NOTES

1. Lois J. Zachary, The Mentor’s Guide (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012); Lois J. Zachary, The Mentee’s Guide (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009); Lois J. Zachary, Creating a Mentoring Culture (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005); and Lois J. Zachary and Lory A. Fischler, Starting Strong (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014).

2. Anjali Shaikh, Kristi Lamar, Kavitha Prabhakar, and Jessica Sierra, “WSJ/Deloitte Insights Cracking the Code: How CIOs Are Redefining Mentorship to Advance Diversity and Inclusion,” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2019, 13.

3. Zachary, Creating a Mentoring Culture; Zachary, The Mentee’s Guide; and Zachary, The Mentor’s Guide.

4. Zachary, The Mentee’s Guide.

5. It should be noted that there are other four-phase mentoring models. One of the earliest of these was defined by Dr. Kathy Kram in her 1988 book Mentoring at Work. Her model, based on observed psychological and organizational factors, is linked to phases that include longer time frames.

6. Please note that Christopher and Mia’s story, like all the mentoring stories in this book, are fictional. They are based on a composite of the hundreds of mentoring partners we have worked with over decades.

7. The Center for Mentoring Excellence coaches and tracks progress of mentors and mentees through its Touch-Base Coaching Interview protocol. For more information, see www.centerformentoring.com/benefits-of-touch-base-interview-tbi-coaching-sessions-our-new-mentoring-offering-now-available.

8. Joseph J. Distefano and Martha L. Maznevski, “Creating Value with Diverse Teams in Global Management,” Organizational Dynamics 29, no. 1 (2000): 45–63.

9. Andrés Tapia, The Inclusion Paradox (Lincolnshire, IL: Hewitt, 2009), 12.

10. Milton J. Bennett, “Intercultural Communication: A Current Perspective,” in Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication: Selected Readings, edited by Milton J. Bennett, 1–20 (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1998), 7.

11. Claudio Fernández-Aráoz, Andrew Roscoe, and Kentaro Aramaki, “From Curious to Competent,” Harvard Business Review (September 2018), https://hbr.org/2018/09/curiosity#from-curious-to-competent.

12. According to journalist Arianna Huffington, this quote is widely attributed to Wayne W. Dyer, but even he has said he’s not sure where it comes from. He uses it in his videos and presentations.

13. Elizabeth Bernstein, “Why We Stereotype Strangers,” Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2018, www.wsj.com/articles/why-we-stereotype-strangers-1540824439?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1; Ellen Berscheid and Elaine H. Walster, “Rewards Others Provide: Similarity,” in Interpersonal Attraction (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969), 69–91; Ellen Berscheid and Harry T. Reis, “Attraction and Close Relationships,” in Handbook of Social Psychology, fourth edition, vol. 2, edited by D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and G. Lindzey (New York: McGraw Hill, 1998), 193–231; and Donn Byrne, The Attraction Paradigm (New York: Academic Press, 1971).

14. Michelle Obama, Becoming (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2018).

15. Zachary, The Mentee’s Guide, 18.

16. Bruce G. Barnett, R. J. Mathews, and G. R. O’Mahoney, Reflective Practice: The Cornerstone for School Improvement (Victoria, Australia: Hawker Brownlow Education, 2004).

17. Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business, 3rd edition (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2012), 8.

18. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, Riding the Waves of Culture, 108.

19. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, Riding the Waves of Culture, 12.

20. See, e.g., Karen K. Myers and Kamyab Sadaghiani, “Millennials in the Workplace: A Communication Perspective on Millennials’ Organizational Relationships and Performance,” Journal of Business Psychology 25 (2010): 225–38.

21. Susan Zemke, Claire Raines, and Bob Filipczak, Generations at Work (New York: Amacom, 2013), 82.

22. Zemke, Raines, and Filipczak, Generations at Work, 116.

23. Zemke, Raines, and Filipczak, Generations at Work, 141.

24. J. M. Twenge and S. M. Campbell, “Generational Differences in Psychological Traits and Their Impact on the Workplace,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 23 (2008): 862–77, http://doi:10.1108/02683940810904367; and J. M. Twenge and S. M. Campbell, “Cultural Individualism Is Linked to Later Onset of Adult-Role Responsibilities across Time and Regions,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49 (2018): 673–83, http://doi:10.1177/0022022118764838.

25. R. Fry and K. Parker, “Early Benchmarks Show ‘Post-Millennials’ on Track to Be Most Diverse, Best-Educated Generation Yet,” Pew Research Center, November 15, 2018, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/11/15/early-benchmarks-show-post-millennials-on-track-to-be-most-diverse-best-educated-generation-yet/.

26. David Kolb, The Kolb Learning Style Inventory (version 3.1) (Boston: Hay Group, 2005). We are aware that newer versions of Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory are available. However, we find version 3.1 most useful for training mentors and mentees because of its simplicity.

27. There is research evidence that learning styles, as used to determine mode of instruction or study in the field of education, do not exist. See, e.g., Kelly MacDonald, Laura Germine, Alida Anderson, Joanna Christodoulou, and Lauren M. McGrath, “Dispelling the Myth: Training in Education or Neuroscience Decreases but Does Not Eliminate Beliefs in Neuromyths,” Frontiers in Psychology 8 (August 2017), article 1314. We use learning style as a tool to help participants discover how they best take in and process information and how that might differ from their mentoring partner. We find Kolb’s concepts useful in an effort to maximize the efficiency of the mentoring relationship.

28. A quick word about the difference between “stereotype” and “archetype.” In this book we provide some information about cultural patterns associated with different geographies or identities. We do this to deliver helpful information that comes from an aggregation of experience and data that helps identify differences. These are archetypes. They are categories that are made to identify themes and patterns that come from broad data and experience. In contrast, biases arise from stereotypes—generalizations that are made from insufficient data or lack of experience and applied to a broader group. In short, archetypes are used to identify themes and patterns based on broad data.

29. See chapter 3 of Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People (New York: Bantam Books, 2016).

30. Find out more about the Implicit Association Test at https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/aboutus.html. The IAT is available at https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html and takes approximately ten minutes to complete.

31. Mary-Frances Winters, We Can’t Talk about That at Work! (Oakland, CA: BerrettKoehler Publishers, 2017), 36.

32. Winters, We Can’t Talk about That at Work, 36.

33. Peggy McIntosh, “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” Peace and Freedom Magazine (July–August 1989): 10–12.

34. McIntosh, “White Privilege,” 10–12.

35. Milton, “Intercultural Communication: A Current Perspective,” 7.

36. The figure was developed at the Center for Mentoring Excellence and is described in Lois J. Zachary and Lory A. Fischler, Starting Strong: A Mentoring Fable (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014), 65–169, 166.

37. Stephen D. Brookfield, Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass), 2.

38. Fernandez-Araoz, Roscoe, and Aramaki, “From Curious to Competent,” 61.

39. Fernandez-Araoz, Roscoe, and Aramaki, “From Curious to Competent,” 61.

40. Adi Ignatius, “Cultivate Curiosity.” This article is the online introduction to a series of articles on curiosity in the September–October 2018 edition of the Harvard Business Review, see https://hbr.org/2018/09/cultivate-curiosity.

41. Francesca Gino, “The Business Case for Curiosity,” Harvard Business Review (September–October 2018): 48–57.

42. Gino, “Business Case for Curiosity,” 50.

43. For a list of power questions to connect with your mentoring partner, visit www.centerformentoring.com/QuestionsForConnecting.

44. James E. Ryan, Wait, What? And Life’s Other Essential Questions (New York: Harper One, 2017).

45. Ryan poses two additional questions in Wait, What? that we have not addressed here. The fifth question asks “What truly matters?” His sixth question, which he calls the bonus question, quotes Raymond Carver’s poem “Late Fragments.” Ryan asks: “And did you get what you wanted from this life, even so?” (see Ryan, Wait, What? 133).

46. Ryan, Wait, What?, 26.

47. Ryan, Wait, What?, 36.

48. Ryan, Wait, What?, 82.

49. Ryan, Wait, What?, 84.

50. “Seek First to Understand” is Habit #5 in Stephen Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).

51. David Livermore, Leading with Cultural Intelligence: The Real Secret to Success, second edition (New York: Amacom, 2015).

52. Shalini Misra, Lulu Cheng, Jamie Genevie, and Miao Yuan, “The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices,” Environment and Behavior 48, no. 2 (2016): 275–98, https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514539755.

53. Albert Mehrabian, Silent Messages, first edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1971).

54. These definitions come from Daniel Nettle, Personality: A User Guide (Open University, 2013) (accessed on September 21, 2019).

55. For more on MBTI, see www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/home.htm?bhcp=1. For more information on judging/perceiving, see www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/judging-or-perceiving.htm/.

56. Andy Molinsky, Global Dexterity (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013), 14–15.

57. Molinsky, Global Dexterity, 15.

58. Molinsky, Global Dexterity, 15.

59. For a more in-depth discussion of ground rules, see chapter 5 of Zachary, The Mentor’s Guide.

60. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, Riding the Waves of Culture, 101.

61. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, Riding the Waves of Culture, 108.

62. Marshall Goldsmith and Mark Reiter, Triggers (New York: Crown Business, 2015), 44.

63. Gino, “Business Case for Curiosity,” 55.

64. Much has been written about SMART goals, and the acronym itself has several similar definitions. For example, in some models “action-oriented” is interpreted as “achievable,” “realistic” stands for “relevant,” and “timely” becomes “time-bound.” The concept is likely attributable to Peter Drucker’s Management by Objectives, but even that is debatable, since many others have adapted the acronym.

65. Berwick is quoted in Chip Heath and Dan Heath, Switch: How to Change When Change Is Hard (New York: Broadway Books, 2010), 22.

66. Liz Wiseman, Multipliers: How the Best Leaders Make Everyone Smarter (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2010), 47.

67. Authors’ personal communication with Kristen Wheeler, founder and creator, Native Genius www.NativeGenius.com, May 3, 2019. To learn more about the Native Genius Method, see www.nativegenius.com.

68. Bennett, “Intercultural Communication: A Current Perspective.”

69. Mary Ann Jezewski, “Culture Brokering in Migrant Farmworker Health Care,” Western Journal of Nursing Research 12, no. 4 (1990): 497–513.

70. You can use our summary of the Intercultural Development Continuum to determine where you are on the continuum. Or you can take an assessment called the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI). To take an assessment, contact Lisa Fain as a qualified administrator at [email protected] or find a qualified administrator through the IDI website, www.idiinventory.com.

71. Harvey Coleman, Empowering Yourself: The Organizational Game Revealed, second edition (Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2010).

72. Marcus Buckingham and Ashley Goodall, “The Feedback Fallacy,” Harvard Business Review (March–April 2019): 92–101.

73. Ellen Goodman’s last “Endings and Beginnings” syndicated column is found at www.seattletimes.com/opinion/ellen-goodmans-last-column-looking-backward-looking-forward/, originally published January 1, 2010, in the Seattle Times.

74. Irin Carmon and Shana Knizhni, Notorious RGB: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).