- high-frequency inductors, design of, 215–221
- area-product method, 216–219
- inductor construction, 216
- pot core mounted on plug-in board, 220
- thermal considerations, 221
- transformer construction, 216
- high power density, need for, 8–9
- induction generators, 307
- induction heating, 4
- induction machines, 239–244
- slip frequency, 241
- slip speed, 241
- inductor construction, 216
- design example of, 219–221
- information technology, power electronics in, 2–3
- inner average-current-control loop of PFC, designing, 163–165
- input voltage, feedforward, in PFC circuits, 169
- inrush currents, avoiding, 156–157
- insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), 23–24
- cost of, 24
- i-v characteristics, 23
- symbol, 23
- integrated circuits (ICs), gate driver, 29–30
- integrated-gate controlled thyristors (IGCTs), 22, 304
- intelligent-power modules (IPMs), 24
- interface, power electronics
- between source and load, 2
- converters as, 305–306
- for LED, 6
- for electric welding, 4
- for induction heating, 4
- structure of, 9–11
- block diagram, 9
- current-link structure, 11
- matrix converters (direct-link structure) [13], 11
- voltage-link structure, 10–11, See also individual entry
-
- L
- leakage inductance, 177–179
- lighting, 5
- linear control theory, 98–100
- linearization of transfer function blocks, 100–106
- computer simulation in, 105–106
- power stage of DC-DC converters in CCM, 102–104
- pulse-width modulator, 100–102
- line-frequency diodes, 24
- loop transfer function GL(s), 99
- crossover frequency of, 99
- low-frequency AC, synthesis of, 260
- LTspice-based computer simulations, 46
- LTspice circuit, 105
- for Buck-Boost converter, 117
- for Buck converter, 105
-
- M
- magnetic circuit concepts, 173–182
- ampere-turns, 173–174
- energy storage due to magnetic fields, 175–176
- flux, 173–174
- inductance (L), 174–175
- leakage inductance, 177–179
- magnetizing inductance, 177–179
- mutual inductances, 179
- transformers, 179–182
- magnetic design, basics of, 215
- matrix converters, 11, 283–284
- MCTs, See MOS-controlled thyristors (MCTs)
- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), 22–23
- cost of, 24
- gate driver ICs with built-in fault protection, 29–30
- in a switching power-pole, 25
- i-v characteristics, 22
- power losses within, calculating, 28
- conduction losses, 28
- switching losses, 28–29
- symbol, 22
- transfer characteristics, 22, 27
- turn-off characteristic, 27–28
- turn-on characteristic, 26–27
- micro-turbines, 311
- MOS-controlled thyristors (MCTs), 22
- MOSFETs, See Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)
- motor-driven systems, 4–5
- multilevel inverters, 280
- mutual inductances, 179
-
- O
- Ohm’s law, 177
- outer voltage-control loop of PFC, designing, 167–168
- over-modulation, 279–280
-
- P
- peak current density Jmax, 215
- peak-current mode control, 113–122
- hardware results, 121
- simulation results, 119
- peak flux density Bmax, 215
- permanent-magnet AC (PMAC) machines, 235
- two-pole PMAC machine, 236
- phase-controlled thyristors, 289–294
- phase-shift modulated (PSM) control, 205
- phase-shift modulated (PSM) dc-dc converters, 228
- photovoltaic (PV) systems, 7, 309–310
- PMAC, See permanent-magnet AC (PMAC)
- point-of-common-coupling (PCC), 147
- pot core mounted on plug-in board, 220
- power diodes, 21–22
- fast-recovery diodes, 24
- line-frequency diodes, 24
- Schottky diodes, 24
- selection characteristics, 21
- current rating, 21
- on-state voltage, 22
- switching speeds, 21
- voltage rating, 21
- selection of, 24–25
- SiC-based Schottky diodes, 24
- power electronic loads, 311
- power factor (PF), 144–148
- power quality solutions, 312–313
- power semiconductor devices, 304
- power transistors, 21–22
- selection characteristics, 21
- on-state voltage, 22
- switching speeds, 21
- current rating, 21
- voltage rating, 21
- power-factor-correction (PFC) circuits, 159–169, See also single-phase PFCs
- control methods for, 169
- control of PFCs, 162–163
- current controller Gi(s), designing, 165
- feedforward of input voltage, 169
- inner average-current-control loop, designing, 163–165
- outer voltage-control loop, designing, 165–167
- simulation results, 168
- power-integrated modules (PIMs), 24
- power-poles, 25–30
- power losses in, 25–30
- switching characteristics in, 25–30
- primitive thyristor rectifier circuits, 288–289
- PSM, See phase-shift modulated (PSM)
- pulsed-width-modulation (PWM), 13–14, 72, 205–207
- of bi-directional switching power-pole, 250–254
- DC-DC converters regulation by, 71–72
- IC waveforms, 34
- interval (1/2-D)Ts with all transistors off, 206
- interval DTs with transistors T1, T2 in their on state, 206
- linearizing, 100–106
- of the switching power-pole, 13
- push-pull converters, 209
-
- R
- RCD Snubber, 190–198
- regulated low-voltage dc power supplies, 2
- renewable energy, 6–7
- right-hand-plane (RHP) zero in transfer function, 126, 127
- robotics, power electronics in, 3–4
- role of power electronics, 2–4
-
- S
- Schottky diodes, 24
- SCR, See short-circuit-ratio (SCR)
- self-synchronous motor drives, 237
- semiconductor devices, 304
- SEPIC Converters (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converters), 64
- series-connected devices, 315
- short-circuit current, 147
- short-circuit-ratio (SCR), 147
- shunt-connected devices, 315
- SiC-based Schottky diodes, 24
- silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), See Thyristors
- sine-PWM, 268–270
- hardware results, 271
- simulation results, 270
- Simulation
- flyback converter with snubber, 196
- flyback converter without snubber, 189
- forward converter, 201–202
- full bridge converter, 208
- in CCM
- buck converter, 50
- boost converter, 56
- buck boost converter, 62
- in DCM
- buck converter, 79
- boost converter, 82
- buck boost converter, 84
- peak-current-mode control of buck-boost converter, 119
- PFC system, 159–169
- single-phase diode-bridge rectifier, 152
- single phase inverter, 264
- synchronous buck converter, 68
- three-phase diode-bridge rectifier, 155–156
- three phase inverter
- voltage-mode control of buck converter, 111
- Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converters (SEPIC Converters), 64
- single-phase diode-rectifier bridge, 148–151
- single-phase inverters, 261–265
- hardware results, 265
- simulation results, 264
- switching-cycle averaged voltages in, 262
- switching waveforms associated with, 263
- single-phase PFCs, 159–162
- current-control loop, design, 167
- current division in output stage, 161
- operating principle, 159–162
- voltage-control loop, design, 168
- single-phase thyristors, 289–294
- current commutation, Ls effect on, 292–294
- current harmonics, 292
- full-bridge, 290
- reactive power requirement, 292
- waveforms, 290
- solid-state switches, 305
- space vector pulse-width-modulation (SV-PWM), 268, 271–279
- definition of space vectors, 272–274
- simulation and hardware prototyping, 277–279
- limit on amplitude Vs, 276–277
- square-wave waveforms, 280
- squirrel-cage rotor, 240
- SSSC, See static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
- Static Induction Transistors (SITs), 22
- static phase angle control, 316–317
- static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), 316
- super-conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), 311
- sustainable electric energy, power electronics in, 4–8
- electric-motor driven systems, 4–5
- energy conservation, 4–5
- lighting, 5
- renewable energy, 6–7
- strategic space and defense applications, 8
- transportation, 5–6
- SV-PWM, See space vector pulse-width- modulation (SV-PWM), 274
- hardware results, 279
- simulation results, 278
- switches
- justifying as ideal, 30
- switching frequency (fs), 31
- switching loss, MOSFETs, 28–29
- switching power-pole, 13–14
- in a buck DC-DC converter, 14–15
- in DC steady state, 41–45
- regulated switch-mode dc power supplies, 42
- design of/design considerations, 21–35
- capacitor selection, 32
- design tradeoffs, 33–34
- diodes selection, 31–32
- magnetic components, 32
- power diodes, 21–22
- power transistors, 21–22
- switching frequency, 31
- thermal design, 32–33
- transistors selection, 31–32
- and its duty-ratio control, 253
- hard-switching in, 223–224
- harmonics in the output of, 253
- MOSFET in, 25
- PWM of, 13
- switching-cycle-average, 13
- switch-mode conversion, 12–13
- switchmode dc power supplies, 185–210, See also forward converters; Full-bridge converters; half-bridge converters; push-pull converters
- applications of, 185
- electrical isolation, need for, 186
- feedback controllers designing in, 97–138, See also individual entry
- flyback converters, 186–189
- transformer-isolated dc-dc converters, 186
- switch-mode dc-dc converters, 41–95
- bi-directional switching power-pole, 74–75
- Boost converter switching analysis, 51–57
- Buck-Boost converter analysis, 57–65
- Buck converter switching analysis, 46–51
- Ćuk converters, 64–55
- DC-DC converters regulation by PWM, 71–72
- design, 41–95
- interleaving of converters, 71
- operating principles, 46
- SEPIC converters, 64
- simplifying assumptions, 45–46
- switching analysis, 41–95
- switching power-pole in DC steady state, 41–45
- synchronous-rectified Buck converter, 66–71
- topology selection, 65
- worst-case design, 66
- switch-mode power electronics applications, 231–245
- in motor drives, 231–245
- in power systems, 231–245
- in uninterruptible power supplies, 231–245
- utility applications of, 244–245
- synchronous Buck converter with ZVS, 226–228
- synchronous-rectified Buck converter, 66–71
-
- T
- TCSC, See thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
- THD, See total harmonic distortion
- (THD) three-phase diode-rectifier bridge, 152–154
- three-phase inverters, 266–280
- over-modulation, 279–280
- sine-PWM, 268
- hardware results, 271
- simulation results, 270
- switching waveforms with, 269
- space vector PWM (SV-PWM), 271
- hardware results, 279
- simulation results, 278
- square-wave mode of operation, 279–280
- three-phase, Full-Bridge thyristors, 294–300
- current harmonics, 297
- Ls effect, 297–298
- reactive power requirement, 297
- thyristor-based current-link HVDC transmission systems, 313–314
- thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), 316
- thyristors, 287–301, See also three-phase,
- Full-Bridge
- thyristors phase-controlled, 289–294
- primitive thyristor rectifier circuits, 288–289
- single-phase, 289–294
- total harmonic distortion (THD), 140–144, 151
- transfer characteristic, MOSFETs, 27
- transformers, 179–182
- classification of, 186
- construction, 216
- equivalent circuits of, 181–182
- for a forward converter, 221
- transient inrush currents, avoiding, 156
- transmission and distribution (T&D) applications, 313–317
- flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), 314–315
- transmission and distribution (T&D) applications (continued )
- high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission, 313
- series-connected devices, 315
- thyristor-based current-link HVDC transmission systems, 313–314
- Transportation, 5–6
- turn-off characteristic, MOSFETs, 27–28
- turn-on characteristic, MOSFETs, 26–27
- two-switch forward converters, 203–204
-
- U
- unified power flow controller (UPFC), 316–317
- uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), 7–8, 244, 312
- utility applications of power electronics, 7–8, 303–317
- categorizing power electronic systems, 305–306
- current-link systems, 306
- solid-state switches, 305
- voltage-link systems, 305–306
- distributed generation (DG) applications, 306–311, See also individual entry
- dual-feeders, 312
- dynamic voltage restorers (DVR), 313
- semiconductor devices, 304
- switch-mode power electronics, 244–245
- transmission and distribution (T&D) applications, 313–317
- uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), 312
- utility input rectification using diode rectifiers, 139–157, See also diode rectifiers
- deleterious effects of harmonic distortion, 146–147
- displacement power factor (DPF), 144–146
- distortion, 140–148
- ‘front-end’ of power electronic systems, 148
- harmonic guidelines, 146–148
- poor power factor, 146–148
- and power factor (PF), 144–146
- RMS value of distorted current, 140–144
- short-circuit current, 147
- total harmonic distortion (THD), 140–144
- Fourier analysis, obtaining harmonic components by, 142–144
- transient inrush currents at starting, means to avoid, 156–157
-
- V
- voltage-link structure, 9–15, 305–306
- on load side convertor, 9, 11
- pulse-width modulation (PWM), 13–14
- switch-mode conversion, 12–13
-
- W
- wind-electric systems, 7, 307–309
- doubly-fed, wound-rotor induction generators, 307
- induction generators, directly connected to grid, 307
- power electronics connected generator, 309
-
- Z
- zero voltage switching (ZVS), 225
- in MOSFET, 225
- synchronous buck converter with, 226–228
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