Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures.
A
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
257,
260
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)
123,
142
Allison, William B.
40,
47
physical science basic research, federal support of
237
America First Committee
104
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
23
Congressional Science and Engineering Fellowship program
216–217
Inter-Society Committee on Science Foundation Legislation, meeting of
112
American Association of Scientific Workers
104–105
American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)
69
American Automobile Association (AAA)
68
American Chemical Society (ACS)
285–286
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
208
American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009
257
American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI)
231–233
American Enterprise Institute
194
American highway system
67,
133
American Association of State Highway Officials
69
Eisenhower’s interest in
133
Office of Road Inquiry
68
technological advances
68
American Medical Association
45
American Philosophical Society
19,
23
American Public Health Association
45
Global Innovation Index 2018 Report
278
peer review of scientific manuscripts
281
2018 PricewaterhouseCoopers report
278
research findings, challenges
281
technological revolution
265
American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T)
71–72,
75–77
“America’s Sewage System and the Price of Optimism”
144–145
Argonne National Laboratory
127,
248
Army Corps of Engineers
87–88
Association for Molecular Pathology
208
Association of American Universities
236
Association of Public and Land Grant Universities
236
Atomic Energy Act of 1946
121
Argonne National Laboratory
127
Brookhaven National Laboratory
127–128
Los Alamos National Laboratory
125–126
Oak Ridge uranium project
126
Truman’s message to Congress
118–120
B
Bailhache, Preston Heath
58
Barbé-Marbois, Marquis de
19
Bell, Alexander Graham
76
C programming language
266
high-quality research
271
laser and information theory, development of
266
modern science and technology
267
pure basic research, technology role in
270
radio astronomy, development of
266
scientific discovery and innovation, powerhouse of
271
transistor and CCD, invention of
266
Bipartisan Policy Center
194
Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative
213–214
intervention in American nuclear affairs
87
peace treaty between France and
18
and Anderson, Joint Statement on Scientific Research
184–186
bilateral science agreements
173
Mansfield’s macroeconomic findings
180–181
member of Reagan’s White House Science Council
171
presidential access and visibility
171–172
president of American Association for the Advancement of Science
171
Brownell, Herbert Jr.
130
“Bull Moose” Progressive Party
64
Bureau of Public Roads
68
American Competitiveness Initiative
231–233
American science and technology
85
defense of pure science
84
Manhattan Project, distance from
89
member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
85
new national science agency
111
OSRD Committee on Medical Research
123–124
Roosevelt’s request letter to
89–91
C
Cabinet-level Department of Science and Technology
220
Campbell, William Wallace
79
Carbon dioxide (CO
2) emissions
258–259
Carnegie Institution of Washington
83
Department of Energy Organization Act (1977)
160–176
President’s Committee, abolition of
159–160
Center for American Progress
194
Chandler, William E.
41–42
Charge coupled device (CCD)
266
interdisciplinary research in biomedicine
272
laser cooling, Nobel prize for
271,
273
Washington confirmation hearing
272
American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009
257
2007 Energy Independence and Security Act
260
Mission Innovation initiative
263–264
and Blair, joint statement on HGP
203–207
Gore’s role in administration
181–182
National Nanotechnology Initiative
209–211
Clinton, Hillary Rodham
283
Cochrane, Raymond Canning
38–39
Coffin, William Sloane
27
central research and development laboratories
179–180
scientific research, golden age for
179
Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO)
5
Columbian Exposition (1893)
49–50
Commission to Review the Effectiveness of the National Energy Laboratories (CRENEL)
251–252
Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st century an Agenda for American Science and Technology
223–224
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP)
222–223
Committee on Uranium
86–87
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
246
Clean Air Act Extension of 1970
143
“Continuing Resolutions”
195
“Corps of Artillerist and Engineers”
36
Depot of Charts and Instruments
34
Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
146
National Board of Health
45–46
National Bureau of Standards
49
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
133
Office of Technology Assessment
148–149
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
191–192,
194
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
150–151
Congressional Research Service (CRS)
150–151
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018
191
Cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA)
250
Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program
244
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
146–147,
260
Corporate laboratory governance model
251
Corps of Discovery Expedition
19
Council of National Defense
65
Council on Competitiveness
219,
236
Council on Innovation and Competitiveness
237
Credit Default Swaps (CDS)
5
Curry, William E. Jr.
183
D
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
213,
229–230
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
275
Defense research agency
230
Department of Energy (DOE)
161
genome project, funding for
196
nuclear weapons laboratories
246–248
Department of Energy Organization Act (1977)
160–176
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
161–162
Department of Science
190,
219
“Directed” basic research
8
Disruptive technologies
265
E
Eastern coal mining industry
284
Economic, cultural, and social status (ESCS)
280
Economic Regulatory Administration (ERA)
161
American missile development
132
on Cuyahoga River issue
144
National Defense Education Act
132–133
science and technology policy
133–135
Energy and Natural Resources Committee
189,
272
Energy Independence and Security Act (2007)
260
Energy Information Administration (EIA)
161
Energy Innovation Hubs
272
Energy Policy and Conservation Act
146
Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
146
Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)
145–146,
161
Energy Subcommittee of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee
222
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
143,
147,
189
F
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (FCCSET)
172
establishment and functions
158–161
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
161
Federal Research Investment Act (Frist-Rockefeller)
188–190
Federal Road Act of 1916
69–70
Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986
250
National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976
153–154
Nixon and Watergate scandal
160
G
General Telephone and Electronics
71–72
The Gilded Age (Twain & Warner)
30
Global Innovation Index 2018 Report
278
Global positioning system (GPS)
1,
229
Government owned, but contractor operated (GOCO)
248
Government Patent Policy Act of 1980
196–197
Great Society programs
240
H
Harding, Warren G.
71,
77
Harrison, William Henry
21–23
Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph
34–35,
48
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
52
HealthCare Investment Corporation
199
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP)
187,
189
Helium Act Amendments of 1960
274
Helium Privatization Act of 1996
274–275
Helium Stewardship Act of 2013
275
Helium Act Amendments of 1960
274
Helium Privatization Act of 1996
274–275
Helium Stewardship Act of 2013
275
High-frequency trading (HFT)
276
Homestead Act (1862)
30–31
dream of National Research Fund
75
industry’s research priorities
72
science and technology promotion
71–74
House and Senate Budget Committees
193
House Science Committee
190
House Science, Space, and Technology Committee
189
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
136
Hubbard, Gardner Greene
76
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Clinton and Blair, joint statement
203–207
Myriad Genetics, ACLU suit against
208
Singleton’s DNA sequencing
196
peer review, proposal rejection subject to
199
Wellcome Trust of London
197
Human Genome Sciences (HGS)
199–200
Hungerford, Henry James
20
Hunsaker, Jerome Clarke
122
I
The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation 266
Industrial research
97–98
Information Technology and Information Foundation
236
“Innovation Agenda: A Commitment to Competitiveness To Keep America #1”
233
Innovation Summit, Commerce Department
221–222
Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR)
199–200
Intellectual property
220
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
132,
245
Interdepartmental Committee for Scientific Research
115
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
255–257
International science projects
234
Inter-Society Committee on Science Foundation Legislation
112
uranium enrichment and plutonium facilities
252–253
J
“Corps of Engineers” bill
36
Lewis and Clark Expedition
19–20
negotiations with France
18–19
territory of Louisiana
18
Joint Committee for Biomedical Research
183
K
on Cuyahoga River issue
144
National Academy of Sciences policy
139–142
Office of Science and Technology
139–142
as chairman of Military Affairs Subcommittee on War Mobilization
104
entree to Truman’s inner circle
104
Office of Scientific and Technical Mobilization
105
Office of Technological Mobilization
104–105
Science Mobilization Act
105
Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, appointment to
104
Technology Mobilization Act of 1942
105
won election to United States Senate
104
L
Land Grant College Act of 1862
27
Land Grant Colleges
30,
50
Langley, Samuel Pierpont
55
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
272
Lawrence, Ernest O.
86,
126
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
246–248
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
113
Lewis and Clark Expedition
19–21,
23
M
“Manhattan Engineering District”
88
Manufacturing technology
220
2017 March for Science
117
Marine Health Service
46,
59
Marine Hospital Service
57–58
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
27–28
Masters of Science degree programs
234
Mathematics education
226
Medical diagnostic tools
229
Military Affairs Subcommittee on War Mobilization
104
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
28
Mortgage backed securities (MBS)
5
Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs)
245
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
167–168
N
Nasdaq Composite Index
206
National Academies of Science (NAS)
25–26,
29,
37,
40,
45–46,
57,
62–63,
66,
74–75,
78,
87,
148,
150–151,
194,
221–223
National Academy of Engineering (NAE)
41,
221–222
National Aeronautics and Space Act
132
National Association of State Universities
236
National Cancer Advisory Board
147
National Cancer Advisory Council
82
National Cancer Institute
82
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000
249
National Defense Education Act
132–133
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC)
84–86
National Energy Policy Plan
161
National Energy Technology Laboratory
128
National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases
125
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)
211–212
National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness
125
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
49,
220–221
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
57,
59,
61–62,
82,
111,
124–125,
169,
183,
189,
195–197,
242
National Institution for the Promotion of Science
23
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
133
National laboratory system
Argonne National Laboratory
127
Brookhaven National Laboratory
127–128
National Medals of Science and Technology
204
National Nanotechnology Initiative
209–211
National Nuclear Security Administration
249
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
189
National Research Foundation
functions, powers, and duties
102
National Research Fund
77
National Research Investment Act (Gramm-Lieberman)
186–187
National Resources Board
80
National Resources Planning Board
82–83
National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976
153–154
National Science Foundation (NSF)
4,
112–113,
116,
118,
121–122,
124,
146–148,
189,
203,
220–221,
242
as independent federal agency
106–107
National Summit on Competitiveness
227
Naval Consulting Board
62–63
Navy’s Hydrographic Office
40
Negro Land Grant Colleges
28
Newlands Reclamation Act
54
New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START)
243–246
environmental policy legacy
147
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
143
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
283
1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
245
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
246
Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
244–245
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
145–146
Nuclear weapons laboratories
246–248
O
Oak Ridge uranium project
126
Advanced Manufacturing Initiative
283–284
Office of Biological and Environmental Research
196
Office of Road Inquiry
68
Office of Scientific and Technical Mobilization
105
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
85,
87,
123–124
Office of Technological Mobilization
104–105
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA)
148–151,
168
Omnibus Medical Research Act
125
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
173,
197,
280
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
160–161
P
Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation 267–269,
269f
Peace Treaty of Paris (1763)
18
PerSeptive Biosystems
198
Pharmaceutical industry
180
Policymaking sector
10–11
attack on Agassiz’s philosophy
42
President’s Commission on Industrial Competitiveness report
219
President’s Committee on Science and Technology
federal science, engineering, and technology survey
158
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) analysis
279–280
Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)
280
Public Health and Marine Hospital Service
60
R
Ransdell Act (1930)
61–62
address on scientific research
165–167
genome project, funding for
196
March 23, 1983 address to nation
167–168
prescriptions for science and technology
165
“Star Wars” initiative
151
Renaissance Technologies
277
“Research – A National Resource” report
80
Research and development (R&D)
3,
8–9,
221
defense and space programs
220
private R&D incentives
220
Rice University symposium
206
Rising Above the Gathering Storm (
RAGS) report
226–227,
230
Rockefeller, Nelson A.
153
Rogers, William Barton
27–29
Advisory Committee on Uranium
86
National Defense Research Committee
84
Office of Scientific Research and Development
85
request letter to Bush
89–91
Science Advisory Board
80
Royal Society of London
26
S
Science Advisory Committee (SAC)
115,
131,
133
Science and Technology Summit
237
Science Mobilization Act
105
Science Philanthropy Alliance (SPA)
277
freedom of inquiry, preservation of
94
government’s role in science and technology, p0320
93–94
problem of scientific reconversion
99–100
renewal of scientific talent
98–99
science and public welfare
full employment, achievement of
96
industrial research
97–98
relation to national security
95–96
research within the government
97
scientific information, international exchange of
98
special need for federal support
98
Scientific information
98
Scientific Lazzaroni
26–27
Shotgun genomic approach
201
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
57
Smithsonian’s Bureau of Ethnology
55–56
Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
244–245
Spanish American War (1898)
52,
59
Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program
104
Stanford Positron Electron Accelerating Ring (SPEAR)
214–215
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL)
214–215
“Star Wars” initiative
151
State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956
191
Strategic Petroleum Reserve
146
Stratton, Samuel Wesley
49
Sulfur dioxide (SO
2) emissions
259
Supersonic transport (SST)
147
Survey of the Coast
34–35
Symmes, John Cleves
21–22
Synchrotron radiation
214
T
Tallyrand, Charles Maurice de
19
Technological revolution
265
benefits, on individuals lives
2
Technology Mobilization Act of 1942
105
Territory of Louisiana
18–19
labor strikes, handling of
112
Omnibus Medical Research Act
125
“21-Point Program for the Reconversion Period”
108–109
Science Advisory Committee, creation of
115
unequivocal in rejection of 1947 bill
113
U
Undergraduate scholarships
99
“Undirected” basic research
8
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
261
United States Constitution
16–17
Article I, Section 2
54–55
Article II, Section 1
17–18
United States Exploring Expedition
21
United States Military Academy
36
University-industry partnerships
234
University of California
248
University of Chicago
248
Unlocking Our Future: Toward a New National Science Policy 234
U.S. Geological Survey
39,
44
U.S. National Academy of Sciences
64
V
childhood and schooling
198
in Da Nang hospital and infectious disease clinic
198
peer review, proposal rejection subject to
199
in San Mateo Community College
198–199
at State University of New York at Buffalo
198–199
University of California at San Diego
198–199
W
Warner, Charles Dudley
30
Washington, George
17,
36
Wellcome Trust of London
197
Western Electric Research Laboratory
76–77
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
194
White House Science Council
159–160
Willis-Graham Act (1921)
270
Wolcott, Charles Doolittle
55–57
Y
Yosemite National Park
53
Z