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by Archontis Politis, Symeon Delikaris-Manias, Ville Pulkki
Parametric Time-Frequency Domain Spatial Audio
List of Contributors
Preface
Notes
About the Companion Website
Part I Analysis and Synthesis of Spatial Sound
1 Time–Frequency Processing: Methods and Tools
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Time–Frequency Processing
1.3 Processing of Spatial Audio
Note
References
2 Spatial Decomposition by Spherical Array Processing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sound Field Measurement by a Spherical Array
2.3 Array Processing and Plane-Wave Decomposition
2.4 Sensitivity to Noise and Standard Regularization Methods
2.5 Optimal Noise-Robust Design
2.6 Spatial Aliasing and High Frequency Performance Limit
2.7 High Frequency Bandwidth Extension by Aliasing Cancellation
2.8 High Performance Broadband PWD Example
2.9 Summary
2.10 Acknowledgment
References
3 Sound Field Analysis Using Sparse Recovery
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Plane-Wave Decomposition Problem
3.3 Bayesian Approach to Plane-Wave Decomposition
3.4 Calculating the IRLS Noise-Power Regularization Parameter
3.5 Numerical Simulations
3.6 Experiment: Echoic Sound Scene Analysis
3.7 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Part II Reproduction of Spatial Sound
4 Overview of Time–Frequency Domain Parametric Spatial Audio Techniques
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Parametric Processing Overview
References
5 First-Order Directional Audio Coding (DirAC)
5.1 Representing Spatial Sound with First-Order B-Format Signals
5.2 Some Notes on the Evolution of the Technique
5.3 DirAC with Ideal B-Format Signals
5.4 Analysis of Directional Parameters with Real Microphone Setups
5.5 First-Order DirAC with Monophonic Audio Transmission
5.6 First-Order DirAC with Multichannel Audio Transmission
5.7 DirAC Synthesis for Headphones and for Hearing Aids
5.8 Optimizing the Time–Frequency Resolution of DirAC for Critical Signals
5.9 Example Implementation
5.10 Summary
References
6 Higher-Order Directional Audio Coding
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sound Field Model
6.3 Energetic Analysis and Estimation of Parameters
6.4 Synthesis of Target Setup Signals
6.5 Subjective Evaluation
6.6 Conclusions
Note
References
7 Multi-Channel Sound Acquisition Using a Multi-Wave Sound Field Model
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Parametric Sound Acquisition and Processing
7.3 Multi-Wave Sound Field and Signal Model
7.4 Direct and Diffuse Signal Estimation
7.5 Parameter Estimation
7.6 Application to Spatial Sound Reproduction
7.7 Summary
Notes
References
8 Adaptive Mixing of Excessively Directive and Robust Beamformers for Reproduction of Spatial Sound
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Notation and Signal Model
8.3 Overview of the Method
8.4 Loudspeaker-Based Spatial Sound Reproduction
8.5 Binaural-Based Spatial Sound Reproduction
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Source Separation and Reconstruction of Spatial Audio Using Spectrogram Factorization
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Spectrogram Factorization
9.3 Array Signal Processing and Spectrogram Factorization
9.4 Applications of Spectrogram Factorization in Spatial Audio
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Matlab Example
Note
References
Part III Signal-Dependent Spatial Filtering
10 Time–Frequency Domain Spatial Audio Enhancement
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Signal-Independent Enhancement
10.3 Signal-Dependent Enhancement
References
11 Cross-Spectrum-Based Post-Filter Utilizing Noisy and Robust Beamformers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Notation and Signal Model
11.3 Estimation of the Cross-Spectrum-Based Post-Filter
11.4 Implementation Examples
11.5 Conclusions and Further Remarks
11.6 Source Code
Note
References
12 Microphone-Array-Based Speech Enhancement Using Neural Networks
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Time–Frequency Masks for Speech Enhancement Using Supervised Learning
12.3 Artificial Neural Networks
12.4 Mask Learning: A Simulated Example
12.5 Mask Learning: A Real-World Example
12.6 Conclusions
12.7 Source Code
Notes
References
Part IV Applications
13 Upmixing and Beamforming in Professional Audio
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Stereo-to-Multichannel Upmix Processor
13.3 Digitally Enhanced Shotgun Microphone
13.4 Surround Microphone System Based on Two Microphone Elements
13.5 Summary
References
14 Spatial Sound Scene Synthesis and Manipulation for Virtual Reality and Audio Effects
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Parametric Sound Scene Synthesis for Virtual Reality
14.3 Spatial Manipulation of Sound Scenes
14.4 Summary
References
15 Parametric Spatial Audio Techniques in Teleconferencing and Remote Presence
15.1 Introduction and Motivation
15.2 Background
15.3 Immersive Audio Communication System (ImmACS)
15.4 Capture and Reproduction of Crowded Acoustic Environments
15.5 Conclusions
Notes
References
Index
EULA
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EULA
Index
a
acoustical zooming
adaptive beamformer
aliasing
ambience extraction effect
ambient gain
Ambisonics
analysis beamformer
artifact
artificial neural network
audio engine
augmentation
auralization of measured acoustics
avatar
b
B-format
B-format bus
B-format reverberator
back-propagation algorithm
Bayesian framework
BCC
see
binaural cue coding
beamformer
beamforming
Bessel function
binaural cue coding
binaural DirAC
binaural reproduction
c
center divergence
coefficient of variation method
comb-filter effect
COMEDIE
see
covariance matrix eigenvalue diffuseness estimation
complex-valued modulation
covariance matrix
covariance matrix eigenvalue diffuseness estimation
covariance-domain rendering
critical sampling
critical signals
cross-pattern coherence
cross-spectrum
d
decorrelation
deep neural network
delay in audio chain
delay-and-sum
delay-and-sum beamforming
DFT
see
discrete Fourier transform
diffuse stream
diffuse-field equalized HRTFs
diffuseness
DirAC
see
directional audio coding
DirAC-monosynth
direct gain
direction of arrival
directional audio coding
directional transformation
discrete Fourier transform
DOA
see
direction of arrival
DoA
see
direction of arrival
downsampling
e
enhancement
f
fast Fourier transform
feature extraction
FFT
see
fast Fourier transform
filter bank
Frobenius norm
g
Gaussian distribution
generalized sidelobe canceler
h
Hankel function
HARPEX
head tracking
hearing aids
higher-order Ambisonics
higher-order DirAC
HO-DirAC
see
higher-order DirAC
HOA
see
higher-order Ambisonics
i
ICLD
see
inter-channel level difference
ideal binary mask
informed spatial filter
intensity
inter-channel level difference
l
least-norm solution
loudspeaker-signal bus
m
microphone self-noise
mono-DirAC
mono-DirAC stream
MPEG Surround
multi-channel filter
multi-wave sound field model
multiple signal classification
multiresolution STFT
MUSIC
see
multiple signal classification
n
neural network
NMF
see
non-negative matrix factorization
noise
non-diffuse stream
non-negative matrix factorization
non-negative tensor factorization
NTF
see
non-negative tensor factorization
o
overfitting
oversampling
p
parametric multi-wave multi-channel Wiener filter
parametric stereo
perfect reconstruction
plane-wave decomposition
post-filter
power spectral density
principal component analysis
prototype filter
PSD
see
power spectral density
PWD
see
plane-wave decomposition
q
QMF
see
quadrature mirror filter
quadrature mirror filter
r
radial function
real-valued modulation
regularization
remote presence
reverberator
room impulse responses
s
SAC
see
spatial audio coding
SASC
see
spatial audio scene coding
SDM
see
spatial decomposition method
SH
see
spherical harmonics
SHD
see
spherical harmonic domain
short-time Fourier transform
shotgun microphone
signal enhancement
single-channel quality
singular value decomposition
SIRR
see
spatial impulse response rendering
smoothing
sound energy
sound intensity
sound particle velocity
sound pressure
sound stage width
source separation
spaced-array recording
sparse solution
spatial aliasing
spatial analysis
spatial audio coding
spatial audio effects
spatial audio scene coding
spatial decomposition method
spatial filtering
spatial impulse response
spatial impulse response rendering
spatial manipulation effect
spatial modulation
spatial modulation effect
spatialization
spectral floor
spectrogram factorization
spectrogram model
spherical array
spherical harmonic domain
spherical harmonics
STFT
see
short-time Fourier transform
supervised learning
surround microphone
sweet-spot translation
synthesis beamformer
t
target covariance matrix
teleconferencing
Tikhonov regularization
time domain
time–frequency domain
time–frequency mask
u
underfitting
undersampling
uniform filter bank
upmixing
v
VBAP
see
vector base amplitude panning
vector base amplitude panning
virtual microphone DirAC
virtual reality
virtual reality audio engine
VM-DirAC
see
virtual microphone DirAC
w
wave field synthesis
WFS
see
wave field synthesis
z
Zelinski post-filter
zooming
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