NOTES
Introduction
1. Stewart, Thomas A. and Jane Furth. (1994, April 4). “The Information Age in Charts.” Fortune, 129:7, pp. 75–80.
2. Ibid.
3. Toffler, Alvin. 1980. The Third Wave. New York: William Morrow, p. 20.
4. _____. 1970. Future Shock. New York: Random House, p. 13.
5. Ibid., pp. 20–34.
6. _____. 1972. The Futurists. New York: Random House.
7. Davis, James and Adelaide Davis. 1998. Effective Training Strategies: A Comprehensive Guide to Maximizing Learning in Organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Chapter 1. Taking Charge
1. Weingartner, Rudolph. 1992. Undergraduate Education: Goals and Means. Phoenix: The Oryx Press and The American Council on Education.
Chapter 2. Knowing Yourself as a Learner
1. Levinson, Daniel F. 1996. The Seasons of a Woman’s Life. New York: Ballantine Books.
2. Havinghurst, Robert. 1972. Developmental Tasks and Education. New York: Longman.
3. Sheehy, Gail. 1995. New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time. New York: Random House.
4. Sternberg, Robert. 1985. Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Gardner, Howard. 1983. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
6. Woldkowski, Raymond. 1993. Enhancing Adult Motivation to Learn. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7. Bandura, A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Chapter 3. Redefining Learning
1. Argyris, Chris. 1991. Harvard Business Review. Reprint 91301, pp. 1–15.
2. Shenk, David. 1997. Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut. San Francisco: HarperEdge.
3. Barrett, Neil. 1997. The State of Cybernation. London: Kogan Page Limited, pp. 34–58.
4. Freire, Paulo. 1987. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, p. 58.
5. Weingartner, Rudolph. 1992. Undergraduate Education: Goals and Means. Phoenix: The Oryx Press and The American Council on Education, pp. 104–5.
6. Postman, Neil and Charles Weingartner. 1969. Teaching as a Subversive Activity. New York: Delacourte Press, p. 21.
Part Two: Introduction to the Seven Ways of Learning
1. Morrow, Alfred. 1969. The Practical Theorist: The Life and Work of Kurt Lewin. New York: Basic Books.
2. Davis, James and Adelaide Davis. 1998. Effective Training Strategies: A Comprehensive Guide to Maximizing Learning in Organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, pp. 91–92.
Chapter 4. Learning New Skills
1. Skinner, B.F. 1953. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press.
2. _____. 1974. About Behaviorism. New York: Knopf.
3. Keller, Fred S. 1969. Learning: Reinforcement Theory, 2nd ed. New York: Random House.
4. Mager, Robert E. 1962. Preparing Instructional Objectives. Palo Alto, CA: Fearon.
5. Davis, Robert, Lawrence T. Alexander and Stephen L. Yelon. 1974. Learning System Design. New York: McGraw-Hill.
6. Bandura, Albert. 1969. Principles of Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
7. Skinner, B.F. 1961. “Why We Need Teaching Machines” Harvard Educational Review, 31, pp. 377–98.
8. Graham, Neill. 1986. The Mind Tool: Computers and Their Impact on Society. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
9. McCann, P. 1981. “Learning Strategies and Computer-Based Instruction.” Computers and Education, 5:3, pp. 133–40.
10. Keller, Fred. 1968. “Good-bye Teacher.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 1, pp. 79–88.
Chapter 5. Learning From Presentations
1. Gardner, Howard. 1985. The Mind’s New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution. New York: Basic Books.
2. Neisser, Ulrich. 1967. Cognitive Psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
3. Atkinson, R.C. and R.M. Shiffran. 1968. “Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes” in K.W. Spence and T.W. Spence (eds.). The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.
4. Cherry, C. 1957. On Human Communication. New York: Wiley.
5. Broadbent, D.E. 1958. Perception and Communication. London: Pergammon Press.
6. Lindsey, P. and D. Norman. 1972. Human Information Processing: An Introduction to Psychology. New York: Academic Press.
7. Triesman, A.M. 1960. “Contextual Cues in Encoding Listening.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, pp. 242–8.
8. Shiffran, R.M. and N. Schneider. 1977. “Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing II. Perceptual Learning, Automatic Attending, and a General Theory.” Psychological Review, 84, pp. 127–190.
9. Sanford, Anthony J. 1985. Cognition and Cognitive Psychology. New York: Basic Books.
10. Zimbardo, Phillip. 1985. Psychology and Life. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
11. Sanford, Anthony J. 1985. Cognition and Cognitive Psychology. New York: Basic Books.
12. Loftus, Elizabeth. 1980. Memory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
13. Sanford, Anthony J. 1985. Cognition and Cognitive Psychology. New York: Basic Books.
14. Shepherd, R.N. 1967. “Recognition Memory for Words, Sentences, and Pictures.” Journal of Verbal Learning, 6, pp. 156–63.
15. Lorayne, H. and J. Lucas, 1974. The Memory Book. New York: Stein & Day.
16. Loftus, Elizabeth. 1980. Memory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
17. Pompi, K.F. and R. Lachman. 1967. “Surrogate Processes in the Short-Term Retention of Connected Discourse.” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75, pp. 143–50.
Chapter 6. Learning to Think
1. Paul, Richard. 1995. Critical Thinking. Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking, p. 113.
2. Glaser, Edward. 1941. An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking. New York: AMS Press.
3. Guilford, J.P. 1986. Creative Talents. Buffalo, NY: Bearly Limited.
4. Torrence, E. Paul. 1995. Why Fly? Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
5. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Ennis, Robert. 1987. “A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities” in Joan Baron and Robert Sternberg (eds.) Teaching Thinking Skills. New York: Wilt Freeman.
7. Beyer, Barry. 1985. Practical Strategies for the Teaching of Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum, p. 19.
8. Kurfiss, Joanne. 1988. Critical Thinking. Washington, D.C.: Association for the Study of Higher Education, p. 2.
9. Beyer, Barry. 1985. Practical Strategies for the Teaching of Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum, p. 33.
10. Paul, Richard. 1987. “Dialogical Thinking: Critical Thought Essential to the Acquisition of Rational Knowledge and Passions” in Joan Baron and Robert Sternberg (eds.) p. 128. Teaching Thinking Skills. New York: Wilt Freeman.
11. Nickerson, Raymond, David Perkins and Edward Smith. 1985. The Teaching of Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Ibid., 44.
13. Beyer, Barry. 1985. Practical Strategies for the Teaching of Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum, pp. 20, 25.
14. Nickerson, Raymond. 1986. Reflections on Reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 35.
15. Ibid., p. 20.
16. Schwarze, Sharon and Harvey Lape. 1997. Thinking Socratically. Upper Sadle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. 49–50.
17. Nickerson, Raymond. 1986. Reflections on Reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 68.
18. Browne, M. Neil and Stuart Keeley. 1994. Asking the Right Questions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 16.
19. Nickerson, Raymond. 1986. Reflections on Reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 36.
20. Ibid., 36.
21. Corbett, Edward. 1991. The Elements of Reasoning. New York: Macmillan, pp. 11–46.
22. Ibid., pp. 42–45.
23. Ibid., pp. 21–23.
24. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 27.
25. Corbett, Edward. 1991. The Elements of Reasoning. New York: Macmillan.
26. Browne, M. Neil and Stuart Keeley. 1994. Asking the Right Questions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
27. Nickerson, Raymond. 1986. Reflections on Reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Weisberg, Robert. 1993. Beyond the Myth of Genius. New York: Frieman.
29. Guilford, J.P. 1986. Creative Talents. Buffalo, NY: Bearly Limited, pp. 41–50.
30. Baer, John. 1993. Creativity and Divergent Thinking: A Task-Specific Approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 1996. Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 79–80.
32. Ibid.
33. Paul, Richard. 1987. “Dialogical Thinking: Critical Thought Essential to the Acquisition of Rational Knowledge and Passions” in Joan Baron and Robert Sternberg (eds.) Teaching Thinking Skills. New York: Wilt Freeman, p. 292.
34. Ibid., p. 258.
35. Ibid., pp. 259–262.
36. Ibid., p. 138.
37. Ibid., p. 297.
38. Dillon, J.T. 1990. The Practice of Questioning. London: Routledge.
Chapter 7. Learning to Solve Problems and Make Decisions
1. Fixx, J.F. 1978. Solve It. New York: Doubleday.
2. Bransford, John and Barry Stein. 1993. The Ideal Problem Solver: A Guide for Improving Thinking, Learning, and Creativity. New York: Freeman, pp. 8–9.
3. Ward, Thomas, Ronald Finke, and Steven Smith. 1995. Creativity and the Mind: Discovering the Genius Within. New York: Plenum Press, p. 53.
4. Glucksberg, Sam. 1988. “Language and Thought” in Robert Sternberg and Edward Smith (eds.), The Psychology of Human Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, based on work by S.M. Kosslyn. 1983. Ghosts in the Mind’s Machine. New York: Norton.
5. Dworetzky, John. 1985. Psychology, 2nd ed. New York: West Publishing, pp. 237–38.
6. Dellarosa, Denise. 1988. “A History of Thinking” in Robert Sternberg and Edward Smith (eds.), The Psychology of Human Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Newell, Allan and Herbert A. Simon. 1972. Human Problem-Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Baron, Jonathan. 1994. Thinking and Deciding. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 315.
9. Newell, Allan and Herbert A. Simon. 1972. Human Problem-Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 53–63, 787–91.
10. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 189.
11. Baron, Jonathan. 1994. Thinking and Deciding. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 68.
12. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 182–4.
13. Ibid., pp. 184–5.
14. Ibid., pp. 192–3.
15. Wickelgren, Wayne. 1974. How to Solve Problems: Elements of a Theory of Problems and Problem Solving. San Francisco: Freeman, pp. 46–47.
16. Ibid., p. 26.
17. Ibid., pp. 109–10.
18. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 167–74.
19. Holyoak, Keith J. and Richard Nesbitt. 1988. “Induction” in Robert Sternberg and Edward Smith (eds.), The Psychology of Human Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 82–3.
20. Sanford, Anthony J. 1985. Cognition and Cognitive Psychology. New York: Basic Books, p. 46.
21. Glucksberg, Sam. 1988. “Language and Thought” in Robert Sternberg and Edward Smith (eds.), The Psychology of Human Thought (p. 225). New York: Cambridge University Press, based on work by S.M. Kosslyn. 1983. Ghosts in the Mind’s Machine. New York: Norton.
22. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 1–5.
23. Ibid., pp. 221–22.
24. Ibid., p. 222ff.
25. Baron, Jonathan. 1994. Thinking and Deciding. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 246–49.
26. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 123.
27. Baron, Jonathan. 1994. Thinking and Deciding. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229–30.
28. Halpern, Diane. 1984. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 23ff.
29. Pigors, Paul and Faith Pigors, 1987. “Case Method” in Robert L. Craig (ed.), Training and Development Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource Development, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 415.
30. Leenders, Michiel and James Erskine. 1973. Case Research: The Case Writing Process. London, Ontario, Canada: The University of Western Ontario, p. 110.
31. Pigors, Paul and Faith Pigors, 1987. “Case Method” in Robert L. Craig (ed.), Training and Development Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource Development, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 415–19.
32. Barnes, Louis B., C. Roland Christiansen and Abby J. Hansen. 1994. Teaching and the Case Method. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, p. 46.
Chapter 8. Learning in Groups
1. Hare, A. Paul. 1976. “The History and Present State of Small Group Research” in Handbook of Small Group Research, 2nd ed. New York: Free Press.
2. Lorge, Irvin. 1958. “A Survey of the Studies Contrasting the Quality of Group Performance and Individual Performance.” Psychological Bulletin, 55:332, p. 72.
3. Berelson, Bernard and Gary Steiner. 1964. Human Behavior: An Inventory of Scientific Findings. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
4. Larson, Carl and Frank LaFasto. 1989. Teamwork: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong. London: Sage Publications.
5. Goldberg, Alvin, and Carl Larson. 1975. Group Communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6. Barker, Larry L., Kathy J. Wahlers, Kittie W. Watson, and Robert J. Kibler. 1987. Groups in Process: An Introduction to Small Group Communication, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
7. Benne, Kenneth D. and Paul Sheets. 1948. “Functional Roles of Group Members.” Journal of Social Issues. (Spring): pp. 41–49.
8. Tuckman, Bruce W. 1965. “Developmental Sequence in Small Groups.” Psychological Bulletin, 63, pp. 384–99.
9. Fisher, B. Aubrey. 1980. Small Group Decision Making. New York: McGraw-Hill.
10. Kelly, Charles M. 1970. “Empathic Listening.” Robert S. Cathcart and Larry A. Samovar. Small Group Communication: A Reader. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
11. Baird, John E., Jr., and Sanford Weinberg. 1970. “Elements of Group Communication.” Robert S. Cathcart and Larry H. Samovar. Small Group Communication: A Reader. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
12. Bradford, Leland, Dorothy Stock, and Murray Horowitz. 1970. “How to Diagnose Group Problems.” Robert Golembiewski and Arthur Blumberg, (eds.), Sensitivity Training and the Laboratory Approach. Itasca, IL: Peacock Publishers.
13. Fisher, B. Aubrey. 1980. Small Group Decision Making: Communications and the Group Process. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 54.
14. Janis, Irvin. 1972. Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign Policy Decisions and Fiascos. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
15. Pavitt, Charles, and Ellen Curtis. 1990. Small Group Discussion. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.
16. Rogers, Carl. 1970. Carl Rogers on Encounter Groups. New York: Harper and Row.
17. Yalom, Irvin D. 1985. The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, 3rd ed. New York: Basic Books.
18. Larson, Carl and Frank LaFasto. 1989. Teamwork: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong. London: Sage Publications.
19. Ibid., pp. 39–58.
Chapter 9. Improving Performance
1. Moore, Omar and Alan Anderson 1975. “Some Principles for the Design of Clarifying Educational Environments” in Cathy Greenblatt and Richard Duke (eds.), Gaming-Simulation: Rationale, Design, and Applications (pp. 49–50). New York: Wiley.
2. Marineau, Rene. 1989. Jacob Levy Moreno, 1889–1974: Father of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock/Routledge, pp. 25–49.
3. Jones, Ken. 1987. Simulations: A Handbook for Teachers and Trainers. London: Kogan Page.
4. Persell, Caroline. 1989. Understanding Society: An Introduction to Sociology. New York: Harper and Row, p. 58.
5. Shaw, M.E., R.J. Corsinni, R.R. Blake, and S.J. Mouton. 1979. “Role Playing” in J.E. Jones and S.W. Pfeiffer (eds.) The 1979 Annual Handbook for Group Facilitators. San Diego: University Associates.
6. Cooke, Phyliss. 1987. “Role Playing” in Robert L. Craig (ed.) pp. 430–31. Training and Development Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource Development, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
7. Maier, Norman, Allen Solem, and Ayesha Maier. 1975. The Role-Play Technique. La Jolla: CA: University Associates, p. 12.
8. Sternberg, Patricia and Antonina Garcia. 1989. Sociodrama: Who’s in Your Shoes? New York: Praeger.
9. Ibid.
10. Marineau, Rene. 1989. Jacob Levy Moreno, 1889–1974: Father of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock/Routledge.
11. Sternberg, Patricia and Antonina Garcia. 1989. Sociodrama: Who’s in Your Shoes? New York: Praeger.
12. Ibid., pp. 55–69.
13. Barton, Richard. 1970. A Primer on Simulation and Gaming. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
14. Dukes, Richard, and Constance Seidner. 1978. Learning with Simulations and Games. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
15. Abt, Clark. 1970. Serious Games. Worthington, OH: University Press of America.
16. Davis, James and Adelaide Davis. 1998. Effective Training Strategies: A Comprehensive Guide to Maximizing Learning in Organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
17. Jones, Ken. 1987. Simulations: A Handbook for Teachers and Trainers. London: Kogan Page.
Chapter 10. Learning From Experience
1. Flake, Carol (ed.). 1993. Holistic Education: Principles, Perspectives, and Practices. Brandon, VT: Holistic Education Press.
2. Gang, Phil. 1993. “Experiential Education” in Carol Flake (ed.), Holistic Education: Principles, Perspectives, and Practices. Brandon, VT: Holistic Education Press.
3. Hendley, Brian and Russell Dewey. 1986. Whitehead: Philosophers as Educators. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University.
4. Kolb, David. 1984. Experiential Learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. 22–23.
5. Schön, Donald. 1983. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York: Basic Books.
6. MacLean, Paul D. 1973. A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
7. Sagan, Carl. 1977. The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence. New York: Ballantine Books.
8. Ibid., pp. 53, 57.
9. Ibid., p. 35.
10. Jerison, Harry. 1977. “Evolution of the Brain” in M.C. Wittrock (ed.), The Human Brain (p. 42ff). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
11. Fishbach, Gerald. 1994. “Mind and Brain.” A Scientific American Special Report. New York: Freeman.
12. Sylwester, Robert. 1995. A Celebration of Neurons: An Educator’s Guide to the Human Brain. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
13. Hart, Leslie. 1983. Human Brain and Human Learning. New York: Longman.
14. Smith, Frank. 1990. To Think. New York: Teachers College Press.
15. Ibid., p. 12.
16. Hart, Leslie. 1983. Human Brain and Human Learning. New York: Longman, p. 109.
17. Smith, Frank. 1990. To Think. New York: Teachers College Press, p. 126.
18. Brooks, Jacqueline Grennon and Martin G. Brooks. 1993. In Search of Understanding: The Case for Constructivist Classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
19. Fosnot, Catherine Twomey. 1996. “Constructivism: A Psychological Theory of Learning” in Fosnot (ed.). Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice. New York: Teachers College Press, pp. 13–14.
20. Egan, Gerard. 1990. The Skilled Helper: A Systematic Approach to Effective Helping, 4th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Chapter 11. High-Impact Learning
1. Kirkpatrick, Donald. 1996. Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Chapter 13. Becoming a Perpetual Learner
1. Davis, James and Adelaide Davis. 1998. Effective Training Strategies: A Comprehensive Guide to Maximizing Learning in Organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.