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by Brad Edgeworth, Vinit Jain
Troubleshooting BGP: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Troubleshooting BGP
About This E-Book
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
About the Technical Reviewers
Dedications
Acknowledgments
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Icons Used in This Book
Command Syntax Conventions
Foreword
Introduction
Who Should Read This Book?
How This Book Is Organized
Learning in a Lab Environment
Additional Reading
Part I: BGP Fundamentals
Chapter 1. BGP Fundamentals
Border Gateway Protocol
Autonomous System Numbers
Path Attributes
Loop Prevention
Address Families
BGP Sessions
Inter-Router Communication
BGP Messages
OPEN
KEEPALIVE
UPDATE
NOTIFICATION Message
BGP Neighbor States
Idle
Connect
Active
OpenSent
OpenConfirm
Established
Basic BGP Configuration
IOS
IOS XR
NX-OS
Verification of BGP Sessions
Prefix Advertisement
BGP Best-Path Calculation
Route Filtering and Manipulation
IBGP
IBGP Full Mesh Requirement
Peering via Loopback Addresses
EBGP
EBGP and IBGP Topologies
Next-Hop Manipulation
IBGP Scalability
Route Reflectors
Loop Prevention in Route Reflectors
Out-of-Band Route Reflectors
Confederations
BGP Communities
Route Summarization
Aggregate-Address
Flexible Route Suppression
Atomic Aggregate
Route Aggregation with AS_SET
Route Aggregation with Selective Advertisement of AS-SET
Default Route Advertisement
Default Route Advertisement per Neighbor
Remove Private AS
Allow AS
LocalAS
Summary
References
Part II: Common BGP Troubleshooting
Chapter 2. Generic Troubleshooting Methodologies
Identifying the Problem
Understanding Variables
Reproducing the Problem
Setting Up the Lab
Configuring Lab Devices
Triggering Events
Sniffer-Packet Capture
SPAN on Cisco IOS
SPAN on Cisco IOS XR
SPAN on Cisco NX-OS
Remote SPAN
Platform-Specific Packet Capture Tools
Netdr Capture
Embedded Packet Capture
Ethanalyzer
Logging
Event Monitoring/Tracing
Summary
Reference
Chapter 3. Troubleshooting Peering Issues
BGP Peering Down Issues
Verifying Configuration
Verifying Reachability
Demystifying BGP Notifications
Decode BGP Messages
Troubleshoot Blocked Process in IOS XR
BGP Traces in IOS XR
BGP Traces in NX-OS
Debugs for BGP
Troubleshooting IPv6 Peers
Case Study—Single Session Versus Multisession
BGP Peer Flapping Issues
Bad BGP Update
Hold Timer Expired
MTU Mismatch Issues
High CPU Causing Control-Plane Flaps
Control Plane Policing
Dynamic BGP Peering
Dynamic BGP Peer Configuration
Dynamic BGP Challenges
Summary
References
Chapter 4. Troubleshooting Route Advertisement and BGP Policies
Troubleshooting BGP Route Advertisement
Local Route Advertisement Issues
Route Aggregation Issues
Route Redistribution Issues
BGP Tables
Receiving and Viewing Routes
Troubleshooting Missing BGP Routes
Next-Hop Check Failures
Bad Network Design
Validity Check Failure
BGP Communities
Filtering of Prefixes by Route Policy
Conditional Matching
Access Control Lists (ACL)
Prefix Matching
Regular Expressions (Regex)
Conditionally Matching BGP Communities
Troubleshooting BGP Router Policies
IOS and NX-OS Prefix-Lists
IOS and NX-OS AS-Path ACLs
Route-Map Processing
IOS and NX-OS Route-Maps
IOS XR Route-Policy Language
Incomplete Configuration of Routing Policies
Conditional BGP Debugs
Summary
Further Reading
References in This Chapter
Chapter 5. Troubleshooting BGP Convergence
Understanding BGP Route Convergence
BGP Update Groups
BGP Update Generation
Troubleshooting Convergence Issues
Faster Detection of Failures
Troubleshooting BGP Convergence on IOS XR
Troubleshooting BGP Convergence on NX-OS
BGP Slow Peer
BGP Slow Peer Symptoms
BGP Slow Peer Detection
Workaround
Slow Peer Show Commands
Troubleshooting BGP Route Flapping
Summary
Reference
Part III: BGP Scalability Issues
Chapter 6. Troubleshooting Platform Issues Due to BGP
Troubleshooting High CPU Utilization due to BGP
Troubleshooting High CPU due to BGP on Cisco IOS
Troubleshooting High CPU due to BGP on IOS XR
Troubleshooting Memory Issues due to BGP
Summary
References
Chapter 7. Scaling BGP
The Impact of Growing Internet Routing Tables
Scaling Internet Table on Various Cisco Platforms
Scaling BGP Functions
Tuning BGP Memory
Tuning BGP CPU
Outbound Route Filtering (ORF)
Maximum Prefixes
BGP Max AS
BGP Maximum Neighbors
Scaling BGP with Route Reflectors
BGP Route Reflector Clusters
BGP Diverse Path
Route Servers
Summary
References
Chapter 8. Troubleshooting BGP Edge Architectures
BGP Multihoming and Multipath
Resiliency in Service Providers
EBGP and IBGP Multipath Configuration
EIBGP Multipath
AS-Path Relax
Understanding BGP Path Selection
Routing Path Selection Longest Match
BGP Best-Path Overview
Troubleshooting BGP Best Path
Visualizing the Topology
Path Selection for the Routing Table
Common Issues with BGP Multihoming
Transit Routing
Problems with Race Conditions
Peering on Cross-Link
Full Mesh with IBGP
Problems with Redistributing BGP into an IGP
Summary
References
Part IV: Securing BGP
Chapter 9. Securing BGP
The Need for Securing BGP
Securing BGP Sessions
Explicitly Configured Peers
BGP Session Authentication
EBGP-Multihop
Filtering
Securing Interdomain Routing
S-BGP
soBGP
BGP Origin AS Validation
BGP Remote Triggered Black-Hole Filtering
BGP Flowspec
Configuring BGP Flowspec
Summary
References
Part V: Multiprotocol BGP
Chapter 10. MPLS Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN)
MPLS VPNs
MPLS Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) Overview
Virtual Routing and Forwarding
Route Distinguisher
Route Target
Multi-Protocol BGP (MP-BGP)
Network Advertisement Between PE and CE Routers
MPLS Layer 3 VPN Configuration
VRF Creation and Association
Verification of VRF Settings and Connectivity
MPLS Forwarding
BGP Configuration for VPNv4 and PE-CE Prefixes
Troubleshooting MPLS L3VPN
Default Route Advertisement Between PE-CE Routers
Problems with AS-PATH
Suboptimal Routing with VPNv4 Route Reflectors
Troubleshooting Problems with Route Targets
MPLS L3VPN Services
RT Constraints
MPLS VPN Label Exchange
MPLS Forwarding
Summary
References
Chapter 11. BGP for MPLS L2VPN Services
L2VPN Services
Terminologies
Virtual Private Wire Service
Virtual Private LAN Service
Summary
References
Chapter 12. IPv6 BGP for Service Providers
IPv6 BGP Features and Concepts
IPv6 BGP Next-Hop
IPv6 Reachability over IPv4 Transport
IPv4 Routes over IPv6 Next-Hop
IPv6 BGP Policy Accounting
IPv6 Provider Edge Routers (6PE) over MPLS
6PE Configuration
6PE Verification and Troubleshooting
IPv6 VPN Provider Edge (6VPE)
IPv6-Aware VRF
6VPE Next-Hop
6VPE Data Plane
6VPE Configuration
6VPE Control-Plane Verification
6VPE Data Plane Verification
Summary
References
Chapter 13. VxLAN BGP EVPN
Understanding VxLAN
VxLAN Packet Structure
VxLAN Gateway Types
VxLAN Overlay
VxLAN Flood-and-Learn Mechanism
Overview of VxLAN BGP EVPN
Distributed Anycast Gateway
ARP Suppression
Integrated Route/Bridge (IRB) Modes
Multi-Protocol BGP
Configuring and Verifying VxLAN BGP EVPN
Summary
References
Part VI: High Availability
Chapter 14. BGP High Availability
BGP Graceful-Restart
BGP Nonstop Routing
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
Asynchronous Mode
Asynchronous Mode with Echo Function
Configuration and Verification
Troubleshooting BFD Issues
BGP Fast-External-Fallover
BGP Add-Path
BGP best-external
BGP FRR and Prefix-Independent Convergence
BGP PIC Core
BGP PIC Edge
Summary
References
Part VII: BGP: Looking Forward
Chapter 15. Enhancements in BGP
Link-State Distribution Using BGP
BGP-LS NLRI
BGP-LS Path Attributes
BGP-LS Configuration
BGP for Tunnel Setup
Provider Backbone Bridging: Ethernet VPN (PBB-EVPN)
EVPN NLRI and Routes
EVPN Extended Community
EVPN Configuration and Verification
Summary
References
Index
Code Snippets
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