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Introduction
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Introduction
by Mary Beth williams, Ellen S. Zinner
When A Community Weeps
Cover
Halftitle
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: The Connection Between Grief and Trauma: An Overview
The Context of Tragedy
Key Definitions
What is a Community?
Models of Bereavement and Grief
PTSD and Traumatic Events
Healing Within a Community
Conclusions
References
Part One: Humanmade and Natural Disasters
Chapter 2: The Challenger Disaster: Group Survivorship on a National Landscape
The Shuttle Challenger: Mission 51-L
Group Survivorship and the Loss of Challenger
Personal Word and Summary
References
Chapter 3: The Estonia Disaster: National Interventions, Outcomes, and Personal Impacts
The Disaster of September 28, 1994
Immediate Responses to the Disaster
Memorials, Investigations, and Conclusions
Conclusions and Impact
References
Chapter 4: The Kempsey Bus Disaster: The Effects on Australian Community Rescuers
The Kempsey Bus Disaster
Reflecting on a Group Crisis
References
Chapter 5: Coping Through Meaning: The Community Response to the Earthquake in Armenia
The Day the Land Moved: December 7, 1988
The Republic of Armenia
Disaster Theory and Response
Psychosocial Response of the Armenian Community
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Adapted Strategies for Survival
The Disaster Strikes
Mental Health Needs
Dealing With Death: Interruption of Normal Rituals
Community Outcomes
A Personal Response to Kobe
Conclusions
References
Part Two: The Loss of Leaders and Heroes
Chapter 7: Death of a Leader: The Social Construction of Bereavement
Background: Before the Assassination
The Assassination
Bereavement: The Stages Model
Following the Assassination
Stages of Individual and Social Grief: A Comparison
Creation and Construction of Rituals
Sociopsychological Perspective: Collective Grief in Israeli Society
The “Wounded Observers”: A Personal Account
Concluding Remarks and Implications
References
Chapter 8: The Death and Rebirth of a Hero: Mickey Mantle’s Legacy
An American Hero
The American Dream
The Diagnosis
Reality and the Dream
Redemption
The Transplant
The System
Education
The Double Bind
Giving Something Back
The Wrap Up
“Be a Hero”
Creating Good from Grief
Conclusion
References
Part Three: Terrorism and Political Action
Chapter 9: The Terrorist Bombing in Oklahoma City
Risk Factors in Posttrauma Responses
The Victim and Survivor Groups in Oklahoma City
Interventions with Survivor Groups
Rituals for Survivors and Families of the Deceased
The 1-Year Anniversary
Reflections and Conclusions
Synopsis
References
Chapter 10: The Threat to Belonging in Enniskillen: Reflections on the Remembrance Day Bombing
The Essential Attributes of a Community
The Implications of the Remembrance Day Bombing: How the Community Responded
Providing Support and Responding to a Community Disaster
Final Remarks
References
Chapter 11: The Significance of Unforeseen Death in a Community on the Brink
The Body, the Sustenance, and the Home: Central Development Processes
Coming to Terms with Trauma: Mali’s Death at Gilgal
References
Synopsis
Chapter 12: Summary and Incorporation: A Reference Frame for Community Recovery and Restoration
Pretrauma Period
Trauma Period
Primary Intervention Period
Secondary Adjustment Period
Posttrauma Period
Index
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Chapter 1: The Connection Between Grief and Trauma: An Overview
Introduction
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