Symbols and Numerics

!= (not equal to) operator, 580

# sign, comments, 116

#! character sequence, 21, 22

adding pound bang line, 329

% character, string formatting, 53, 54, 56

changes in Python 3.0, 600, 605

% (remainder) operator, 580

& (bitwise and) operator, 580

* (multiplication) operator, 580

* (parameter splicing) operator, 126, 127, 129

Python 3.0, 602, 603, 604, 606

** (exponential) operator, 580

** (keyword splicing) operator, 128, 129, 604

+ (unary plus) operator, 580

+= operator, 522

- (unary minus) operator, 580

/ (division) operator, 580

== (equality) operator, 15, 93, 569, 580

^ (bitwise exclusive or) operator, 580

__(double underscores), 151

| (bitwise or) operator, 580

~ (bitwise negation) operator, 580

<, <= (less than) operators, 580

<< (left shift) operator, 580

>, >= (greater than) operators, 580

>> (right shift) operator, 580

2to3 (automatic refactoring tool), 599

A

ABBREV.txt file, 300, 301, 302

ABCMeta metaclass, 601

abs function, 16, 30, 581

abspath function, 494

abstract classes, Python 3.0, 601, 605

abstraction, 139, 571

see also OOP (object-oriented programming)

changes in Python 3.0, 601

classes, 147–156

creating functions, 115–117

documenting functions, 116

encapsulation, 145–147

Fibonacci numbers program, 113–114

inheritance, 147

interfaces, 156–157

making code reusable, 212

parameters, 117–130

polymorphism, 142–145

program structure, 114

recursion, 133–139

scoping, 131–133

value of abstraction, 121

accept method, socket class, 306

access attribute

publisher handler, mod_python, 342, 343

accessor methods, 187

as attributes of property function, 188

private attributes, 151

Acrobat Reader, getting, 425

action method, rule objects

instant markup project, 412, 414

ActivePython, 6, 595

actual parameters see arguments

add function, operator module, 144

add method

chat server project, 479

set type, 229

wx.BoxSizer class, 285

addDestination method, NewsAgent class, 459

addFilter method, Parser class, 414, 415

adding, sequences, 37

addition operator (+), 37

address family, stream socket, 306

addRule method, Parser class, 414, 415

addSource method, NewsAgent class, 459

Adobe Acrobat Reader, getting, 425

Albatross, 344

algorithms, 9, 29

alignment, string formatting, 56, 58

all function, 581

all variable, 219

allow_reuse_address attribute

SimpleXMLRPCServer class, 527

altsep variable, os module, 224

and operator

Boolean operators, 96

short-circuit logic, 574

operator precedence, 579

Anjuta environment, 6

announcements

comp.lang.python.announce group, 597

any function, 581

Apache web server

configuring to use, 338

conflicting configuration definitions, 339

dynamic web pages with CGI, 328

mod_python, 336–343

apilevel property, Python DB API, 294

APIs

Python Database API, 294–298

Python/C API, 375–380, 596

App class, wx module see wx.App class

append method, lists, 43, 522, 585

append mode, open function (files), 262

appending to dictionaries, 71, 79

appendleft method, deque type, 232

application frameworks

web application frameworks, 343

apply function, 140, 581

changes in Python 3.0, 604, 606

Arachno Python environment, 6

arcade game project, 547–567

banana about to be squished, 566

Banana class, 558

banana.png file, 556

config.py file, 556

further exploration, 567

Game class, 565

game states, 556

GameOver class, 564

goals, 548

Info class, 563

implementations, 551–556

Level class, 560

LevelCleared class, 564

objects.py file, 556, 557

Paused class, 561

preparations, 551

pygame module, 548

Pygame, 548–551

pygame.display module, 549

pygame.event module, 550

pygame.font module, 550

pygame.image module, 551

pygame.locals module, 549

pygame.mouse module, 550

pygame.sprite module, 550

Squish opening screen, 566

squish.py file, 556, 559

SquishSprite class, 557

StartUp class, 564

State class, 559

tools, 548–551

Weight class, 558

weight.png file, 554, 556

weight.pny file, 554

archive files

wrapping modules as, 386–387

args parameter/object, 377, 378

argument splicing, Python 3.0, 604

arguments

calling functions without, 572

command-line arguments, 223

levels of configuration, 398

default arguments, 572

function parameters and, 118

methods, 573

named arguments, 572

printing arguments, using in reverse order, 223

argv variable, sys module, 222, 223

levels of configuration, 398

arithmetic operators, 9

precedence, 580

arithmetic sequence, 184

arraysize attribute, cursors, 297

as clause

changes in Python 3.0, 605

import statement, 85

ascii constants, string module, 60

ASCII encoding error

handling special characters, 451

asctime function, time module, 233

assert method, TestCase class, 356

assert statements, 97, 118, 589

assertAlmostEqual method, TestCase class, 356

assertEqual method, TestCase class, 356

using instead of failUnless, 360

AssertionError class, 589

assertions, 97, 111

assertNotAlmostEqual method, TestCase class, 356

assertNotEqual method, TestCase class, 356

assertRaises method, TestCase class, 356

assignment (=) operator, 569

assignments, 15, 85–88, 589

augmented assignments, 87, 589

chained assignments, 87

changing lists, 41

description, 13, 111

sequence unpacking, 85–87

slice assignments, lists, 42

asterisk width specifier, 59

async_chat class

chat server project, 473

collect_incoming_data method, 473, 475

found_terminator method, 473, 475

handle_close method, 475

push method, 475

set_terminator method, 473, 475

asynchat module, 310

async_chat class, 473

chat server project, 470, 473

asynchronous I/O

multiple connections, 312

Twisted framework, 316–319

with select and poll, 313–316

asyncore module, 310

chat server project, 470

dispatcher class, 471

loop method, 472

tools for chat server project, 470

Atom, 345

Atox, 424

attribute methods, 191–192

see individual method names

attribute reference precedence, 580

AttributeError class, 162

checking if object has specific attribute, 172

__getattr__ method, 192

attributes, 146, 573

accessing attributes of objects, 150–152

accessor methods defining, 187–188

binding to functions, 150

checking if object has specific attribute, 172

double underscores in attribute name, 116

encapsulation, 146

magic attributes, 116

object-oriented design, 157

private attributes, 151

screen scraping using HTMLParser, 326

special attributes, 116

attrs argument, handle_starttag, 326

atx, 424

augmented assignments, 87, 589

auth/auth_realm attributes

publisher handler, mod_python, 342, 343

autoexec.bat file, 98, 216

automated tests, 351

automatic checkers

limits to capabilities of, 361

PyChecker/PyLint tools, 359–362, 364

automatic refactoring tool (2to3), 599

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), 290

B

backquotes, Python 3.0, 604, 605

backslash character ()

escaping quotes, 23

escaping, regular expressions, 243

raw strings, 27, 28

backticks

representing strings, 25

backtracking, generators

solving Eight Queens problem, 200–201

backup parameter, input function, 226

BaseRequestHandler class

SocketServer module, 311

bases attribute, 155

issubclass method, 154

basestring class, Python 3.0, 605

basestring function, 581

BasicTextParser class, 422

“batteries included” phrase, 221

BBCode, 424

bdist command, Distutils, 387

formats switch, 387

rpm format, 387

wininst format, 387, 388

Beautiful Soup module, 327–328

Berkeley DB, 515

Binary constructor, Python DB API, 298

binary literals, Python 3.0, 606

binary mode, open function (files), 262

binary search

recursive function for, 136–138

BINARY value, Python DB API, 298

bind method, socket class, 306

chat server project, 471, 472

Bind method, widgets, 286, 291

binding parameters, 572

BitTorrent, 517, 518

bitwise operators, 580

BlackAdder environment, 6

blit function, 549

blitting, 549

blocking, 306

blockquote element, bulletin board project, 504

blocks, 88, 111, 569

finding blocks of text, 406–407

blocks generator

instant markup project, 406

blogs, 597

Boa Constructor environment, 6

body method, NNTP class, 455, 457

bool function, 581

Boole, George, 89

Boolean operators, 38, 95–96

short-circuit logic, 96

Boolean values, 89–90

Boost.Python, 371

bottlenecks

extending Python, 365, 380

bound methods, 150

calling unbound superclass constructor, 180

BoxSizer class, wx module see wx.BoxSizer class

break statements, 102, 591

else clause, try/except statement, 168

extracting subject of an article, 457

infinite recursion, 134

using with for and while loops, 105

while True/break idiom, 104–105, 271

broadcast method, Node class

chat server project, 479

XML-RPC file sharing project, 521, 522, 525, 532

browsers

open function, webbrowser module, 225

buffering argument, open function (files), 263

buffers

closing files after writing, 267

updating files after writing, 268

bugs see debugging

build command, Distutils, 384, 385

build subdirectory, Distutils, 385

build_ext command, Distutils, 389

built-in functions, 16, 581–584

built-in string formatting, Python 3.0, 605

bulletin board project, 499–515

creating database, 501

cursor object, 503–504

database password, 503

edit.cgi script, 507, 510–511

further exploration, 515

hidden inputs, 510

implementations, 502–514

main page, 513

main.cgi script, 506, 507–508

message composer, 514

message viewer, 514

preparations, 500–502

requirements, 500

save.cgi script, 507, 511–513

simple.main.cgi script, 505

testing, 513

tools, 500

view.cgi script, 506, 508–510

Button class, wx module see wx.Button class

buttons

adding button to frame, 281

Bind method, widgets, 286

event handling, 286

setting button label, 282

setting button size/position, 283

wx.EVT_BUTTON symbolic constant, 286

bytearray class, Python 3.0, 600

bytes class, Python 3.0, 600

bytes literals, Python 3.0, 605

bytes type, Python 3.0, 599, 605

BytesIO, Python 3.0, 605

C

c (%c) conversion specifier, 57

C extensions, 371

extending Python, 369–380

C programming

deallocating objects, 376

extending Python for improved speed, 365–366

importing existing (shared) C libraries, 370

including C/C++ directly in Python code, 370

Python/C API, 375

reference manual, 596

C# class

IronPython extending Python, 368

C++

enabling interoperability Python/C++, 371

including C/C++ directly in Python code, 370

caching

XML-RPC file sharing project, 534

callable function, 115, 157, 159, 581

Python 3.0, 604, 606

callback method, Handler class, 411

callback methods, HTMLParser, 325

callproc method, cursors, 297

Canvas class, pdfgen module, 427

capitalize method, strings, 586

capwords function, string module, 63, 66

cat command, files, 265

catching exceptions, 163–170

catching all exceptions, 167, 169

catching exception object, 166

catching many exceptions in one block, 166

description, 173

raising exceptions again, 164–165

try/except statement, 163–169

using more than one except clause, 165–166

ceil function, 17, 30

cElementTree, 437

center method, strings, 586

CGI (Common Gateway Interface)

bulletin board project, 502, 506

edit.cgi script, 507, 510–511

main.cgi script, 506, 507

save.cgi script, 507, 511–513

simple_main.cgi script, 505

view.cgi script, 506, 508–510

CGI handler, mod_python, 336, 338–339

CGI script, 331

debugging with cgitb, 331–332

description, 347

dynamic web pages with, 328–336

adding the pound bang (#!) line, 329

preparing web server, 328–329

setting file permissions, 329–330

getting information from CGI script, 335

HTML form, 334–336

input to CGI script, 333

invoking CGI scripts without forms, 334

performance using CGI handler, 339

remote editing with CGI project, 489–498

running CGI script, 339

security risks, 330

using cgi module, 333

cgi file name extension, 329, 339

cgi module

description, 310

dynamic web pages with CGI, 328, 333

FieldStorage class, 333

remote editing with CGI project, 489, 490

cgi-bin subdirectory, 329

cgitb module

debugging with, 331–332

enable function, 331, 347

remote editing with CGI project, 490

tracebacks, 502

chained assignments, 87

chained comparison operators, 93

character sets, 243

characters event handler

XML parsing project, 440, 441

chat server project, 469–487

advantages of writing, 469

asynchat module, 473

asyncore module, 471

ChatServer class, 471–473

ChatSession class, 473–475

collecting data (text) coming from client, 473

command interpretation, 477–478

further enhancement, 486

implementations, 471–485

listening on port for incoming connections, 471

new server, 480–485

preparations, 470–471

requirements, 469

rooms, 478–480

tools, 470

chat services, 469

ChatRoom class, 479, 483

look command, 480, 485

say command, 480, 485

who command, 480, 485

ChatServer class, 480, 484, 471–473

ChatSession class, 480, 484, 473–475

enter method, 480

checkIndex function, 185

CherryPy, 344

chmod command, UNIX, 330

choice function, random module, 144, 159, 235

chr function, 95, 112, 581

chunks attribute

screen scraping using HTMLParser, 326

clamp method, rectangles, 556

class attribute

finding out class of an object, 155

class decorators, Python 3.0, 601, 605

class definition statement, 594

class keyword, 573

class methods, 189–191

cls parameter, 190

self parameter, 189

class namespace, 152–153

class scope variable, 153

class statement, 149

self parameter, 149

superclasses, 153

classes, 147–148, 158, 573

abstract classes, 601

accessing attributes of objects, 150–152

accessor methods, 151

built-in exception classes, 162

changes in Python 3.0, 605

class decorators, 601

class namespace, 152–153

class statement, 149

classes and types, 147

creating, 148–149

new-style classes, 206

custom exception classes, 163

defining, 573

distinguishing methods from functions, 150

exception classes, 162, 163

inheritance, 141, 147–155, 159

instances, 147

isinstance method, 155

interfaces, 156–157

metaclasses, 176

method definitions, 149

mix-in classes, 444–446

naming conventions, 148

new-style/old-style classes, 149, 175, 206

implementing properties with old-style classes, 191

Python version, 3.0, 176

object-oriented design, 157, 158

objects and, 147, 155

OOP, 147–156

overriding methods, 206

property function, 189

specifying superclasses, 153–154

subclasses, 147, 148

subclassing built-in classes, 175

superclasses, 147

multiple superclasses, 155–156

classmethod function, 581

clear method, dictionaries, 74–75, 585

clear method, Group class

arcade game project, 550, 552

Clearsilver, 341

Client class

GUI client project, 539, 542

fetchHandler, 538, 540, 541, 544

OnInit method, 538, 539, 541, 543

XML-RPC file sharing project, 528, 533

clients

chat server project, 470, 471

GUI client project, 537–545

XML-RPC file sharing project, 527–528

close function, fileinput module, 226

finding sender of e-mail, 253

close method, connections, 296, 300

bulletin board project, 503

close method, cursors, 297

close method, files, 264, 267

close method, generators, 199

closeHandler, Java Swing, 290

closing files, 267–268

clpa_server variable, 458

cls parameter, class methods, 190

cmath module, 18

Cmd class, cmd module, 527

modeling command interpretation on, 477

cmd module, 259

Cmd class, 477, 527

XML-RPC file sharing project, 519

cmp argument, sort method, 605

cmp function, 52, 581

making comparisons, 93

code

making code reusable, 212

reading source code to explore modules, 221

source code checking, 359

code coverage, testing, 351

Code Crusader environment, 6

code fatigue, 395

Code Forge environment, 6

code reuse, 212

coerce function, Python 3.0, 604, 606

collect_incoming_data method

chat server project, 473, 475

collections

see also mappings; sequences

collections module, 231

combine function, 132

command interpretation

chat server project, 477–478

modeling on Cmd class, 477

command prompt

running scripts from, 20

CommandHandler class

chat server project, 478, 481

command-line arguments, 223

levels of configuration, 398

command-line switches, 398

command-line tools

using with subprocess module, 360

commands

cat command, 265

import command, 17

pipe characters linking, 265

python command, 265

sort command, 265

commas

separating print statements with, 83–84

comments, 22, 570

documenting functions, 116

commit method, connections, 296, 300

bulletin board project, 503

save.cgi script, 511

Common Gateway Interface see CGI

comp.lang.python group, 597

comparison operators, 92–95

chaining, 93

comparing incompatible types, 92

comparing sequences, 95

comparing strings, 94

equality operator, 93

identity operator, 93–94

in operator, 94

is operator, 93–94

membership operator, 94

Python 3.0, 604, 606

compile function, re module, 245

compiling extensions, Distutils, 388–389, 390

complex function, 581

complex numbers, 18

Complex type, 579

components see widgets

comprehensions, 603

computer games

arcade game project, 547–567

concatenating strings, 24

condition method, rule objects, 412, 413, 414

conditional operator, 96

conditional statements, 88–97

assertions, 97

Boolean operators, 95–96

comparison operators, 92–95

conditional execution, 90

conditions, 92–96

description, 111

elif clauses, 91

else clauses, 90

if statements, 90

nesting blocks, 91

short-circuit logic, Boolean operators, 574

config.py file, 397

arcade game project, 556

configparser module, 397, 398

renamed modules in Python 3.0, 604

configuration, 396–398

description, 394, 401

levels of, 398

configuration files, 396–398

dividing into sections, 397

conflict function, Eight Queens problem, 202

connect function, Python DB API, 300, 304

parameters, 296

connect method, socket class, 306

connection object, 296, 303

bulletin board project, 503, 511

connectionLost event handler, 317

connectionMade event handler, 317

connections

bulletin board project, 502

chat server project, 471, 472

network programming, 311–316

Python DB API, 296, 303

console I/O, Python 3.0, 600

constants, 396

string module, 60

symbolic constants, 396

constructors, 176–181, 575

creating, 177

default parameters, 574

description, 206

init method, 177, 575

overriding, 177–179

using super function, 180, 181

Python DB API, 297

unbound superclass constructor, 179–180

containers, 32

content handlers

creating, 439, 441

dispatcher mix-in classes, 446

ContentHandler class

XML parsing project, 451

xml.sax.handler module, 439

Content-type header

dynamic web pages with CGI, 331

context managers, 268

continual rewriting syndrome, 395

continue statements, 103, 591

using with for and while loops, 105

control structures, 569

conversion flags, 56

conversion specifiers, 56

% character, 56

dictionaries, 73

field width, 56, 59

minimum field width, 57

precision, 54, 56, 57

string formatting, 54–59

tuples, 56

types, 56, 57

conversion types, string formatting, 56, 57

conversions

between numbers and strings, SQLite, 303

convert function, 301

convert method, surface objects, 554

Cookie module, 310

cookie-cutter code

automating, 377

cookielib module, 310

copy function, copy module, 220

copy method, dictionaries, 75, 585

count method, lists, 43, 585

count method, strings, 586

CounterList class, 186, 187

coverage

code coverage, 351

test coverage, 351, 352

CPython, extending, 367, 369–371

cracking, vs. hacking, 1

CREATE TABLE command

bulletin board project, 501

create_socket method

chat server project, 471, 472

cStringIO, Python 3.0, 605

csv module, 258

ctypes library, 370

cursor method, connections, 296, 300

cursor objects, 296

in bulletin board project, 503—505

cursors, Python DB API, 296–297, 303

attributes, 297

bulletin board project, 503

methods, 296

custom exception classes, 163, 173

CXX see PyCXX

cyclic garbage, 377

D

%d conversion specifier, 56

Daily Python-URL blog, 597

Dalke, Andrew

Sorting Mini-HOWTO, 49

data

analyzing many forms of numeric data, 370

fetching data from Internet, 432

data structures, 31, 570

containers, 32

deques, 231–232

heaps, 230–231

lists, 40–49

mappings and dictionary type, 69

sequences, 31–40

sets, 228–229

stacks, 45

tuples, 49–51

Database API see Python Database API

database parameter

connect function, Python DB API, 296

DatabaseError exception, Python DB API, 295

databases

compact table-based databases, 293

food database application, 300–303

importing data into, 301

key-value databases, 293

object databases, 293

popular commercial choices, 293

Python Database API, 294–298

relational databases, 293

supported by Python packages, 293

DataError exception, Python DB API, 295

datagram socket, 306

dataReceived event handler, 317

Date constructor, Python DB API, 298

DateFromTicks constructor, Python DB API, 298

dates

fields of Python date tuples, 233

datetime module, 234, 258, 456

DATETIME value, Python DB API, 298

DB API see Python Database API

deallocating objects, 376

Debian Linux, installing Python, 4

debugging

anticipating code changes, 351

cgitb module, 331–332

PythonDebug directive, 339, 340

remote editing with CGI project, 490

decode method, strings, 586

decorators

abstract classes, Python 3.0, 601

changes in Python 3.0, 605

class decorators, Python 3.0, 601

description, 190

deep copy, dictionaries, 76

deepcopy function, copy module, 76, 220

def statements, 115, 571

class namespace, 152

documenting functions, 116

generator-function component, 198

default arguments, 572

default values, parameters, 124

using empty lists as, 575

defaultdict dictionary, 232

defaultStart/defaultEnd methods

XML parsing project, 445, 447

deferred execution, Twisted, 317

definitions

class definitions, 594

function definitions, 594

del method, 177

del operation, dictionaries, 71

del statements, 107–108, 590

deleting elements from lists, 41

description, 112

using for cleanup operation, 170

delattr function, 581

__delattr__ method, 191

delitem method, 182, 184

deque module, 259

deque type, 231–232

collections module, 231

deques, 231–232

description attribute, cursors, 297

descriptor protocol, 189

design

object-oriented design, 157–158

destructors

__del__ method, 177

__dict__ attribute

avoiding endless looping, 192

__getattribute__ method trap, 192

seeing all values stored in objects, 157

dict function, 71, 81, 581

dictfetchall method, cursor object

bulletin board project, 503, 504

SQLite alternative, 505

dictfetchone method, cursor object

bulletin board project, 503

dictionaries, 571

** operator, 127, 128

accessing dictionary items, 76

adding items to, 71, 72

assigning value to new key, 71

checking if key exists, 78

constructing from other mappings, 71

conversion specifiers, 73

creating, 70

creating with values of None, 76

deep copy of, 76

defaultdict, 232

empty dictionary, 604

globals function, 132

iterating over, 100

keys, 121

keys and values, 70

locals function, 132

membership, 71, 72

modules mapping, 222

overwriting same key items from another, 80

precedence, 581

removing all items from, 74

removing arbitrary value from, 79

returning all items of, 78

returning list of keys, 78

returning list of values, 80

returning value of specified key, 79

shallow copy of, 75

string formatting with, 73, 81

subclassing dict type, 185–187

uses, 69

dictionary comprehension, Python 3.0, 603

dictionary methods, 74–80, 585–586

clear, 74–75, 585

copy, 75, 585

fromkeys, 76, 585

get, 76–78, 585

has_key, 78, 585, 606

items, 78, 585

iteritems, 78, 585

iterkeys, 78, 585

itervalues, 80, 585

keys, 78, 585

pop, 79, 586

popitem, 79, 586

setdefault, 79, 106, 586

update, 80, 586

values, 80, 586

dictionary type

deepcopy function, 76

in operation, 71

key related operators, 71

mappings and, 69

operations, 71–73

purpose of, 69–70

syntax, 70

types for keys, 72

uniqueness of values, 70

using, 70

dictionary views, Python 3.0, 603

difflib library, 258

digests, passwords, 494

digits constant, string module, 60

dir function, 260, 581

exploring modules, 218

directory element

XML parsing project, 437

directory list

XML parsing project, 448

discussion forum

bulletin board project, 499–515

dispatch method

XML parsing project, 445

Dispatcher class

bind method, 471, 472

chat server project, 471

create_socket method, 471

garbage collection, 480

handle_accept method, 471, 472, 475, 480

listen method, 471, 472

set_reuse_addr method, 473

XML parsing project, 445, 448

display method, Level class, 561

display method, State class, 560

display module, pygame, 549

dist subdirectory, Distutils, 387

distribute method, NewsAgent class, 459, 462

distributing operators, 128–129, 604

distribution formats, 387

distributions

ActivePython, 595

alternative Python distributions, 5–7

distributing Python packages, 383

IronPython, 595

Jython, 595

MacPython, 595

Official Python Distribution, 595

Python distributions, 595

pywin32, 595

Distutils toolkit, 383–386

bdist command, 387

build command, 384, 385

build subdirectory, 385

build_ext command, 389

compiling extensions, 388–389

description, 383, 390

dist subdirectory, 387

install command, 385

installing, 384

lib subdirectory, 385

py_modules directive, 386

py2exe extension, 389–390

register command, 390

sdist command, 386, 387

setup function, 384, 391

setup.py script, 383, 384, 385, 387, 390

setuptools project, 384

SWIG, 375, 389

uninstall command, 385, 388

wrapping modules as archive file, 386–387

division, 9, 10

division (/) operator, 580

double slash (//) operator, 10

integer division, Python 3.0, 604, 605

rounding, 16

divmod function, 581

Django, 343, 344

do_exit method, Client class

XML-RPC file sharing project, 533

do_fetch method, Client class

GUI client project, 538

XML-RPC file sharing project, 533

do_logout method, chat server project, 479

do_look method, chat server project, 480

do_say method

chat server project, 480

XML-RPC file sharing project, 527

do_who method, chat server project, 480

doc attribute

exploring modules, 220

function attributes, 116

doc parameter, property function, 189

docstrings, 116, 220

exploring modules, 220

doctest module, 352, 353–355, 364

testmod function, 353, 354, 364

Document Object Model (DOM), 439

documentation

creating graphics and documents in PDF, 425

exploring modules, 220–221

Macintosh library modules, 596

Python, 596

DOM (Document Object Model), 439

DOS, handling whitespace for, 225

double slash operator, 10

double underscores (__)

making method or attribute private, 151

double-clicking, 21

double-ended queues (deques), 231–232

draw method, 549, 550, 552

drawToFile method, renderPDF class, 428

dsn parameter

connect function, Python DB API, 296

duck typing, 145

dynamic web pages

screen scraping, 321

dynamic web pages with CGI, 328–336

E

%E, %e conversion specifiers, 57

Eclipse environment, 6

edit.cgi script

bulletin board project, 510, 511

description, 507

link from main.cgi, 507

link from view.cgi, 508

testing, 513

remote editing with CGI project, 492–494, 496

editing

remote editing with CGI project, 489–498

eggs, Python, 384

Eight Queens problem, 200–206

ElementTree, 437

dealing with XML in Python, 439

elif clauses, if statements, 91, 592

else clauses

if statements, 90, 592

try/except statement, 168–169

combining try/except/finally/else, 170

description, 173

using in loops, 105

email, finding sender of, 251–253

email addresses filter

instant markup project, 418

email module, 310

EmailDestination class

news gathering project, 468

empty dictionary, 604

empty lists, 37

using as default value, 575

empty set, 604

enable function, cgitb module, 331, 347

encapsulation, 145–147, 573

accessing attributes of objects, 150–152

accessor methods, 187

attributes, 146

description, 141, 158

extending Python, 366

state, 147

encode method, strings, 586

encoding, Python 3.0, 599, 605

end method

MatchObjects, re module, 248

end method, Handler class

instant markup project, 410, 411

endElement event handler

XML parsing project, 440, 441, 445

endless loop trap

setattr method, 192

EndSession exception

chat server project, 479

endswith method, strings, 586

ensureDirectory method

XML parsing project, 447, 448

enter method

context managers, 268

enter method, ChatSession class, 480

enumerate function, 102, 112, 582

environ mapping, os module, 223, 224

environment variables

description, 216

environ mapping, os module, 224

levels of configuration, 398

PYTHONPATH, 215

setting in UNIX and Mac OS X, 216

setting in Windows, 216

EOF command, 527

Epytext

markup systems and web sites, 424

equality (==) operator, 15, 93, 569, 580

eric environment, 6

Error exception, Python DB API, 295

error handling

exceptions, Python DB API, 295

error messages see tracebacks

errors

see also exceptions

AttributeError class, 162

catching Pygame-specific errors, 549

distinguishing from failures in unittest, 357

inappropriate type used, 183

index outside range, 183

IndexError class, 162

IOError class, 162

KeyError class, 162

NameError class, 162

NotImplementedError exception, 224

stderr stream, sys module, 222

SyntaxError class, 163, 254

TypeError class, 163

ValueError class, 163

ZeroDivisionError class, 161, 163

escape function, re module, 245, 247

escaping quotes, 23–24

escaping special characters

regular expressions, 242

EtText, 424

eval function, 112, 582

sample template system, 254

eval statements, 110

description, 112

scope, 111

event handling

Bind method, widgets, 286

button events, 286

chat server project, 471

closeHandler, Java Swing, 290

connectionLost event handler, 317

connectionMade event handler, 317

dataReceived event handler, 317

description, 291

HTMLParser callback methods, 325

load function, 286

rawDataReceived event handler, 318

save function, 286

screen scraping using HTMLParser, 326

when event handler is called, 286

writing Twisted server, 317

wx.EVT_BUTTON symbolic constant, 286

wxPython GUI toolkit, 286

XML parsing project, 439–441, 448–450

event module, pygame, 550

event-driven networking framework, 316

writing Twisted server, 317

events, 286

polling event constants in select module, 315

XML parsing project, 439–441

except block

Python 3.0, 605

Python DB API, 295

except clause, try statement, 593

see also try/except statements

catching all exceptions, 167

catching exception object, 166

catching many exceptions in one block, 166

description, 173

trapping KeyError exception, 172

using more than one except clause, 165–166

Exception class, 162

catching all exceptions, 169

raise statement, 162

exception objects, 161, 173

catching, 166

exceptions, 161, 576

see also errors

built-in exception classes, 162, 163

catching exceptions, 163–170

catching all exceptions, 167, 169

catching exception object, 166

catching many exceptions in one block, 166

danger of catching all exceptions, 167

description, 173

raising exceptions again, 164–165

try/except statement, 163–169

connecting to NNTP servers, 455

custom exception classes, 163, 173

doing something after exceptions, 169–170

EndSession exception, 479

exception hierarchy, 295

exception objects, 161, 173

functions and, 164, 170–171, 173

GeneratorExit exception, 199

indicating everything worked, 168–169

NotImplementedError exception, 224

Python DB API, 295

raise statement, 162–163

raising exceptions, 161–163, 173

StopIteration exception, 192

SyntaxError exception, 254

try/except statement, 163–169

using more than one except clause, 165–166

warnings, 173

XML-RPC file sharing project, 528–529

Zen of, 171–173

exec statements, 109–110, 592

changes in Python 3.0, 606

description, 112

replacing reload function functionality using, 211

sample template system, 254

scope, 111

execfile function, 582

Python 3.0, 604, 606

executable binaries, 390

executable Windows programs

creating with py2exe, 389–390

execute method, cursors, 297, 301, 302

bulletin board project, 503

executemany method, cursors, 297, 301

executing programs, 19–20

execv function, 224

exit command

XML-RPC file sharing project, 527

exit function, sys module, 222

exit method

context managers, 268

expandtabs method, strings, 586

exponentiation operator (**), 11

compared to pow function, 16

precedence, 580

expression statements, 589

expressions, 9–12, 579–588

compared to statements, 13

description, 29

evaluating expression strings, 254

logical expressions, 573

precedence, 580

extend method

deque type, 232

lists, 44, 585

extending Python, 365–366

architecture, 366

CPython, 367

encapsulation, 366

extending CPython, 369–371

extension approaches, 380

identifying bottlenecks, 365

IronPython, 367–369

Jython, 367–369

Python extensions, 380

SWIG, 371–375

using Python/C API, 380, 375–380

framework for extensions, 377–378

hand-coded palindrome module, 379–380

reference counting, 376–377

wrapping legacy code, 366

writing C extensions, 369–380

extendleft method

deque type, 232

extensions

compiling extensions, 388–389, 390

framework for, 377–378

py2exe extension, Distutils, 389–390

Extreme Programming, 349, 393

F

%F conversion specifier, 57

%f conversion specifier, 54, 57

factorial function, 135

factorials

recursive function to calculate, 134

Factory class

twisted.internet.protocol module, 317

fail method, TestCase class, 357

failIf method, TestCase class, 357

failIfAlmostEqual method, TestCase class, 356

failIfEqual method, TestCase class, 356

failUnless method, TestCase class, 356

using assertEqual instead of, 360

failUnlessAlmostEqual method, TestCase class, 356

failUnlessEqual method, TestCase class, 356

failUnlessRaises method, TestCase class, 357

failures

distinguishing from errors in unittest, 357

False value (Boolean), 89

changes in Python 3.0, 605

Fault class, xmlrpclib module, 528, 529

feed method

instant markup project, 410

feeds see RSS feeds

fetch command

XML-RPC file sharing project, 527

fetch method, Node class

XML-RPC file sharing project, 520, 521, 524, 526, 527, 531

fetchall method, cursors, 297, 302

bulletin board project, 503, 504

fetchHandler, Client class

GUI client project, 538, 540, 541, 544

fetchmany method, cursors, 297

fetchone method, cursors, 297

bulletin board project, 503

fget/fset/fdel parameters, property function, 189

Fibonacci numbers program, 113

field width, string formatting, 56, 57, 59

FieldStorage class, cgi module, 333

file function, 275, 582

Python 3.0, 604, 606

file iterators, 272–274

file locking

remote editing with CGI project, 497

file methods, 263–270

close method, 264, 267

examples using, 268–270

flush method, 268

read method, 264

readline method, 266

readlines method, 266

seek method, 266

tell method, 266

write method, 264

writelines method, 267

xreadlines method, 272

file permissions

dynamic web pages with CGI, 329–330

file property, modules

exploring modules via source code, 221

file sharing, 517

adding GUI client to Python program, 537–545

XML-RPC file sharing project, 517–535

filecmp module

news gathering project, 468

fileinput module, 225–227

description, 259

finding sender of e-mail, 252

functions, 225

lazy line iteration with fileinput, 272

sample template system, 255, 256

filelineno function, fileinput module, 226

filename function, fileinput module, 226

files

closing files, 267–268, 274

file types, 274

file-like objects, 263, 274

finding file name, wxPython, 286

iterating over file contents, 270–274

byte by byte, 270–271

description, 274

file iterators, 272–274

iterating over lines in very large file, 272

lazy line iteration with fileinput, 272

one line at a time, 271

reading everything first, 271

without storing file object in variable, 273

modes, 261–263, 274

opening files, 261–263

buffering, 263

changes to file in text mode, 262

description, 274

piping output, 264–265

random access, 266

read/write/append/binary modes, 261

reading and writing, 264

closing files after, 267

reading files, 274

reading lines, 266, 274

streams, 274

universal newline support mode, 263

using as context managers, 268

validating file names, XML-RPC, 529–534

writing files, 274

updating files after writing, 268

writing lines, 266, 274

Filter class, 154

filter function, 138, 139, 140, 582

changes in Python 3.0, 605

instant markup project, 414

filters

fetching data from Internet, 432

instant markup project, 409, 413, 418

filterwarnings function, 174

finally clause, try statement, 169–170, 173, 593

combining try/except/finally/else, 170

find method, strings, 60, 586

findall function, re module, 245, 246

finding sender of e-mail, 252

findall method, regular expressions

news gathering project, 462

firewalls, network programming and, 305

firstDisplay method

arcade game project, 560, 562

flag argument, wx.BoxSizer class, 285

flags

conversion specifiers, 56

flags parameter, 247

flip function, arcade game project, 549, 552

float function, 30, 582

food database application, 300

Float type, 579

floating-point numbers, 10

floats, 10

floor function, 16, 30

flush method, files, 268

Font function, arcade game project, 550

font module, pygame, 550

food database application, 300–303

creating and populating tables, 301–302

food_query.py, 303

importdata.py, 301

searching and dealing with results, 302–303

footers

writeFooter method, 446

for loops, 99, 570

Fibonacci numbers program, 113

generators

iter method, 193

iterable files, 272

list comprehension, 105–106

recursive generators, 196

for statements, 593

forking, 312

chat server project, options for, 469

multiple connections, 312

SocketServer module, 313

form tag, action attribute, 492

formal parameters, 118

format function, bulletin board project, 504, 507

format method, strings

changes in Python 3.0, 600

format strings, Python/C API, 378

formats switch

bdist/sdist commands, Distutils, 387

formatting strings

changes in Python 3.0, 600

conversion specifiers, 54–59

string formatting operator, 53

forms

invoking CGI scripts without, 334

writing HTML forms, 334–336

forums, online Python resources, 597

found_terminator method

chat server project, 473, 475, 479

Frame class, wx module see wx.Frame class frames

adding button to frame, 281

setting frame size, 283

setting frame title, 282

wx.Frame class, 281

wxPython GUI toolkit creating, 281

frameworks

event-driven networking framework, 316

framework for extensions, 377–378

SocketServer framework, 310–311, 319

Twisted framework, 316–319, 320

web application frameworks, 343

freshmeat.net, 596

from module import statement, 17

reasons not to use, 18

fromkeys method, dictionaries, 76, 585

frozenset function, 582

frozenset type

immutability, 229

ftplib module, 310

function annotation, Python 3.0, 601

function attributes

doc attribute, 116

function call precedence, 580

function definition statement, 115, 594

functional programming, 138–139, 140

functional requirements

requirement specification, 350

functions, 29, 571–572

see individual function names

as values in Python, 572

binding attributes to, 150

built-in functions, 16, 581–584

calling functions without arguments, 572

containing yield statement, 195

creating, 115–117

defining functions in modules, 212

testing modules, 212–214

distinguishing methods from, 150

documenting, 116

ending functions, 117

exceptions and, 164, 170–171, 173

extinct functions in Python 3.0, 604

flags parameter, 247

formal parameters, 118

from module import statement, 17

function definition, 139

functions without return values, 117

generator-function, 198, 207

local naming, 120

methods compared, 43

nested scopes, 133

number of scopes/namespaces, 131

object-oriented design, 157

parameter/return type annotation, 601, 605

parameters, 16, 117–130, 139

changing, 118–120

collecting parameters, 125–128

distributing operators, 128–129, 604

examples using, 129–130

gathering operators, 125–128, 602, 603, 604, 606

immutability, 123

keyword parameters, 123–125

keyword-only parameters, 602, 606

passing parameters to functions, 572

reasons for changing, 120–122

values, 118

parts of recursive function, 134

recursion, 133–139, 140

recursive functions, 134

return value, 16

caution using if statements, 117

return value is None, 117

type objects, 17

functools module, 258

future module, 10, 19

G

%G, %g conversion specifiers, 57

games, arcade game project, 547–567

Game class, 565

game states, 556

GameOver class, 564

garbage collection

cyclic garbage, 377

del method, 177

gc module, 377

reference counting, 377

unbound objects, 480

gathering operators, 125–128, 602, 603, 604, 606

gc module, 377

generator comprehension, 196

GeneratorExit exception

close method, generators, 199

generators, 194–200

backtracking and, 200–201

close method, 199

components of, 198

description, 207

generator-function, 198, 207

generator-iterator, 198

making generators, 195

methods, 198–199

recursive generators, 196–197

return statement, 195, 198

send method, 198

simulating, 199

solving Eight Queens problem, 200–206

throw method, 199

yield expression, 198, 199

yield statement, 195, 198

Gentoo Linux

installing Python, 4

get function, arcade game project, 550, 552

GET method

getting information from CGI script, 335

get method, dictionaries, 76–78, 585

get_surface function, arcade game project, 549, 552

__getattr method__, 191, 192

raising AttributeError, 192

getattr function, 157, 159, 582

chat server project, 478

checking whether object has specific attribute, 173

working with getattr method, 192

__getattribute__ method, 191

accessing dict attribute, 192

getdefaultencoding function, sys module, 451

gethostname function, socket class, 306, 307

getitem method, 182

changes in Python 3.0, 606

overriding, 186

simulating slicing, sequences, 185

subclassing list type, 186

getItems method, NewsAgent class

news gathering project, 459, 461, 462

getName accessor method

private attributes, 151

getopt module, 259

news gathering project, 468

getPort function

XML-RPC file sharing project, 523, 530

getrandbits function, random module, 235

getslice method, Python 3.0, 606

GetValue method

load event, wxPython, 286

save event, wxPython, 286

getvalue method, FieldStorage class

input to CGI script, 333

global keyword, 133, 603

global scope, 131

exceptions and functions, 170

rebinding variables in outer scopes, 133

global statements, 592

global variables

avoiding, 240

bugs when referencing, 132

constants, 396

object-oriented design, 157

Python DB API, 294–295

rebinding, 132

shadowing, 132

treating objects as abstract, 146

globals function, 132, 582

gmtime function, time module, 234

Gnutella, 517

gopherlib module, 310

Graphical User Interfaces see GUIs

graphics

creating graphics in PDF/Python, 425

graphics creation project, 425–434

constructing PolyLine objects, 429–430

drawing with ReportLab, 427–429

fetching data from Internet, 432

further exploration, 434

implementations, 427–434

preparations, 426

prototype for sunspots_proto.py, 430–431

ReportLab package, 425

tools, 426

using LinePlot Class, 432–434

graphics package, reportlab module, 427

graphics-generating package

graphics creation project, 426

graphs

definitions and further information, 201

greater than operators, 580

greedy patterns, 250

finding sender of e-mail, 252

grokking, 218

Group class, arcade game project, 550

clear method, 552

update method, 552

group method

connecting to NNTP servers, 455

MatchObjects, re module, 248

group numbers, regular expressions

using in substitution string, 249

groups

re module, 247–249

Usenet groups, 597

Grutatxt, 424

GTK platform

PyGTK GUI toolkit, 278

GUI client project, 537–545

Client class, 539, 542

further exploration, 545

implementations, 538–545

ListableNode class, 541

preparations, 538

requirements, 537

tools, 537

GUI platforms, 291, 277

GUI toolkits

chat server project, 486

choosing between, 278

description, 277

for Jython, 290

list of GUI toolkits for Python, 597

popular GUI Toolkits for Python, 277

Swing, 290

Tk/Tkinter, 289

wxPython, building text editor, 278–288

GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces), 291

H

hacking

cracking compared, 1

halting theorem, 361

halts module, 362

handle method

arcade game project, 560, 562

forking and threading, 313

handle method, Node class

XML-RPC file sharing project, 521, 522, 525, 531

handle_accept method

chat server project, 471, 472, 475, 480

handle_charref method, HTMLParser, 325

handle_close method

chat server project, 475, 480

handle_comment method, HTMLParser, 325

handle_data method, HTMLParser, 325, 326

handle_decl method, HTMLParser, 325

handle_endtag method, HTMLParser, 325, 327

handle_entityref method, HTMLParser, 325

handle_pi method, HTMLParser, 325

handle_startendtag method, HTMLParser, 325

handle_starttag method, HTMLParser, 325, 326

Handler class, instant markup project, 410–411, 418

callback/start/end/sub methods, 410, 411

handler module, xml.sax, 439

handlers

CGI handler, mod_python, 336, 338–339

creating content handler, 439–441

instant markup project, 409–411

mod_python handler framework, 336

PSP handler, mod_python, 336, 339–341

publisher handler, mod_python, 336, 341–343

handlers.py, instant markup project, 418

has_key method, dictionaries, 78, 585, 606

hasattr function, 157, 159, 582

replacing callable function, 115

working with getattr method, 192

hashlib module, 258

head method, NNTP class, 455, 457

header file

framework for extensions, 377

SWIG, 372, 373

headers

writeHeader method, 446

heading rules

instant markup project, 415

HeadingRule class

instant markup project, 416, 420

HeadlineHandler class

XML parsing project, 441

heapify function, 230, 231

heappop function, 230, 231

heappush function, 230

heapq module, 230–231, 259

heapreplace function, 230, 231

heaps, 230–231

hello method, Node class

XML-RPC file sharing project, 520, 521, 524, 526, 528, 531, 534

help function, 116, 582

description, 30, 260

exploring modules, 219–220

help switch, Distutils, 384

hex function, 582

hexadecimal numbers, 12

hidden form elements

remote editing with CGI project, 494

hidden inputs, 510

bulletin board project, 513

host parameter, connect function, 296

hotshot module, 363

htaccess file, 338, 339, 341

HTML

automatically marking up plain-text file, 403

creating HTML pages, 442–444

fixing ill-formed HTML, 322

index.html file, 492

introduction to, 403

parsing, 322

writing HTML forms, 334–336

XHTML advantages over, 325

HTMLDestination class

news gathering project, 460, 462

htmllib module

parsing HTML, 322

HTMLParser class, 325–327

callback methods, 325

event-handling methods, 325

screen scraping using, 326

HTMLRenderer class

instant markup project, 409, 411, 419

httplib module, 310

I

%i conversion specifier, 56

id column, messages table

bulletin board project, 502

view.cgi script, 508

id function, 582

identity operator, 93–94

IDEs for Python, 6

IDLE interactive Python shell, 2

IDEs for Python, 6

saving and executing programs, 19

if statements, 15, 90, 569, 592

catching exceptions, 164

caution when return value is None, 117

try/except statement compared, 171, 173

I/O, Python 3.0, 600, 605

image attribute, Sprite class, 554

image module, pygame, 551

imaginary numbers, 18

imaplib module, 310

immutability

frozenset type, 229

lists, 119

parameters, 123

set type, 229

strings/numbers/tuples, 119

using is operator with immutable values, 94

implementation of projects

structure of projects in this book, 402

import command, 17

from module import statement, 17

import statements, 591

as clause, 85

description, 111

fetching functions from external modules, 209

importing something as something else, 84–85

open function, 85

importdata.py, 301

importing modules, 259

import-only-once behavior, modules, 211

in operation, 71

in operator, 38, 39, 94

operator precedence, 580

include_dirs variable, 299

incompatibility warnings

transitioning to Python 3.0, 599

indentation, 569

blocks, 88

index method, lists, 44, 138, 585

index method, strings, 587

index, sequences

checkIndex function, 185

description, 31

illegal type of index used, 184

index.html file

remote editing with CGI project, 492, 496

IndexError class, 162

index outside range, 183, 184

indexing, lists, 570

indexing, sequences, 32–34

inequality operator

Python 3.0, 604, 605

infinite recursion, 134

inflate method, rectangles, 555, 556

Info class, arcade game project, 563

information-gathering agent

news gathering project, 453

inheritance, 147–155

description, 141, 159

multiple inheritance, 156, 575

multiple superclasses, 155–156

object-oriented design, 157

overriding methods and constructors, 177, 178

specifying superclasses, 153–154

subclassing list/dict/str types, 185

init file

making Python recognize packages, 217

init function, pygame module, 549, 552

__init__ method, 575

calling unbound superclass constructor, 180

making init magic, 177

using super function, 180

initialization functions

naming conventions, 380

initializing methods see constructors

inner scope see local scope

Inno Setup installer, 388

inplace parameter, input function, 226, 227

input

compared to raw_input, 26

fileinput module, 225–227

getting input from users, 14–15

hidden inputs, 510

stdin stream, sys module, 222

input function, 14, 30, 570, 582

changes in Python 3.0, 600

input function, fileinput module, 226

backup parameter, 226

inplace parameter, 226, 227

insert method, lists, 45, 585

inside attribute, ListRule class

instant markup project, 417

inside function

XML-RPC file sharing project, 530

inspect module

publisher handler, mod_python, 342

seeing all values stored in objects, 157

install command, Distutils, 385

compiling extensions, 388

installations, Python, 1–7

on Linux/UNIX, 3–5

on Macintosh, 5

on Windows, 1–3

installers

alternative installers, 388

creating Windows installer, 387

Inno Setup, 388

introduction, 390

McMillan installer, 388

Windows installer technology, 388

writing install scripts with Distutils, 383–386

instances of classes, 147

isinstance method, 155

instant markup project, 403–424

adding markup, 407–408

components, 409

filters, 413, 418

final program, 418–422

finding blocks of text, 406–407

further exploration, 423–424

goals, 404

Handler class, 410–411

handlers, 409–411

implementations, 406–422

Parser class, 413–415

parsers, 413–415

preparations, 405–406

Rule class, 413

rules, 412–413, 415–418

tools, 404

int function, 30, 113, 570, 582

integer type, 579

integers

integer division, 9

large integers, 11–12

long integers, 11–12

numbers containing leading zeros, 70

IntegrityError exception, Python DB API, 295

interactive interpreter, 7–9

saving programs, 19

interface file, SWIG, 372, 373

InterfaceError exception, 295

interfaces, 156–157, 159

InternalError exception, 295

interoperability

enabling, Python/C++, 371

interpreter, interactive, 7–9

I/O, asynchronous I/O with select and poll, 313–316

IOError class, 162

IRC, 595

IronPython, 595

alternative Python distributions, 6, 7

description, 380

extending Python, 367–369

is not operator, 580

is operator, 93–94

operator precedence, 580

isalnum method, strings, 587

isalpha method, strings, 587

isdigit method, strings, 587

isdir function, os.path module

XML parsing project, 447

isfirstline function, fileinput module, 226

isinstance function, 142, 159, 582

using in checkIndex function, 185

isinstance method, 155

islower method, strings, 587

isspace method, strings, 587

isstdin function, fileinput module, 226

issubclass function, 159, 582

issubclass method, 154

istitle method, strings, 587

isupper method, strings, 587

item access, 182–187

sequence and mapping protocol, 182–185

subclassing list/dict/str types, 185–187

item access precedence, 580

items method, dictionaries, 78, 100, 585

changes in Python 3.0, 605

__iter__ method, 192–194, 207

for loops, 193

iter function, 194, 207, 582

iterable unpacking, Python 3.0, 603, 606

iteration

definition, 192

for loops, 99

iterable object, 99

iterating over dictionaries, 100

iterating over file contents, 270–274

byte by byte, 270–271

file iterators, 272–274

iterating over lines in large file, 272

lazy line iteration with fileinput, 272

one line at a time, 271

reading everything first, 271

without storing file object in variable, 273

iterating over sequences, 32

iterating over string-like objects, 197

looping, 99

numbered iteration, 101

parallel iteration, 100–101

reversed iteration, 102

sorted iteration, 102

StopIteration exception, 192

utilities, 100–102

while loops, 98

iterator protocol, 192–194

iterator return values, Python 3.0, 603

iterators, 192–194

changes in Python 3.0, 605

description, 207

file iterators, 272–274

generators and, 195

introduction, 175

iterator protocol, 192–194

making sequences from, 194

returning, 197

iteritems method, dictionaries, 78, 585

iterkeys method, dictionaries, 78, 585

itertools module, 258

itervalues method, dictionaries, 80, 585

J

Java class, Jython extending Python, 367

Java Swing see Swing GUI toolkit

JavaBean properties

Jython extending Python, 368

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), 346

join function, os.path module

XML parsing project, 447

join method, strings, 61, 587

example using, 223

performance, 255

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), 346

just-in-time compiler for Python, 370

Jython, 595

alternative Python distributions, 6, 7

description, 380

extending Python, 367–369

GUI toolkits for, 290

JavaBean properties, 368

jythonc command, 367

K

KDevelop environment, 6

key argument of sort method, lists, 48

changes in Python 3.0, 605

key related operations, dictionaries, 71

key types, dictionaries, 71

KeyError exception, 162

trapping with except clause, 172

keys

inappropriate type used, 183

sequence key is negative integer, 183

keys method, dictionaries, 78, 100, 585

changes in Python 3.0, 605

keys, dictionaries, 121

checking if key exists, 78

types for keys, 72

keyword arguments/parameters, 123–125

** (keyword splicing) operator, 126

combining with positional parameters, 124

keyword-only parameters, 602, 606

sort method, lists, 48

using with wx constructors, 282

Komodo environment, 6

L

label argument, wx.Button constructor, 282

lambda expressions, 139

lambda operator, 579

languages

object-oriented languages, 141

large integers, 11–12

LaTeX

markup system, 404

typesetting system, 434

layout mechanisms, 291

lazy evaluation, Boolean operators, 96

lazy line iteration, 272

left shift operator, 580

len function, 40, 52, 582

__len__ method, 182, 184

len operation, dictionaries, 71

less command, UNIX, 457

less than operators, 580

letters constant, string module, 60

changes in Python 3.0, 606

Level class, arcade game project, 560

LevelCleared class, arcade game project, 564

lib subdirectory, Distutils, 385

libraries

ctypes library, 370

difflib library, 258

importing existing (shared) C libraries, 370

Macintosh library modules, 596

Python library reference, 596

standard library modules, 259

Tidylib, 324

library_dirs variable, 299

line method, Canvas class, 427

line numbers

adding to Python script, 227

line separators see newline character

lineno function, fileinput module, 226

LinePlot Class

graphics creation project, 432–434

LineReceiver class, Twisted framework

chat server project, options for, 469

LineReceiver protocol

twisted.protocols.basic module, 318

lines

constructing PolyLine objects, 429–430

lines generator

instant markup project, 406

linesep variable, os module, 224

Linux

installing Python on Linux/UNIX, 3–5

list comprehension, 105–106, 112

exploring modules, 218

generator comprehension and, 196

using, 139

list constructor

making lists from iterators, 194

list function, 40, 52, 583

list item rules

instant markup project, 415

list method, ListableNode class

GUI client project, 541, 542

list methods, 43–49, 585

append method, 43, 585

count method, 43, 585

extend method, 44, 585

index method, 44, 585

insert method, 45, 585

pop method, 45–46, 585

remove method, 46, 585

reverse method, 46, 585

sort method, 47–49, 585

list rules

instant markup project, 415

ListableNode class, GUI client project, 541

list method, 541, 542

listen method

chat server project, 471, 472

socket class, 306

listenTCP function, reactor module, 318, 320

ListItemRule class

instant markup project, 416, 420

ListRule class

instant markup project, 417, 420

lists, 40–49, 570

adding items compared to dictionaries, 72

appending object to end of, 43

appending values to end of, 44

assigning to slices, 42

assigning values to, 41

changing lists, 41

copying entire list, 47

counting occurrences of elements in, 43

deleting elements from, 41

deleting slices, 42

empty lists, 37

finding first occurrence of a value, 44

immutability, 119

indexing, 570

initialization, 37

inserting elements, 42

inserting object into, 45

making lists from iterators, 194

making lists from other lists, 105

multiple references to same list, 47

operations on, 41–42

precedence, 581

removing an element from, 45

removing first occurrence of value, 46

reversed function, 47

reversing elements in, 46

selecting all elements, 35

selecting elements from start/end, 35

slicing, 119, 571

sorted function, 48

sorting into new list, 47

sorting original list, 47

subclassing list type, 185–187

tuples compared, 31

literal values, 579

ljust method, strings, 587

load function

arcade game project, 551

event handler, 286

local scope, 131

parameters, 118

locals function, 132, 583

locals module, pygame, 549, 552

localtime function, 233, 234, 455

logging, 399, 400, 401

logging module, 258, 399–400

logical expressions, 573

short-circuit logic, 574

logical operators see Boolean operators

login command, chat server project, 479, 485, 486

LoginRoom class, chat server project, 479, 480, 482

logout command, chat server project, 479, 485, 486

LogoutRoom class, chat server project, 479, 480, 483

logRequests value

XML-RPC file sharing project, 523

long function, 30, 583

long integer type, 579

long integers, 11–12

changes in Python 3.0, 605

long strings, 26–27

look command, chat server project, 480, 485

lookup function, 121

loop method, chat server project, 472

loops, 97–105

breaking out of, 102–105

while True/break idiom, 104, 105

description, 112

__dict__ attribute avoiding endless looping, 192

for loops, 99

iterating over dictionaries, 100

iteration utilities, 100–102

numbered iteration, 101

parallel iteration, 100, 101

reversed iteration, 102

sorted iteration, 102

list comprehension, 105–106

using else clauses in, 105

while loops, 98

lower method, strings, 62, 95, 241, 457, 587

lowercase constant, string module, 60

lstrip method, strings, 587

M

-m switch

making programs available as modules, 212

Mac OS X

setting environment variables, 216

Macintosh

installing Python on, 5

Macintosh library modules, 596

MacPython, 595

magic attributes

__dict attribute__, 192

magic methods, 575

advanced use of, 187

constructors, 176–181

__del__ method, 177

__delattr__ method, 191

__delitem__ method, 182, 184

__getattr__ method, 191, 192

__getattribute__ method, 191, 192

__getitem__ method, 182

__init__ method, 177

introduction, 175, 206

item access, 182–187

__iter__ method, 192–194

iterator protocol, 192–194

__len__ method, 182, 184

modules, 576

__next__ method, 192

__nonzero__ method, 182

overriding methods and constructors, 177–179

calling unbound superclass constructor, 179–180

using super function, 180–181

property function, 189

sequence and mapping protocol, 182–185

__setattr__ method, 191, 192

__setitem__ method, 182

subclassing list/dict/str types, 185–187

mailbox module, 310

mailcap module, 310

mailing lists, 597

main chat room, chat server project, 479

main function

calling from another function, 240

unittest module, 356, 364

main page, bulletin board project, 513

main value

testing modules, 213

main.cgi script, bulletin board project, 506, 507–508

link to edit.cgi, 507

link to view.cgi, 507, 508

testing, 513

MainLoop method, wx.App class, 281

makedirs function, os module

XML parsing project, 447

maketrans function, string module, 60, 65, 66

MANIFEST.in file, 387

map function, 138, 140, 583

changes in Python 3.0, 605

mappings

constructing dictionaries from, 71

deleting element associated with key, 182

description, 32, 81, 182, 206

dictionaries and, 69

environ mapping, 223, 224

modules mapping, 222

returning number of key-value pairs contained in, 182

returning value of key, 182

sequence and mapping protocol, 182–185

storing value for key, 182

Markdown

markup systems and web sites, 424

markup

instant markup project, 403–424

markup systems, 424

markup.py program, instant markup project, 421

Martelli, Alex, 106

Python Cookbook, 96

match function, re module, 245, 246

MatchObjects class, re module, 247–249

methods, 248

Matplotlib/pylab, 434

max function, 40, 52, 583

MAX_HISTORY_LENGTH constant

peer-to-peer file sharing, 522

maxint value, sys

changes in Python 3.0, 605

maxsplit argument

split function, re module, 246

McMillan installer, 388

membership, 51

checking membership with sets, 228

dictionaries, 71, 72

sequences, 38–39

membership operator, 94

memory leaks, 376

message composer, bulletin board project, 514

Message object, email module

news gathering project, 461

message viewer, bulletin board project, 514

message_from_string function

news gathering project, 461

messages table, bulletin board project

columns described, 502

creating, 501

__metaclass__ attribute

creating new-style classes, 206

finding out class of an object, 155

new-style/old-style classes, 175

old-style and new-style classes, 149

property function, 188

metaclass syntax, Python 3.0, 602, 605

metaclasses, 176

Metakit, 515

method resolution order (MRO), 156

methods, 51, 573

see individual method names

accessor methods, 151, 187

arguments, 573

bound methods, 150

calling, 43, 573

calling overridden version, 206

class methods, 189–191

constructors, 176–181

dictionaries, 585–586

distinguishing methods from functions, 150

functions compared, 43

generator methods, 198–199

list methods, 43–49

lists, 585

magic methods see magic methods

making method or attribute private, 151

MatchObjects, re module, 248

method definitions, 149

object-oriented design, 157, 158

overriding, 177–179

overriding in subclasses, 148, 156

polymorphism and, 143

static methods, 189–191

string methods, 60–66

strings, 586–588

methods, files, 263–270

mhlib module, 310

microthreads, 312

min function, 40, 52, 583

minimum field width, string formatting, 56, 57, 59

mix-in classes, 159

dispatcher mix-in classes, 444–446

mktime function, time module, 233, 234

mod_python framework, 336–343, 347

CGI handler, 336, 338–339

configuring Apache, 338

installing, 337

PSP handler, 336, 339–341

publisher handler, 336, 341–343

mode argument, open function (files), 261–263

modes, files, 261–263, 274

modulator tool, 371

modules, 29, 209–221, 259, 576

see individual module names

__all__ variable, 219

“batteries included” phrase, 221

checking if module exists, 218

creating and locating, 209–210

defining functions in, 212–214

dir function, 218

documentation, 220, 221

exploring, 218–221

extinct modules in Python 3.0, 604

help function, 219–220

import statement, 209

importing, 17, 209, 210, 259

import-only-once behavior, 211

magic methods, 576

main purpose of, 210

making code reusable, 212

making modules available, 214–216

making programs available as, 212

mapping, sys module, 222

modifying sys.path to specify location, 210, 214

naming file containing module code, 217

networking, 305–310

newly released third-party modules, 7

packages, 259

packaging in packages, 217

packaging in Python 3.0, 604

permissions affecting save location, 214

programming, 17–19

putting modules in existing sys.path, 214–215

reasons for not doing, 215

py_modules directive, Distutils, 386

pyc file extension, 210

pygame modules, 548–551

reading source code, 221

reloading, 211

renamed modules in Python 3.0, 604

specifying module location in PYTHONPATH, 215–216

standard library modules, 221–259

switching between database modules, 294

test code contained in, 259

testing, 212–214

third-party modules, 597

twisted modules, 317, 318

wrapping modules as archive file, 386–387

writing extension modules for Python, 370

modulo operator

list comprehension, 105

string formatting, 66

modulus operator, 11

mouse cursor

pygame.mouse module, 550

mouse module, pygame, 550

move method, rectangles, 555

MRO (method resolution order), 156

μTidyLib, 324

multiple connections

network programming, 311–316

multiple inheritance, 156, 575

multiple superclasses, 155–156

multiplication operator, 37, 580

multiplying, sequences, 37–38

mutable objects see immutability

mxTidy, 324

MySQL database

bulletin board project, 500, 501

MySQLdb module, 597

bulletin board project, 500

N

name variable, testing modules, 213

name argument, open function (files), 261

named arguments, 572

named value, Python DB API, 295

NameError class, 162

namespaces

see also scopes

class namespace, 152–153

class statement, 149

number of namespaces, 131

using exec and eval, 109, 111

naming conventions

classes, 148

making method or attribute private, 152

initialization functions, 380

object-oriented design, 158

symbolic constants, 396

variables, 13

wx module methods, 281

nan value, 18

negative numbers

sqrt function, 18

nested scopes, 133

instant markup project, 410

nesting blocks, if statements, 91

Network News Transfer Protocol see NNTP

network programming

asynchronous I/O with select and poll, 313–316

chat server project, 469

event-driven networking framework, 316

firewalls, 305

forking and threading with SocketServer, 313

introduction, 305

multiple connections, 311–316

opening remote files, 308

port numbers, 307

retrieving remote files, 309

sockets, 470

synchronous network programming, 306

Twisted framework, 316–319

networking modules, 305–310

newline character

changes on opening in text mode, 262

platforms using other line separators, 267

NEWNEWS command

NNTP server supporting, 454, 456

newnews method, NNTP class, 455, 456

news gathering project, 453–468

automatically generated news page, 461

downloading messages from newsgroups, 455

flexible news-gathering agent, 463

further exploration, 467

goals, 454

implementations, 455–467

NewsAgent class, 459

news page with more than one source, 463

preparations, 454–455

tools, 454

newsgroups

downloading messages from, 455

online resources, 597

NewsItem class

news gathering project, 459

newsreaders see NNTP clients

__next__ method, 192

changes in Python 3.0, 606

iter method returning iterator, 192, 207

object implementing, 193

nextfile function, fileinput module, 226

finding sender of e-mail, 253

nextset method, cursors, 297

nextState method, LevelCleared class

arcade game project, 564

nlargest function, heapq module, 230, 231

NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol), 453

NNTP class

body method, 455, 457

head method, 455, 457

instantiating, 455

newnews method, 455, 456

NNTP clients, 453

NNTP constructor

connecting to servers, 454

NNTP servers

'211' string beginning, 455

'411' string beginning, 455

connecting to servers, 454

description, 453

downloading messages from newsgroups, 455

main network of, 453

news gathering project, 454

nntplib library

news gathering project, 453, 454, 455

nntplib module, 310

NNTPSource class

news gathering project, 461, 462

Node class, GUI client project, 541

updateList method, 541, 543

Node class, XML-RPC file sharing project, 520, 530

broadcast method, 521, 522, 525, 532

constructor, 520

fetch method, 520, 521, 524, 531

handle method, 521, 522, 525, 531

hello method, 520, 521, 524, 531

implementing, 520–525

query method, 520, 521, 522, 524, 530

start method, 523, 524, 531

stopping and restarting node, 527

None value, 37

changes in Python 3.0, 605

return value, functions, 117

using None as placeholder, 574

None value, Boolean values, 89

nongreedy patterns see greedy patterns

nonlocal keyword, 133

Python 3.0, 602, 606

nonzero method, 182

nose

alternatives to unit test tools, 355

not equal to operator, 580

not in operator, 580

not operator, 96, 580

NotImplementedError exception, 224

NotSupportedError exception, 295

nsmallest function, heapq module, 230, 231

NUMBER value, Python DB API, 298

numbered iteration, 101

numbers, 9–12

complex numbers, 18

floating-point numbers, 10

hexadecimal numbers, 12

imaginary numbers, 18

immutability, 119

nan value, 18

numbers containing leading zeros, 70

octal numbers, 12

numeric arrays

analyzing many forms of numeric data, 370

numeric value, Python DB API, 295

NumPy, 370, 548

O

%o conversion specifier, 56

object function, 583

object-oriented design, 157–158, 159

object-oriented languages, 141

Smalltalk, 151

object-oriented programming see OOP

objects, 572–575

accessing attributes of objects, 150–152

checking if object has specific attribute, 172

classes, 147–156

classes and objects, 147

deleting, 107

description, 141, 158

encapsulation, 573, 145–147

exception objects, 161

finding out class of an object, 155

file-like objects, 263, 274

inheritance, 575, 147–154, 155

MatchObjects, re module, 247

methods, 573

object-oriented design, 157

polymorphism, 142–145

forms of, 144

methods and, 143

private attributes, 151

referencing not owning, 376

referring to the object itself, 149

seeing all values stored in objects, 157

treating objects as abstract, 146

objects.py file, arcade game project, 556, 557

oct function, 583

octal literals, Python 3.0, 606

octal numbers, 12

Official Python Distribution, 595

offset parameter

seek method, files, 266

OnInit method, Client class

GUI client project, 538, 539, 541, 543

online chatting see chat server project

online resources, 595–597

OOP (object-oriented programming)

classes, 147–156, 158

distinction between types and classes, 148

encapsulation, 141, 145–147, 158

inheritance, 141, 147–154, 155, 159

interfaces, 156–157, 159

objects, 141, 158

polymorphism, 141, 142–145, 158

forms of, 144

summary of key concepts, 158–159

open function, files, 261–263, 275

binary mode, 262

buffering argument, 263

mode argument, 261–263

name argument, 261

open function, import statement, 85

open function, shelve module, 238

open function, webbrowser module, 225

opening files, 261–263

opent function, 583

operating systems

os module, 223–225

OperationalError exception, 295

operations

dictionaries, 71–73

lists, 41–42

sequences, 32–40

adding, 37

checking membership, 38–39

indexing, 32–34

multiplying, 37–38

slicing, 34–37

strings, 53

tuples, 50

operator module

add function, 144

operators

* (parameter splicing) operator, 126, 127

** (keyword splicing) operator, 128

+= operator, 522

adding sequences, 37

arithmetic operators, 9

assignment operator, 13, 15

Boolean operators, 38, 95–96

comparison operators, 92–95

conditional operator, 96

distributing operators, 128–129, 604

double slash operator, 10

equality operator, 15, 93

exponentiation operator (**), 11

gathering operators, 125–128, 602, 603, 604, 606

identity operator, 93–94

in operator, 38, 39, 94

is operator, 93–94

logical operators, 96

membership operator, 94

modulo operator, 66

modulus operator, 11

multiplying sequences, 37

parameter operators, 125–129

precedence, 579–581

repetition operators, 250

splicing operators, 129

string formatting operator, 53

ternary operator, 96

optimization

extending Python for speed, 365–366

profiling, 362–363

optparse module, 259

levels of configuration, 398

news gathering project, 468

or operator

Boolean operators, 96

short-circuit logic, 574

operator precedence, 579

finding union of two sets, 228

ord function, 95, 112, 583

os module, 223–225, 259

functions and variables, 223

makedirs function, 447

os.path module, XML parsing project, 447

outer scope see global scope

output

piping output, 264–265

stdout stream, sys module, 222

overriding

description, 206

getitem method, 186

methods and constructors, 177–179

calling unbound superclass constructor, 179–180

using super function, 180–181

methods in subclasses, 148, 156

P

package manager

installing Python on Linux/UNIX, 4

packages, Python, 217–218

announcing/publishing, 390

centralized index of, 390

description, 259

distributing, 383

files and directories layout, 217

graphics-generating package, 426

grouping modules in, 217

making Python recognize, 217

module packaging in Python 3.0, 604

Python Package Index, 384

packaging programs

creating Linux RPM packages, 387

creating Windows installer, 387

distribution formats, 387

Distutils, 383–386

introduction, 383

wrapping modules as archive file, 386–387

page element, XML parsing project, 437, 442

painting pretty picture project see graphics creation project

palindrome module

hand-coded using Python/C API, 379–380

palindromes, 372

program to recognize, 372–375

Panel class, wx module see wx.Panel class

ParagraphRule class

instant markup project, 417, 421

parallel iteration, 100–101

parameter operators, 125–129

Python 3.0, 602, 603, 604, 606

parameters, functions, 16, 117–130

actual parameters, 118

annotation, 601, 605

arguments, 118

changing, 118–120

collecting parameters, 125–128

combining positional/keyword parameters, 124

default values, 124

description, 139

distributing operators, 128–129, 604

examples using parameters, 129–130

formal parameters, 118

gathering operators, 125–128, 602, 603, 604, 606

immutability, 123

keyword parameters, 123–125, 602, 606

keyword-only parameters, 602, 606

local naming, 120

local scope, 118

modifying parameters, 123

parameter operators, 125–128

passing parameters to functions, 572

positional parameters, 123

default values, 124

reasons for changing, 120–122

rebinding parameters, 123, 572

self parameter, 150

values, 118

paramstyle property, Python DB API, 294, 295

parent argument, wx constructors, 281

parse function, xml.sax module, 439

parse method, instant markup project, 414

Parser class, instant markup project, 413–415, 421

addFilter method, 414, 415

addRule method, 414, 415

parse method, 414

parsers, instant markup project, 409, 413–415

parsing XML project see XML parsing project

parsing, HTML, 322

HTMLParser class/module, 325–327

partition method, strings, 587

pass statements, 107, 112, 590

passthrough variable

XML parsing project, 448

password handling, 494

password parameter

connect function, Python DB API, 296

passwords

bulletin board project, 503

path configuration files, 216

path submodule, os module, 223, 447

path variable, sys module, 222

modifying to specify module location, 210, 214

putting modules in existing sys.path, 214–215

reasons for not doing, 215

search path (list of directories), 214

using PYTHONPATH alongside, 216

pathsep variable, os module, 223, 224

patterns

greedy patterns, 250

re module functions, 245

Paused class, arcade game project, 561

PDF (Portable Document Format) files

editing, 425

getting PDF reader, 425

graphics creation project, 425

pdfgen module, ReportLab package, 427

PDFs, drawing with ReportLab, 427

peer-to-peer file sharing

GUI client project, 544

MAX_HISTORY_LENGTH constant, 522

XML-RPC file sharing project, 517–535

peer-to-peer systems, 517

performance

join method, strings, 255

using CGI handler, 339

period (dot) character

regular expression wildcards, 242

permissions

dynamic web pages with CGI, 329–330

saving modules, 214

Pilgrim, Mark, 345

pipe characters, 265

piping output, files, 264–265

placeholders

using None as placeholder, 574

PlainDestination class

news gathering project, 460, 462

plain-text markup, 403

markup systems, 424

platform variable, sys module, 222

platforms, GUI, 277

Platypus, ReportLab package, 434

playful programming, 393

Plone, 344

poll function, select module, 320

asynchronous I/O with, 315–316

poll object

register/unregister methods, 315

POLLXYZ events

polling event constants in select module, 315

PolyLine class

constructing PolyLine objects, 429

polymorphism, 142–145

description, 141, 158, 182

duck typing, 145

forms of, 144

interfaces, 156

isinstance function or, 155

methods and, 143

repr function, 145

subclassing list/dict/str types, 185

types, 145

use of isinstance function, 185

pop functions

heappop function, 230, 231

pop method, dictionaries, 79, 586

pop method, lists, 45–46, 585

popen function, 224

running Tidy, 324

popitem method, 79, 586

sequence unpacking, 86

poplib module, 310

port numbers

chat server project, 470, 471, 473

network programming, 307

numbers requiring administrator privileges, 470

pos argument, wx.Button constructor, 283

positional parameters

combining with keyword parameters, 124

default values, 124

description, 123

gathering operators, 125–128, 602, 603, 604, 606

keyword-only parameters, 602, 606

POST method

getting information from CGI script, 335

remote editing with CGI project, 490

PostgreSQL database

bulletin board project, 500, 501

pound bang (#!), 21, 22

dynamic web pages with CGI, 329

pow function, 16, 30, 583

power (exponential) operator, 11

power function, 135

powers

recursive function to calculate, 135

pprint function, 215

precedence, operators, 579–581

precision, string formatting, 54, 56, 57

preparations for projects

structure of projects in this book, 402

print function, Python 3.0, 605

print statement

changes in Python 3.0, 600

print statements, 14, 111, 590

separating with commas, 83–84

printable constant, string module, 60

printing

pretty-printing function, 215

using arguments in reverse order, 223

priority queues

heaps, 230–231

private attributes, 151

problem descriptions for projects

structure of projects in this book, 401

procedures

functions without return values, 117

remote procedure calls

REST and RPC, 346

SOAP, 346

with Pyro, 346

XML-RPC, 345

profile module, 258, 363

run method, 363, 364

profiling, 359, 362–363, 364

hotshot/profile/timeit modules, 363

programming

see also OOP (object-oriented programming)

algorithms, 9

books about programming, 400–401

built-in functions, 16, 581–584

comments, 22

configuration, 394, 396–398, 401

configuration files, 396–398

dictionary methods, 74–80, 585–586

expressions, 9–12, 579–588

flexibility in, 393–394, 401

functional programming, 138–139, 140

functions, 16

input, 14–15

list methods, 43–49, 585

literal values, 579

logging, 399–400, 401

making scripts behave like programs, 20–22

minimum requirements, 400

modules, 17–19

operator precedence, 579–581

playful programming, 393

prototyping, 394–395, 401

pseudocode, 136

Python reference, 579–594

Python tutorial, 569–577

requirement specification, 350–351

saving and executing programs, 19–20

statements, 13–14, 589–594

string methods, 60–66, 586–588

strings, 22–29

symbolic constants, 396

test-driven programming, 349–352, 364

testing, 394

text editor, 19

variables, 13

ProgrammingError exception, Python DB API, 295

programs

abstraction and program structure, 114

building Windows executable programs, 383

creating executables with py2exe, 389–390

description, 29

importing programs as modules, 209

making programs available as modules, 212

packaging, 383

Distutils, 383–386

projects

arcade game project, 547–567

bulletin board project, 499–515

chat server project, 469–487

graphics creation project, 425–434

GUI client project, 537–545

instant markup project, 403–424

news gathering project, 453–468

remote editing with CGI project, 489–498

structure of projects in this book, 401

XML parsing project, 435–452

XML-RPC file sharing project, 517–535

properties

accessor methods defining attributes, 187–188

creating properties, 188

__getattr__/__setattr__ methods, 191–192

property function, 188–189

implementing with old-style classes, 191

introduction, 175

new-style/old-style classes, 175

property function, 188–189, 207, 583

calling with arguments, 189

descriptor protocol, 189

__get__/__set__ methods as attributes of, 188

magic methods, 189

new-style/old-style classes, 206

proportion argument

Add method, wx.BoxSizer class, 285

protocol attribute, Factory class

writing Twisted server, 317

protocol module, 317

protocols, 182

descriptor protocol, 189

iterator protocol, 192–194

sequence and mapping protocol, 182–185

prototyping, 394–395, 401

case against rewriting, 395

extending Python for improved speed, 365

pseudocode, 136, 569

PSP (Python Server Pages), 339

PSP tags, 340

psp file name extension, 340

PSP handler, mod_python, 336, 339–341

Psyco, 370

psycopg module, 597

bulletin board project, 500

pth file extension, 216

publisher handler, mod_python, 336, 341–343

pump function, arcade game project, 550

punctuation constant, string module, 60

push functions

heappush function, 230

push method, chat server project, 475, 479

PuTTY software, 471

py file extension, 576

naming file containing module code, 217

running CGI script, 339

py.test

alternatives to unit test tools, 355

Py_BuildValue function, 378, 381

Py_DECREF macro, 376, 381

Py_INCREF macro, 376, 378, 381

py_modules directive, Distutils, 386

Py_None object, 378

py2exe extension

building Windows executable programs, 383

Distutils, 389–390

Inno Setup installer, 388

PyArg_ParseTuple function, 378, 381

PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords function, 378, 381

pyc file extension, 210

pychecker/pylint commands, 360

PyChecker/PyLint tools, 359–362, 364

PyCXX, 371

pyformat value, Python DB API, 295

Pygame documentation, 547

pygame module, 548, 597

pygame modules, functions of

blit, 549

flip, 549, 552

Font, 550

get, 550, 552

get_surface, 549, 552

init, 549, 552

load, 551

pump, 550

set_caption, 549

set_mode, 549, 552

set_visible, 552

Surface, 548

update, 549, 552

Pygame tool, arcade game project, 548–551

catching Pygame-specific errors, 549

pygame.display module, 549, 552

pygame.event module, 550, 552

pygame.font module, 550

pygame.image module, 551

pygame.locals module, 549

importing constants from, 552

pygame.mouse module, 550, 552

pygame.sprite module, 550

PyGTK GUI toolkit, 278, 597

pylab, Matplotlib, 434

Pylons, 343, 344

PyObject type, 377

PyPI (Python Package Index), 384, 390, 596

PyPy, 370

PyQt GUI toolkit, 278, 597

SIP tool, 371

Pyrex, 370

Pyro

remote procedure calls with, 346

pyRXP

dealing with XML in Python, 439

PySimpleApp class, wx module see wx.PySimpleApp class

PySQLite, 298, 304

downloading and installing, 299

Python

see also programming

adding line numbers to script, 227

alternative distributions, 5–7

built-in functions, 16, 581–584

cmath module, 18

comments, 22

compiling from sources, 4–5

converting values to strings, 24

creator of, 19

dictionary methods, 74–80, 585–586

distinction between types and classes, 148

enabling interoperability Python/C++, 371

expressions, 9–12, 579–588

extending, 365–366

extension approaches, 380

IronPython, 367–369, 380

Jython, 367–369, 380

Python/C API, 375–380

SWIG, 371–375, 380

writing C extensions, 369–380

functional programming, 140

functions, 117

GUI platforms for, 291

GUI toolkits, 597

IDEs for Python, 6

IDLE interactive Python shell, 2

including C/C++ directly in Python code, 370

installing on Windows, 1–3

installing Python on Linux/UNIX, 3–5

installing Python on Macintosh, 5

interactive interpreter, 7–9

interpreter, 9

just-in-time compiler for, 370

large integers, 12

list methods, 43–49, 585

literal values, 579

making scripts behave like normal programs, 20–22

mod_python, 336–343

modules, 17–19

operator precedence, 579–581

popular GUI Toolkits for, 277

private attributes, 151

release information, 7

RPython, 370

running scripts from command prompt, 20

Stackless Python, 312

statements, 13–14, 589–594

string methods, 60–66, 586–588

strings, 22–29

third-party modules, 597

web application frameworks, 343

web tutorial, 569

writing extension modules for, 370

Python 3.0, 599–606

abstract classes, 601

argument splicing, 604

automatic refactoring tool (2to3), 599

class decorators, 601

comparing incompatible types, 604

console I/O, 600

dictionary comprehension, 603

dictionary views, 603

extinct functions, 604

extinct modules in, 604

function annotation, 601

inequality operator, 604

integer division, 604

iterable unpacking, 603

iterator return values, 603

keyword-only parameters, 602, 606

metaclass syntax, 602

module packaging in, 604

new features in, 605

nonlocal variables, 602

renamed modules in, 604

set comprehension, 603

set syntax, 604

sources of information for, 606

standard library, 604

string formatting, 600

strings/bytes/encodings, 599

transitioning from older code to, 599

Python/C API

creating built-in types and classes, 378

deallocating objects, 376

extending Python using, 375–380

format strings, 378

framework for extensions, 377–378

hand-coded palindrome module, 379–380

reference counting, 376–377

writing extension modules for Python, 370

python command, 3, 265

Python Cookbook, 596

Alex Martelli, 96

Python Database API (Python DB API), 294–298

apilevel property, 294

bulletin board project, 502, 503

connections, 296, 502

constructors and special values, 297

cursors, 296–297, 503

description, 293, 303

exceptions, 295

global variables, 294–295

paramstyle property, 294, 295

switching between database modules, 294

threadsafety property, 294

types, 297–298

Python distributions online, 595

Python documentation online, 596

Python eggs, 384

Python Enhancement Proposals, 596

Python extensions, 380

Python help (pyhelp.cgi), 596

“Python Imaging Library not available” warning, 429

Python interpreter

extending and embedding, 596

Python library reference, 596

Python Package Index see PyPI

Python reference, 579–594

Python reference manual, 596

Python Server Pages see PSP

Python web site, 595

PythonDebug directive, 339, 340

Python/C API reference manual, 596

PYTHONPATH environment variable, 215–216, 224, 225

Pythonwin environment, 6

PythonWin GUI toolkit, 278, 597

pyw file extension, 217, 288

pywin32, 595

PyX package, 426, 434

PyXML module, 597

installing, 437

Q

qmark value, Python DB API, 295

importing data into databases, 302

-Qnew command-line switch, 10

Qt platform, PyQt GUI toolkit, 278

query method, Node class

XML-RPC file sharing project, 520, 521, 522, 524, 526, 530

queues

deques, 231–232

heaps, 230–231

QUIT event

arcade game project, 552

quit function, servers, 457

Quixote, 344

quote/quote_plus functions, urllib module, 309, 320

quotes

escaping quotes, 23–24

single-quoted strings, 23–24

R

%r conversion specifier, 57

raise statement, exceptions, 162–163, 173, 591

changes in Python 3.0, 605

raising exceptions, 161–163, 173

raising exceptions again, 164–165

random access, files, 266

random data

urandom function, 224

random function, random module, 235

random library

choice function, 144

random module, 234–238, 260

choice function, 159

randomString function

XML-RPC file sharing project, 528, 532

randrange function, random module, 235, 236

range function, 99, 100, 101, 112, 583

raw strings, 27–28

raw_input

compared to input, 26

raw_input function, 30, 570, 583

changes in Python 3.0, 600, 606

ignoring return value, 238

reading strings, 113

rawDataReceived event handler, 318

RDF (Resource Description Framework), 345

RDF Site Summary, 345

re module, 242–257, 260

see also regular expressions

compile function, 245

escape function, 245, 247

findall function, 245, 246, 252

finding sender of e-mail, 251–253

flags parameter, 247

functions, 245

VERBOSE flag, 249

groups, 247–249

match function, 245, 246

MatchObjects, 247–249

sample template system, 253–257

screen scraping, 321

search function, 245

split function, 245, 246

sub function, 245, 247, 249, 250

using group numbers in substitution string, 249

reactor module

listenTCP function, 318

read method, files, 264

examples using file methods, 268

iterating over file contents with, 270

reading entire file before iterating, 271

read mode, open function (files), 262

reading files, 264, 274

closing files after reading, 267

reading lines, files, 266, 274

readline method, files, 266

examples using file methods, 269

iterating over file contents with, 271

readlines method, files, 266

examples using file methods, 269

reading entire file before iterating, 271

xreadlines method and, 272

rebinding

global variables, 132

local and global scopes, 131, 132

variables in outer scopes, 133

receiveItems method, NewsAgent class, 459

rect attribute, Sprite class, 554

rectangle objects

clamp method, 556

inflate method, 555, 556

move method, 555

recursion, 133–139

infinite recursion, 134

parts of recursive function, 134

recursive definitions, 134

recursive functions, 134, 140

binary search example, 136–138

calculating factorials example, 134

calculating powers example, 135

value of, 136

recursive generators, 196, 197

recv method, socket class, 307

reduce function, 139, 140, 583

Python 3.0, 604, 606

reduce method, set type, 229

refactoring

2to3 (automatic refactoring tool), 599

news gathering project, 453

reference counting

borrowed references, 376, 377

deallocating objects, 376

decrementing reference count, 376

extending Python using Python/C API, 376–377

garbage collection, 377

incrementing reference count, 376

references

Python library reference, 596

Python reference, 579–594

Python reference manual, 596

Python/C API reference manual, 596

REFERENCES keyword, PostgreSQL

CREATE TABLE command, 501

register command, Distutils, 390

register method, poll object, 315

register_function method

SimpleXMLRPCServer class, 519

register_instance method

SimpleXMLRPCServer class, 519, 523

regular expressions

see also re module

character sets, 243

denoting beginning/end of string, 244

description, 242

escaping special characters, 242

findall method, news gathering project, 462

finding sender of e-mail, 252

instant markup project, 409, 411

making readable, 249

re module, 242–257, 260

repeating patterns, 244

sample template system, 253–257

screen scraping, 322

specifying alternative matches, 243

subpatterns, 243–244

transforming into pattern object, 245

wildcards, 242

relational databases

tutorial/reading on, 293

release information, 7

reload function, 260, 583

modules, 211

Python 3.0, 604, 606

replacing functionality using exec, 211

remainder operator, 580

remote editing with CGI project, 489–498

controlling file access, 493

debugging, 490

edit.cgi script, 492–494, 496

further exploration, 497

index.html file, 492, 496

implementations, 490–496

preparations, 490

requirements, 489

running the editor, 496

save.cgi script, 492, 494–495, 496

tools, 490

view.cgi script, 497

remote procedure calls see RPC

remove method, chat server project, 479

remove method, lists, 46, 585

remove method, set type, 229

renderPDF class

drawToFile method, 428

RenderUpdates class

draw method, 549, 550

repetition operators, 250

replace method, strings, 63, 587

reply_to column, messages table

bulletin board project, 502, 504, 506

edit.cgi script, 510

testing, 513

view.cgi script, 508

reportlab module, 597

graphics package, 427

importing, 426

ReportLab package

constructing PolyLine objects, 429–430

description, 425

documentation for, 426

downloading, 426

drawing with, 427–429

first prototype for sunspots_proto.py, 430–431

LinePlot class, 432–434

pdfgen module, 427

Platypus, 434

reasons for choosing, 426

repr function, 25, 30, 573, 583

polymorphism, 145

representational state transfer (REST), 346

requirement specification

functional requirements, 350

test-driven programming, 350–351

reset method, Weight class

arcade game project, 558

Resource Description Framework (RDF), 345

resources

online resources, 595

Python 3.0, 606

REST (representational state transfer), 346, 535

reStructuredText, 424

return statement, 116, 572, 590

ending functions, 117

generators, 195, 198

infinite recursion, 134

return value, functions, 16

annotation, 601, 605

functions without return values, 117

iterator return values, Python 3.0, 603

return value is None, 117

caution using if statements, 117

reverse argument of sort method, lists, 49

reverse function, 223

reverse method, lists, 46, 585

reversed function, 47, 52, 102, 112, 223, 583

reversed iteration, 102

rewriting

case against rewriting, 395

rfind method, strings, 587

Rich Site Summary, 345

right shift operator, 580

rindex method, strings, 587

rjust method, strings, 588

robotparser module, 310

rollback method, connections, 296

Room class, chat server project, 481

rooms, chat server project, 478–480

LoginRoom class, 479

LogoutRoom class, 479

main chat room, 479

Rossum, Guido van, 278

round function, 16, 30, 584

rounding, division, 16

rowcount attribute, cursors, 297

ROWID value, Python DB API, 298

rpartition method, strings, 588

RPC (remote procedure calls)

REST and RPC, 346

SOAP, 346

XML-RPC, 345

rpm format

bdist command, Distutils, 387

RPMs

creating Linux RPM packages, 387

XML parsing project, 437

RPython, 370

rsplit method, strings, 588

RSS (Really Simple Syndication), 345

RSS feeds, 345

client program handling feeds, 345

Scrape ’N’ Feed, 328

Universal Feed Parser, 345

rstrip method, strings, 227, 588

Rule class/object, instant markup project, 413, 419

condition/action methods, 412, 414

rules, instant markup project, 409, 412–413, 415–418

run function, reactor module, 318, 320

run method, Game class

arcade game project, 565

run method, profile module, 363, 364

runDefaultSetup function

news gathering project, 462

S

%s conversion specifier, 54

safe_substitute method, 55

sample function, random module, 235

save function, event handler, 286

save.cgi script

bulletin board project, 507, 511–513

remote editing with CGI project, 492, 494–495, 496

saving programs, 19–20

SAX (Simple API for XML), 435

dealing with XML in Python, 439

XML parsing project, 435, 438, 442

sax module, xml

parse function, 439

SAX parser

XML parsing project, 436

say command, chat server project, 480, 485

scope, 131–133

see also namespaces

class scope variable, 153

description, 140

global scope, 131

local scope, 131

parameters, 118

nested scopes, 133

instant markup project, 410

number of scopes, 131

rebinding global variables, 132

using exec and eval, 109, 111

Scrape ’N’ Feed, 328

scraping see screen scraping

screen scraping, 321–328, 346

Beautiful Soup module, 327–328

HTMLParser callback methods, 325

Tidy, 322–324

using HTMLParser module, 325–327

web services, 344–346

XHTML, 325

scripts

adding line numbers to, 227

behaving like normal programs, 20–22

running from command prompt, 20

saving and executing programs, 19–20

scroll bars, text controls, 284

sdist command, Distutils, 386, 387

formats switch, 387

search function, re module, 245

second implementations of projects

structure of projects in this book, 402

second system syndrome

case against rewriting, 395

security

CGI security risks, 330

password digests, 494

PythonDebug directive, 340

using exec and eval, 109

seek method, files, 266

select function, select module

asynchronous I/O, 312, 314–315

avoiding forking and threading, 312

description, 320

select module, poll function

asynchronous I/O, 315–316

polling event constants in select module, 315

self parameter

calling unbound superclass constructor, 180

class methods, 189

class statement, 149

distinguishing methods from functions, 150

framework for extensions, 377, 378

static methods, 189

send method, generators, 198

send method, socket class, 307

sender column, messages table

bulletin board project, 502

sep variable, os module, 223, 224

separators

altsep variable, 224

linesep variable, 224

pathsep variable, 223, 224

sep variable, 223, 224

sequence unpacking

assignment statements, 85–87

file iterators, 274

popitem method, 86

sequences, 31–40, 51, 182, 206

accessing individual elements, 32

accessing ranges/slices of elements, 34

adding, 37

arithmetic sequence, 184

built-in sequence types, 31

checking membership, 38–39

close function, 226

comparing, 95

concatenating, 37

creating infinite sequence, 183

deleting element associated with key, 182

empty lists, 37

finding number of elements in, 40

finding smallest/largest elements in, 40

immutable sequences, 49

indexing, 31, 32–34

illegal type of index used, 184

initialization, 37

iterating over, 32

key is negative integer, 183

lists, 40–49

making from iterators, 194

mapping protocol and, 182–185

multiplying, 37–38

operations, 32–40

returning number of elements contained in, 182

returning value of key, 182

slicing, 34–37, 119

simulating, 185

specifying step length between elements, 36

storing value for key, 182

tuples, 49–51

SERIAL keyword, PostgreSQL

CREATE TABLE command, 501

serve_forever method

SimpleXMLRPCServer class, 519, 523

server sockets, 319

ServerProxy class

XML-RPC file sharing project, 520

servers

connecting to, 454

forking server, 313

SocketServer module, 310–311

SocketServer-based servers, 317

threading server, 313

writing Twisted server, 317–319

service provider, web services, 344

service requester, web services, 344

set attr method, 191, 192

Set class instances, 228

set comprehension, Python 3.0, 603

set function, 584

set methods, 187, 188

set type

add method, 229

frozenset type and, 229

immutability, 229

reduce method, 229

remove method, 229

sets module and, 228

union method, 228, 229

set_caption function, arcade game project, 549

set_mode function, arcade game project, 549, 552

set_reuse_addr method, chat server project, 473

set_terminator method, chat server project, 473, 475

set_visible function, arcade game project, 552

__setattr__ method, 191, 192

setattr function, 157, 159, 584

setdefault method, dictionaries, 79, 106, 586

setdefaultencoding function, sys module, 451

Setext, 424

setinputsizes method, cursors, 297

__setitem__ method, 182

setName method, private attributes, 151

setoutputsize method, cursors, 297

sets, 228–229

empty set, 604

new syntax in Python 3.0, 604

sets module, 228–229, 259

SetSizer method, wx.Panel class, 284

setup function, Distutils, 384, 391

setup script, Distutils, 383, 384

setup.py script, Distutils, 384, 385, 387

commands to run setup.py, 390

setuptools project, 384

SetValue method

load event, wxPython, 286

sgmllib module, 322

sha module, 343

remote editing with CGI project, 494

shadowing

locals function, 132

shallow copy, dictionaries, 75

shebang, 21

shelve module, 238–241, 260

modifying objects, 239

open function, 238

shift operator precedence, 580

short-circuit logic, Boolean operators, 96, 574

Show method, wx.Frame class, 281

shuffle function, random module, 235

signs (+/-), string formatting, 58

Simple API for XML see SAX

simple generators see generators

Simple Wrapper and Interface Generator see SWIG

simple_main.cgi script

bulletin board project, 505

SimpleWebSource class

news gathering project, 462

SimpleXMLRPCServer class, 519

allow_reuse_address attribute, 527

register_function method, 519

register_instance method, 519, 523

registering Node with, 521

serve_forever method, 519, 523

SimpleXMLRPCServer module, 310, 518

single-quoted strings, 23–24

SIP tool, 371

site-packages directory

executing path configuration files, 216

putting modules in existing sys.path, 215

size argument, setting button positions using, 283

sizers, 284–285

BoxSizer class, 284

layout mechanisms, 291

using relative coordinates, 284

Slashdot, 499

sleep function, time module, 233, 234

slice function, sequences, 185

slicing

lists, 42, 571

precedence, 580

sequences, 34–37

simulating, 185

Smalltalk, 151

SmartASCII, 424

smtpd/smtplib modules, 310

SOAP/SOAPy, 346

socket class, socket module, 306

accept method, 306

bind method, 306

connect method, 306

gethostname function, 306, 307

listen method, 306

recv method, 307

send method, 307

socket module, 306–308, 319

socket class, 306

tools for chat server project, 470

socket server

connecting to, 470

sockets

chat server project

bind method, 471

create_socket method, 471, 472

datagram socket, 306

description, 319

network programming, 470

stream socket, 306

types of, 306

SocketServer framework, 319

SocketServer module, 310–311

BaseRequestHandler class, 311

classes, 311

forking and threading with, 313

SocketServer-based servers, 317

StreamRequestHandler class, 311

sort command, files, 265

sort method, lists, 47–49, 585

cmp built-in function, 48

key argument, 48

keyword arguments, 48

reverse argument, 49

sorted function, 48, 52, 102, 112, 584

keyword arguments, 49

sorted iteration, 102

Sorting Mini-HOWTO, 49

Andrew Dalke, 49

source code

encoding in Python 3.0, 605

exploring modules, 221

source code checking, 359

PyChecker/PyLint tools, 359–362, 364

SourceForge, 596

span method

MatchObjects, re module, 248

special attributes see magic attributes

special characters

character sets, regular expressions, 243

escaping, regular expressions, 242

special methods see magic methods

special values, Python DB API, 297, 304

speed

extending Python to improve, 365–366

splicing operators, 129

argument splicing, Python 3.0, 604

split function, re module, 245, 246

split method, strings, 63, 588

food database application, 300

splitlines method, strings, 588

Sprite class, pygame.sprite module

arcade game project, 550

image attribute, 554

rect attribute, 554

sprite module, pygame, 550

Spyce, 341, 344

SQL

tutorial/reading on, 293

SQLite, 298, 304

bulletin board project, 500

creating database in, 501

conversions between numbers and strings, 303

sqrt function, 18, 30

stack trace

catching exceptions, 167

exceptions and functions, 170

Stackless Python, 312

alternative Python distributions, 6, 7

stacks, 45

standard library modules, 221–259

see  individual modules

opening/closing standard library files, 221

Python 3.0, 604

StandardError exception, Python DB API, 295

starred iterable unpacking, 603, 606

start method

MatchObjects class, 248

Handler class, 410, 411

Node class, 523, 524, 528, 531

startElement event handler

XML parsing project, 440, 441, 445

startfile function, os module, 225

startPage method

XML parsing project, 448

startswith method, strings, 588

StartUp class, arcade game project, 564

startUp method, test fixture, 356

state, encapsulation, 147

State class, arcade game project, 559

state variables

screen scraping using HTMLParser, 326

statements, 13–14, 589–594

assert statements, 97, 589

assertions, 111

assignment statements, 85–88, 111, 589

blocks, 88, 111

break statement, 102, 591

class statement, 149, 594

compared to expressions, 13

conditional statements, 88–97, 111

assertions, 97

Boolean operators, 95–96

comparison operators, 92–95

elif clause, 91

else clause, 90

if statement, 90

nesting blocks, 91

continue statement, 103, 591

def statement, 115, 116

del statement, 41, 107–108, 112, 590

deleting objects, 107

description, 29

doing nothing, 107

eval statement, 110, 112

exec statement, 109–110, 112, 592

expression statements, 589

for statement, 593

function definition statement, 115, 594

global statements, 592

if statement, 15, 592

import statements, 84–85, 111, 591

loops, 97–105, 112

breaking out of, 102–105

for loop, 99

iteration, 100–102

using else clause in, 105

while loop, 98

pass statement, 107, 112, 590

print statement, 111, 590

separating with commas, 83–84

raise statement, 162–163, 591

return statement, 116, 590

try statements, 593

while statement, 592

while True/break idiom, 104–105

with statement, 267, 593

yield statement, 590

static methods, 189–191

self parameter, 189

staticmethod function, 584

stderr stream, sys module, 222, 263

stdin stream, sys module, 222, 263

file iterators, 273

script counting words in, 265

stdout class

write method, 318

stdout stream, sys module, 222, 263

StopIteration exception, 192

store function, 122

str function, 25, 30, 584

str type, Python 3.0, 600, 605

stream redirection functionality

changes in Python 3.0, 600

stream socket, 306

StreamRequestHandler class, 311

streams, chat server project, 477

streams, files, 263, 274

strftime function, time module, 233, 455, 456

String constructor

drawing with ReportLab, 428

string formatting

% character, 53, 54, 56

changes in Python 3.0, 600, 605

dictionaries, 73, 81

string methods, 60–66, 586–588

capitalize, 586

center, 586

count, 586

decode, 586

encode, 586

endswith, 586

expandtabs, 586

find, 60, 586

index, 587

isalnum/isalpha/isdigit, 587

islower/isspace, 587

join, 61, 223, 255, 587

ljust, 587

lower, 62, 95, 241, 457, 587

lstrip, 587

partition, 587

replace, 63, 587

rfind, 587

rindex, 587

rjust, 588

rpartition, 588

rsplit, 588

rstrip, 227, 588

safe_substitute, 55

split, 63, 300, 588

splitlines, 588

startswith, 588

strip, 64, 241, 300, 588

substitute, 55

swapcase, 588

title, 63, 588

translate, 60, 64–66, 588

upper, 95, 588

zfill, 588

string module, 55

capwords function, 63, 66

constants, 60

letters constant, 60, 606

maketrans function, 65, 66

String type, 579

STRING value, Python DB API, 298

StringIO, Python 3.0, 605

strings, 22–29

changing to lowercase, 62

comparing, 94

concatenating, 24

converting values to, 24

escaping quotes, 23–24

evaluating expression strings, 254

executing/evaluating on the fly, 108

finding substrings, 60

formatting, 53–59

conversion specifiers, 54–59

conversion types, 56, 57

precision specifiers, 54

Python 3.0, 600

signs/alignment/zero-padding, 58

string formatting operator, 53

width and precision, 57

immutability, 53, 119

input compared to raw_input, 26

long strings, 26–27

modulo operator, 66

non-english strings, 66

numbers containing leading zeros, 70

operations, 53

precedence, 581

Python 3.0, 599

raw strings, 27–28

removing whitespace, 64

repr function, 25

representing, 24–25

single-quoted strings, 23–24

subclassing str type, 185–187

template strings, 55

Unicode strings, 28–29

using group numbers in substitution string, 249

strip method, strings, 64, 241, 588

food database application, 300

strptime function, time module, 233, 234

style parameter

wx.BoxSizer constructor, 285

wx.TextCtrl constructor, 283

sub function, re module, 245, 247

instant markup project, 407, 408, 409, 411

sample template system, 254

using group numbers in substitution string, 249, 250

sub method, Handler class

instant markup project, 410, 411

subclasses, 147, 148

inheritance, 154–155

issubclass method, 154

overriding methods, 148, 156, 177

subclassing

list/dict/str types, 185–187

subject column, messages table

bulletin board project, 502

subpatterns

finding sender of e-mail, 252

groups, re module, 247

subpatterns, regular expressions, 243–244

subprocess module, 224, 371

running Tidy, 324

using command-line tools, 360

substitute method, 55

substitutions

using group numbers in substitution string, 249

sum function, 140, 584

sunspots example

fetching data from Internet, 432

final sunspot program (sunspots.py), 433

first implementation, 431

first prototype, 430

implementations, 427–434

introduction, 425

preparations, 426

second implementation, 434

using LinePlot class, 432, 434

super function, 180–181, 207, 584

changes in Python 3.0, 606

new-style/old-style classes, 175, 176, 206

subclassing list type, 186

using when multiple superclasses, 181

superclasses

calling unbound superclass constructor, 179–180

description, 147

multiple inheritance, 156

multiple superclasses, 155–156

overriding methods and constructors, 177

overriding methods in subclasses, 156

specifying, 153–154

Surface function, arcade game project, 548

surface objects, 548

convert method, 554

swapcase method, strings, 588

SWIG (Simple Wrapper and Interface Generator), 371–375, 380

automating compilation, 375

-c++ option, 373

compiling, 373

Distutils using, 389

header file, 373

installing, 371

interface file, 373

linking, 374

program to recognize palindromes, 372–375

-python option, 373

running, 373

using Distutils, 375

using SWIG, 372

wrapping code, 375

Swing GUI toolkit, 278, 597

example illustrating, 288

Jython and, 290

switches

command-line switches, 398

symbolic constants, 396

synchronous network programming, 306

SyntaxError exception, 163

sample template system, 254

sys module, 222–223, 259

functions and variables, 222

getdefaultencoding function, 451

path variable

modifying to specify module location, 210, 214

putting modules in existing sys.path, 214–215

search path (list of directories), 214

using PYTHONPATH alongside, 216

setdefaultencoding function, 451

sys.maxint, Python 3.0, 605

system function, os module, 223, 224

SystemRandom class, 234

T

tab characters, indenting with, 88

tables

CREATE TABLE command, 501

tags

HTMLParser callback methods, 325

tar command

compiling Python from sources, 4

tar files

sdist command, Distutils, 387

TCPServer class, SocketServer module, 311

tearDown method, test fixture, 356

tell method, files, 266

telnet command, chat server project, 470

telnetlib module, 310

Template class, string module, 55, 74

template strings, 55

templates, 253–257

terminator, chat server project, 473

ternary operator, 96

test code, modules, 259

test coverage, 351, 352

test fixture, 356

TestCase class, unittest module, 355

instantiating all subclasses of, 356

methods, 356–357

test-driven programming, 349–352, 364

anticipating code changes, 351

automated tests, 351

key steps in process, 352

making code fail test, 352

requirement specification, 350–351

simple test program, 350

unittest module, 353

testing

alternatives to unit test tools, 355

anticipating code changes, 351

automated testing, 394

beyond unit testing, 358–363

bulletin board project, 513

code coverage, 351

doctest module, 352, 353–355, 364

minimum requirements, 400

modules, 212–214

profiling, 359, 362–363, 364

PyChecker/PyLint tools, 359–362, 364

requirement specification, 350–351

source code checking, 359

test-driven programming, 349–352, 364

tools for testing, 352–358

unit testing, 349

unittest module, 352, 355–358, 364

testmod function, doctest module, 353, 354, 364

TeX typesetting program, 404, 426

text

finding blocks of, 406–407

text column, messages table

bulletin board project, 502

text controls

creating, 283

creating text area, 283

horizontal scroll bar, 284

multiline text area, 284

text editor

selecting for programming, 19

wxPython GUI toolkit building, 279–288

creating application object, 280

creating frames (windows), 281

creating widgets (components), 281

event handling, 286

finding file name, 286

importing wx module, 280

improving layout, 284–285

interface elements, 280

minimal requirements for text editor, 279

positions and sizes, 283

putting text into text area, 286

titles and labels, 282

text files

changes in Python 3.0, 600

changes on opening in text mode, 262

text parameter, CGI, 490

textAnchor argument, String constructor, 428

TextCtrl class, wx module see wx.TextCtrl class

Textile, 424

threading, 312

chat server project, options for, 469

microthreads, 312

multiple connections, 312

SocketServer module, 313

XML-RPC file sharing project, 528, 534

threading module

XML-RPC file sharing project, 519

threading server, 313

threadsafety property, Python DB API, 294

throw method, generators, 199

Tidy, 322–324

getting Tidy library, 324

μTidyLib, 324

mxTidy, 324

using command-line Tidy, 324

using HTMLParser, 325

Tidylib, 324

Time constructor, Python DB API, 298

time function, time module, 233, 234, 455

time module, 232–234, 259, 454

functions, 233, 455

TimeFromTicks constructor, Python DB API, 298

timeit module, 234, 258, 363

Timestamp constructor, Python DB API, 298

TimestampFromTicks constructor, Python DB API, 298

TinyFugue, chat server project, 471

title argument, wx.Frame constructor, 282

title method, strings, 63, 588

title rules, instant markup project, 415

TitleRule class, instant markup project, 416, 420

Tk GUI toolkit, 289

Tk platform, Tkinter GUI toolkit, 277

Tkinter GUI toolkit, 277, 289, 597

choosing between GUI toolkits, 278

example illustrating, 288

toolkits see GUI toolkits

tools for projects

Pygame tool, 548–551

structure of projects in this book, 401

trace module, 258

trace.py program, 351

tracebacks, 161

cgitb module, 502

transactions, 296

translate method, strings, 60, 64–66, 588

translation tables, 65

trapping exceptions see catching exceptions

trees, 201

True value

Boolean values, 89

changes in Python 3.0, 605

while True/break idiom, 104–105

truth, Boolean values, 89

try statements, 593

try/except statements, 163–169, 576

catching all exceptions, 169

danger of, 167

catching exception object, 166

catching many exceptions in one block, 166

checking whether object has specific attribute, 172

combining try/except/finally/else, 170

else clause, 168–169, 173

finally clause, 170

if/else compared, 171, 173

trapping KeyError exception, 172

using more than one except clause, 165–166

try/finally statement, 169, 173

calling exit function in, 222

closing database, 241

closing files, 267

tuple function, 50, 52, 584

tuple parameter unpacking, Python 3.0, 606

tuples, 49–51

conversion specifiers, 56

distributing operator, 128, 604

empty tuple, 49

fields of Python date tuples, 233

finding out if object is tuple, 142

gathering operator, 126, 604

immutability, 119

lists compared, 31

tuple operations, 50

uses of, 51

writing tuple with single value, 50

TurboGears, 343, 344

tutorial, Python, 569–577, 596

Twisted framework, 316–319, 320

chat server project, options for, 469

deferred execution, 317

downloading and installing, 317

remote procedure calls with, 346

SOAP toolkit, 346

web application frameworks, 344

writing Twisted server, 317–319

twisted.internet.protocol module

Factory class, 317

twisted.protocols.basic module

LineReceiver protocol, 318

txt2html, 424

type function, 159, 584

type objects, 17

TypeError class, 163

inappropriate key type used, 183, 184

recursive generators, 196, 197

types, 569

see also classes

bool type, 90

classes and, 147, 148

conversion specifiers, 57

deque type, 231–232

dictionary type, 69

duck typing, 145

polymorphism, 145

Python DB API, 297–298, 304

string formatting, 56, 57

U

%u conversion specifier, 56

UDPServer class, SocketServer module, 311

unary operators, 580

unbound methods

calling unbound superclass constructor, 180

underscores

magic methods, 575

making method or attribute private, 151, 573

UnhandledQuery class

XML-RPC file sharing project, 528, 530

unichr function, 584

unicode function, 584

Unicode strings, 28–29

Unicode type, 579

changes in Python 3.0, 600, 605

uniform function, random module, 235

uninstall command, Distutils, 385, 388

union method, set type, 228, 229

unit testing, 349

alternatives to unit test tools, 355

unittest module, 352, 355–358, 364

distinguishing errors and failures, 357

main function, 356, 364

TestCase class, 355, 356

test-first, code-later programming, 353

Universal Feed Parser, 345

universal newline support mode, files, 263

UNIX

installing mod_python on, 337

installing Python on, 3–5

levels of configuration, 398

making executable script in, 576

setting environment variables, 216

UnixDatagramServer class, 311

UnixStreamServer class, 311

unknown method, chat server project, 479

Unofficial Planet Python blog, 597

unpacking

iterable unpacking, Python 3.0, 603

sequence unpacking, 85–87

starred iterable unpacking, 603, 606

tuple parameter unpacking, 606

unquote function, urllib module, 309, 320

unquote_plus function, urllib module, 309, 320

unregister method, poll object, 315

update method, dictionaries, 80, 586

upper method, strings, 95, 588

uppercase constant, string module, 60

urandom function, os module, 224

urlcleanup function, urllib module, 309

urlencode function, urllib module, 309, 320, 334

urlfile.txt file, GUI client project, 540

urllib module, 308–309, 319

news gathering project, 453

quote function, 309

quote_plus function, 309

screen scraping, 321

invoking CGI scripts without forms, 334

unquote function, 309

unquote_plus function, 309

urlcleanup function, 309

urlencode function, 309

urlopen function, 308, 309, 432

urlretrieve function, 309

urllib2 module, 308–309, 319

urlopen function, urllib module, 308, 309, 320

graphics creation project, 432

urlparse module, 310

XML-RPC file sharing project, 519

urlretrieve function, urllib module, 309, 320

URLs filter

instant markup project, 418

urls.txt file

XML-RPC file sharing project, 534

Usenet, 453

Usenet groups, 597

user parameter

connect function, Python DB API, 296

UserList/UserDict/UserString

subclassing list/dict/str types, 185

users

getting input from users, 14–15

users dictionary, 479

UTF-8, Python 3.0, 600, 605

util.py block generator

instant markup project, 406

V

ValueError class, 163

values

literal values, 579

None, 37

seeing all values stored in objects, 157

special values, Python DB API, 297, 304

values method, dictionaries, 80, 100, 586

changes in Python 3.0, 605

van Rossum, Guido, 278

variables, 13, 29, 131, 569

all variable, 219

altsep variable, 224

argv variable, 222, 223

environ mapping, 223, 224

environment variables, 216

global variables, Python DB API, 294–295

linesep variable, 224

modules mapping, 222

naming conventions, 13

nonlocal variables, Python 3.0, 602

path variable, 222

pathsep variable, 223, 224

platform variable, 222

rebinding variables in outer scopes, 133

scopes, 140

scoping, 131–133

sep variable, 223, 224

stderr stream, 222

stdin stream, 222

stdout stream, 222

vars function, 131, 584

VERBOSE flag, re module functions, 249

version control

remote editing with CGI project, 497

versions, Python DB API, 294

view.cgi script

bulletin board project, 506, 508–510

link from main.cgi, 507, 508

link to edit.cgi, 508

testing, 513

remote editing with CGI project, 497

views

dictionary views, Python 3.0, 603

virtual tea party see chat server project VisualWx environment, 6

W

Warning exception, Python DB API, 295

warnings, 173

Weave, 370

web application frameworks, 343, 347

web development

mod_python, 336–343

web forms see forms

web pages

dynamic web pages with CGI, 328–336

adding pound bang (#!) line, 329

CGI script, 331

CGI security risks, 330

debugging with cgitb, 331–332

HTML form, 334–336

invoking CGI scripts without forms, 334

preparing web server, 328–329

setting file permissions, 329–330

using cgi module, 333

screen scraping, 321–328

Beautiful Soup module, 327–328

Tidy, 322

using HTMLParser, 325–327

using web services, 344–346

XHTML, 325

web programming

dynamic web pages with CGI, 328–336

mod_python, 336–343

screen scraping, 321–328

Beautiful Soup module, 327–328

Tidy, 322–324

using web services, 344–346

web server

dynamic web pages with CGI, 328–329

Web Service Description Language (WSDL), 345

web services, 344–346, 347

remote procedure calls with XML-RPC, 345

RSS, 345

service provider, 344

service requester, 344

SOAP, 346

web sites

generating from single XML file, 435

XML parsing project, 437

web tutorial, Python, 569

web.py, 344

web-based bulletin board see bulletin board project

webbrowser module, 225

website element, XML parsing project, 437

website.py file, XML parsing project, 448

website.xml file, XML parsing project, 438

WebsiteConstructor class, 449, 451

Webware, 341, 344

Weight class, arcade game project, 558

weight.png file, arcade game project, 554, 556

weight.pny file, arcade game project, 554

whence parameter

seek method, files, 266

while loops, 98, 569

ignoring return value of raw_input function, 238

iterating over file contents with read(), 270

iterating over file contents with readline(), 271

while statements, 592

while True/break idiom, 104–105

iterating over file contents with read(), 271

whitespace

handling for DOS, 225

VERBOSE flag, re module functions, 249

who command, chat server project, 480, 485

widgets

wxPython GUI toolkit creating, 281

widgets, text editor

Bind method, 286

width of field, string formatting, 56, 57, 59

WikiCreole, 424

WikiMarkupStandard, 424

wikis

remote editing with CGI project, 489

wiki-style markup systems, 424

Wikitext, 424

wildcards, regular expressions, 242

Windows

installing mod_python on, 337

installing Python on, 1–3

setting environment variables, 216

windows see frames

Windows Installer file, 3

Wingware environment, 6

wininst format

bdist command, Distutils, 387, 388

with statement, 267

changes in Python 3.0, 605

closing files, 267, 274

context managers, 268

with statements, 593

wrapper code

SWIG, 372, 375, 380

wrapping legacy code, 366

wrapping modules as archive file, 386, 387

write method

save event, wxPython, 286

write method, files, 264, 269

write method, stdout class

writing Twisted server, 318

write mode, open function (files), 262

writeback parameter, shelve.open function, 239

writeFooter method

XML parsing project, 446, 448, 451

writeHeader method

XML parsing project, 446, 448

writelines method, files, 267, 269

XML parsing project, 451

writing files, 264, 274

closing files after writing, 267

updating files after writing, 268

writing lines, files, 266, 274

WSDL (Web Service Description Language), 345

wx module

importing, 280

method naming conventions, 281

style facets, 284

using keyword arguments with wx constructors, 282

wx.ALL flag, 285

wx.App class

creating application object, 280

GUI client project, 538

MainLoop method, 281

wx.BoxSizer class

Add method, 285

building text editor, 284

horizontal or vertical style, 285

style argument, 285

using relative coordinates, 284

wx.Button class

adding button to frame, 281

label argument, 282

parent argument, 281

pos (position) argument, 283

size argument, 283

wx.EVT_BUTTON symbolic constant, 286

wx.EXPAND flag, 285

wx.Frame class

building text editor, 281

parent argument, 281

Show method, 281

size argument, 283

title argument, 282

windows as instances of, 281

wx.HORIZONTAL/wx.VERTICAL values, 285

wx.HSCROLL value, 284

wx.LEFT/wx.RIGHT flags, 285

wx.Panel class

building text editor, 284

SetSizer method, 284

wx.PySimpleApp class

creating application object, 281

wx.TE_MULTILINE value, 284

wx.TextCtrl class

building text editor, 283

style parameter, 283

wx.TOP/wx.BOTTOM flags, 285

wxDesigner environment, 6

wxGlade environment, 6

wxPython GUI toolkit, 277, 291, 597

building text editor, 279–288

creating application object, 280

creating frames (windows), 281

creating widgets (components), 281

event handling, 286

importing wx module, 280

improving layout, 284–285

interface elements, 280

minimal requirements for, 279

positions and sizes, 283

titles and labels, 282

using relative coordinates, 284

choosing between GUI toolkits, 278

demo distribution, 279

downloading, 278

example illustrating, 289

GUI client project, 537

installing, 279

wxWindows platform

wxPython GUI toolkit, 277

X

%X, %x conversion specifiers, 57

XHTML

advantages over HTML, 325

XML, 435

uses of, 436

XML parsing project, 435–452

creating content handler, 439

creating HTML pages, 442–444

creating simple content handler, 441

dispatcher mix-in classes, 444, 446

events/event handlers, 439–441, 448–450

factoring out header/footer/default handling, 446

further exploration, 451

goals, 436

handling special characters, 450

implementations, 438–451

installing, PyXML, 437

parsing XML file, 439

preparations, 437–438

SAX parser, 436

Simple API for XML (SAX), 435, 438

support for directories, 447

tools, 436–437

xml.sax module

parse function, 439

xml.sax.handler module

ContentHandler class, 439

XMLDestination class

news gathering project, 468

XML-RPC

remote procedure calls with, 345

XML-RPC file sharing project, 517–535

adding GUI client, 537–545

avoiding loops, 518

connecting to nodes, 518

creating client interface, 527–528

exceptions, 528–529

further exploration, 534

implementations, 519–534

Node class, 520–525

node communication, 518

preparations, 519

requirements, 518

tools, 518

validating file names, 529–534

XML-RPC server

SimpleXMLRPCServer module, 310

xmlrpclib module, 310, 518

XML-RPC file sharing project, 520, 527

Fault class, 528, 529

XPath, 325

xrange function, 100, 101, 112, 584

changes in Python 3.0, 606

xreadlines method, files

lazy line iteration with, 272

Y

YAML

markup systems and web sites, 424

yield expression, generators, 198, 199

yield statement, generators, 195, 198

generator-function, 198, 207

yield statements, 590

Z

Zawinski, Jamie, 242

ZeroDivisionError class, 161, 163, 576

catching with more than one except clause, 165

muffling, 164, 165

zero-padding, string formatting, 58

zeros

numbers containing leading zeros, 70

zfill method, strings, 588

zip files

sdist command, Distutils, 387

zip function, 101, 112, 584

changes in Python 3.0, 605

constructing PolyLine objects, 430

“zlib not available” warning, 429

Zope, 341, 343, 344

ZSI, SOAP toolkit, 346