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by Zhijun Zhang
Antenna Design for Mobile Devices, 2nd Edition
Cover
Title Page
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 The Evolution of Mobile Antennas
1.2 How to Quantitatively Evaluate an Antenna
1.3 The Limits of Antenna Designs
1.4 The Trade‐Offs in Antenna Designs
1.5 Mobile Communication and Band Allocations
1.6 Quickly Building a Simple Antenna—a Practical Example
References
2 Antenna Matching
2.1 The Smith Chart
2.2 Single‐Band Matching
2.3 Dual‐Band Matching
2.4 Reconfigurable Matching
References
3 External Antenna
3.1 Stubby Antennas
3.2 Whip–Stubby (Retractable) Antenna
3.3 Meander Line Stubby Antenna
3.4 Effect of Ground Plane
References
4 Internal Antenna
4.1 Inverted‐F Antenna
4.2 Planar IFA
4.3 Folded Monopole Antenna
4.4 Loop Antenna
4.5 Ceramic Antenna
4.6 Slot Antenna
4.7 Design a Hepta‐Band Antenna with Multiple Radiators and Multiple Modes
4.8 Design a Reconfigurable Hepta‐Band Antenna
4.9 MIMO Antennas
4.10 Antennas in Recently Released Phones
References
5 Antenna Measurement
5.1 Passive Antenna Measurement
5.2 Active Antenna (Over the Air) Measurement
5.3 Antenna Measurements in the Production Line
5.4 Multiple Input and Multiple Output Antenna Test
References
6 Regulations Related to Antenna Engineers
6.1 Specific Absorption Rate
6.2 Hearing Aid Compatibility
6.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility
References
Appendix: User Manual for ZJ_Antenna_Matching Software
Index
End User License Agreement
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Cover
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Next Chapter
Title Page
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 The Evolution of Mobile Antennas
1.2 How to Quantitatively Evaluate an Antenna
1.3 The Limits of Antenna Designs
1.4 The Trade‐Offs in Antenna Designs
1.5 Mobile Communication and Band Allocations
1.6 Quickly Building a Simple Antenna—a Practical Example
References
2 Antenna Matching
2.1 The Smith Chart
2.2 Single‐Band Matching
2.3 Dual‐Band Matching
2.4 Reconfigurable Matching
References
3 External Antenna
3.1 Stubby Antennas
3.2 Whip–Stubby (Retractable) Antenna
3.3 Meander Line Stubby Antenna
3.4 Effect of Ground Plane
References
4 Internal Antenna
4.1 Inverted‐F Antenna
4.2 Planar IFA
4.3 Folded Monopole Antenna
4.4 Loop Antenna
4.5 Ceramic Antenna
4.6 Slot Antenna
4.7 Design a Hepta‐Band Antenna with Multiple Radiators and Multiple Modes
4.8 Design a Reconfigurable Hepta‐Band Antenna
4.9 MIMO Antennas
4.10 Antennas in Recently Released Phones
References
5 Antenna Measurement
5.1 Passive Antenna Measurement
5.2 Active Antenna (Over the Air) Measurement
5.3 Antenna Measurements in the Production Line
5.4 Multiple Input and Multiple Output Antenna Test
References
6 Regulations Related to Antenna Engineers
6.1 Specific Absorption Rate
6.2 Hearing Aid Compatibility
6.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility
References
Appendix: User Manual for ZJ_Antenna_Matching Software
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 03
Table 3.1 Frequency ratio of different dual‐pitch antennas
Chapter 04
Table 4.1 Accuracy of simplified frequency calculation formula
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Conversion table between VSWR and the reflection coefficient
Table 5.2 Conversion table of efficiency between percentage and dB
Table 5.3 SCME urban macrocell (UMa) channel model [23]
Chapter 06
Table 6.1 Dielectric properties of head liquid (IEEE 1528 [3])
Table 6.2 Dielectric properties of body/muscle liquid (IEEE 1528 [3])
Table 6.3 Recipe for simulating liquid at different frequencies (IEEE 1528 [3])
Table 6.4 Comparison between US and European limits
Table 6.5 Telephone near‐field categories in linear units
Table 6.6 Articulation weighting factor
Table 6.7 Hearing aid near‐field categories in linear units
Table 6.8 Sample MIF values
bapp
Table A.1 Version history
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 Sleeve dipole antenna on a Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983).
Figure 1.2 Sleeve dipole antennas on a wireless LAN access point. Linksys WAP55AG.
Figure 1.3 Whip antenna on a Motorola MicroTAC 9800X (1989).
Figure 1.4 Nokia, Inc. Stubby antenna on a Nokia 5110 (1998).
Figure 1.5 Nokia, Inc. Internal antenna on a Nokia 3210 (1999).
Figure 1.6 Bottom internal monopole antenna on a Motorola Razr V3 (2004).
Figure 1.7 First‐generation iPhone (2007).
Figure 1.8 Top and bottom antenna arrangement on an iPhone 6s plus (2015).
Figure 1.9 Reflection coefficient.
Figure 1.10 Defining an antenna’s bandwidth.
Figure 1.11 The minimal sphere encloses an antenna.
Figure 1.12 Chu–Harrington fundamental limitations for single‐mode antenna versus efficiency.
Figure 1.13 Band allocation.
Figure 1.14 Network analyzer.
Figure 1.15 Response of an open‐ended cable.
Figure 1.16 Antenna fixture.
Figure 1.17 Make an antenna with copper tape.
Figure 1.18 Match an IFA by grounding branch.
Figure 1.19 Impact of the grounding branch.
Figure 1.20 Tuning resonant frequency.
Figure 1.21 Impact of plastic case.
Figure 1.22 Making antenna smaller.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Complex plan of Γ.
Figure 2.2 Family of curves of constant
r
L
and
x
L
.
Figure 2.3 The Smith chart.
Figure 2.4 The normalized impedance and admittance Smith charts (
ZY
Smith chart).
Figure 2.5 Simplified
ZY
Smith chart for lumped‐element‐only matching.
Figure 2.6 Always two circles running through a given impedance on the Smith chart.
Figure 2.7 Four possible connecting methods of matching components.
Figure 2.8 Two circles which can be matched by single components.
Figure 2.9 Four matching options of single load impedance.
Figure 2.10 Component values of the four circuits used in Figure 2.9.
Figure 2.11 Layout of Figure 2.10a on a printed circuit board.
Figure 2.12 Two matching options of single load impedance.
Figure 2.13 Load impedance connected by a segment of transmission line.
Figure 2.14 The impedance’s moving path on the transmission lines.
Figure 2.15 Matching with both transmission line and lumped element.
Figure 2.16 Matching circuits of load impedance
b
,
c
, and
d
(1 GHz).
Figure 2.17 Antenna example—bandwidth widened.
Figure 2.18 Shunt
LC
resonator as a matching circuit.
Figure 2.19 Original antenna impedance before matching.
Figure 2.20 Two‐element matching circuit.
Figure 2.21 π‐shaped matching circuit.
Figure 2.22 Contribution of each component.
Figure 2.23 Another version of the π‐shaped matching circuit.
Figure 2.24 T‐shaped matching circuit.
Figure 2.25 Tolerance analysis (5% of component value).
Figure 2.26 Matching components for low band and high band, respectively.
Figure 2.27 Dual‐band matching Example 2.1.
Figure 2.28 Dual‐band matching Example 2.2.
Figure 2.29 Dual‐band matching Example 2.3.
Figure 2.30 Selection of matching circuits.
Figure 2.31 Impedance curve of the original antenna.
Figure 2.32 Matching circuit of the original antenna.
Figure 2.33 Diagram of matching circuit.
Figure 2.34 Geometry of meander line antenna: (a) antenna element, (b) front view, and (c) side view.
Figure 2.35 Layout of matching circuit.
Figure 2.36 Measured
S
11
. )
Figure 2.37 Dividing the impedance curve into four regions.
Figure 2.38 Reconfigurable matching circuits with four positions: SP4T architecture.
Figure 2.39 Corresponding matching circuits of four regions.
Figure 2.40 Reconfigurable matching circuit with four states: SPDT architecture.
Figure 2.41 Simulated
S
11
.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 Stubby antennas.
Figure 3.2 A terminated transmission line.
Figure 3.3 Transient current distribution of a traveling wave on a terminated transmission line.
Figure 3.4 Transient current distribution of standing wave on an open‐circuit transmission line.
Figure 3.5 Dipole antenna.
Figure 3.6 Reflection coefficient of a dipole antenna.
Figure 3.7 Current distributions.
Figure 3.8 Transformation to a monopole antenna.
Figure 3.9 Reflection coefficients of a 180 mm‐long dipole and a 90 mm‐long monopole.
Figure 3.10 Critical dimensions of a helix.
Figure 3.11 Three 90 mm‐long helixes with the same diameter of 6 mm.
Figure 3.12 Helix (c) installed on a PCB.
Figure 3.13 Reflection coefficients of a whip monopole and three helixes,
D
= 6 mm.
Figure 3.14 Three 90 mm‐long helixes with the same height of 31.5 mm.
Figure 3.15 Reflection coefficients of a whip monopole and three helixes,
H
= 31.5 mm.
Figure 3.16 Resonant frequency versus number of turns,
H
= 31.5 mm and
D
= 6 mm.
Figure 3.17 Resonant frequency versus length of helix,
H
= 31.5 mm and
D
= 6 mm.
Figure 3.18 Dimensions of two antennas designed to cover 824–894 MHz.
Figure 3.19 Original reflection coefficients of whip and helix antennas.
Figure 3.20 Impedances of whip and helix antennas.
Figure 3.21 Matching circuits of whip and helix antennas.
Figure 3.22 Reflection coefficients of whip and helix antennas after matching.
Figure 3.23 Impedances of whip and helix antennas after matching.
Figure 3.24 Three‐dimensional radiation patterns at 850 MHz.
Figure 3.25 Comparison between antennas with and without plastic.
Figure 3.26 Two‐branch multiband stubby antennas.
Figure 3.27 Reflection coefficient of a two‐branch stubby antenna.
Figure 3.28 Radiation patterns of a two‐branch stubby antenna.
Figure 3.29 Reflection coefficients of a whip‐only antenna and a helix‐only antenna.
Figure 3.30 Antenna radiation efficiency.
Figure 3.31 Matching a dual‐branch stubby antenna.
Figure 3.32 Matched dual‐branch stubby antenna.
Figure 3.33 Tuning the lower resonance by adjusting the helix.
Figure 3.34 Quad‐band antenna and its matching network.
Figure 3.35 Reflection coefficient of the quad‐band antenna.
Figure 3.36 Antenna with a metal base.
Figure 3.37 Dual‐coil helix antenna.
Figure 3.38 Three variants of six‐turn helixes.
Figure 3.39 Simulated reflection coefficients.
Figure 3.40 Effect of different pitches.
Figure 3.41 Simulation reflection coefficients.
Figure 3.42 Effect of different turns on small pitch portion.
Figure 3.43 Simulated reflection coefficients.
Figure 3.44 Impedance of the original Figure 3.40a antenna.
Figure 3.45 Matching circuits for the Figure 3.40a antenna.
Figure 3.46 Impedance of the matched Figure 3.40a antenna.
Figure 3.47 Simulated reflection coefficients of the matched Figure 3.40a antenna.
Figure 3.48 Three variants of helix‐loaded whips.
Figure 3.49 Simulated reflection coefficients.
Figure 3.50 Matching a helix‐loaded whip.
Figure 3.51 Matched helix‐loaded whip antenna.
Figure 3.52 Single‐branch stubby antenna.
Figure 3.53 Three variants of whip‐loaded helixes.
Figure 3.54 Simulated reflection coefficients.
Figure 3.55 Matching a whip‐loaded helix.
Figure 3.56 Matched whip‐loaded helix antenna.
Figure 3.57 Comparison among three single‐branch multiband antennas.
Figure 3.58 Wideband cylindrical monopole antenna. (a) Geometry of the proposed wideband cylindrical monopole antenna. (b) Front view. (c) Side view.
Figure 3.59 Measured and simulated return loss.
Figure 3.60 Transformation from a biconical antenna to a UWB stubby antenna.
Figure 3.61 Mechanical drawing.
Figure 3.62 Four antenna variants.
Figure 3.63 VSWR versus antenna variants shown in Figure 3.62
W
= 8 mm,
H
= 5 mm,
L
= 30 mm, C‐clip height = 3 mm, and
θ
= 30°.
Figure 3.64 Antenna VSWR versus different taper angle
W
= 8 mm,
H
= 5 mm,
L
= 30 mm, and C‐clip height = 3 mm.
Figure 3.65 VSWR versus antenna width and height
L
= 30 mm, C‐clip height = 3 mm, and
θ
= 30°.
Figure 3.66 VSWR versus antenna length
W
= 8 mm,
H
= 5 mm, C‐clip height = 3 mm, and
θ
= 30°.
Figure 3.67 Measured impedance of the prototype antenna without matching.
Figure 3.68 Matched UWB stubby. (a) Matching circuit. (b) Measured impedance.
Figure 3.69 Measured VSWR data of the prototype antenna with matching network.
Figure 3.70 Measured efficiency data of the prototype antenna with matching network.
Figure 3.71 Measured antenna patterns.
Figure 3.72 Production UWB stubby antenna.
Figure 3.73 Decoupled whip–stubby antenna.
Figure 3.74 A decoupled whip–stubby antenna on a phone.
Figure 3.75 Two different whip antennas.
Figure 3.76 Metal connector’s impact on whip antennas.
Figure 3.77 A semi‐decoupled whip–stubby antenna on a phone.
Figure 3.78 Design of the helix (retracted position).
Figure 3.79 Design of the helix‐whip (extended position).
Figure 3.80 The whip by itself.
Figure 3.81 Matching both retracted and extended positions.
Figure 3.82 Retractable antenna.
Figure 3.83 Multiple branch meander line antennas.
Figure 3.84 Dual‐band antenna for WLAN application.
Figure 3.85 Reflection coefficients.
Figure 3.86 Multiband monopole antenna.
Figure 3.87 Reflection coefficients.
Figure 3.88 Stubby antenna made of flex.
Figure 3.89 Variants of multi‐pitch‐type meander line antennas.
Figure 3.90 A three‐dimensional multiband flex antenna.
Figure 3.91 Retractable antenna made of flex.
Figure 3.92 Three critical dimensions.
Figure 3.93 Effect of ground width and length,
L
_ant = 70 mm.
Figure 3.94 Ground’s current of different modes,
W
= 30 mm.
Figure 3.95 Three‐dimensional radiation patterns.
L
_ant = 70 mm,
W
= 30 mm at 1.2 GHz.
Figure 3.96 Effect of ground width and length,
L
_ant = 30 mm.
Figure 3.97 Effect of small ground,
L
_ant = 70 mm.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 Nokia 3210.
Figure 4.2 L‐shaped antenna.
Figure 4.3 Impact of separation G on an L‐shaped antenna.
Figure 4.4 Using a shunt inductor to match the antenna with
G
= 6 mm.
Figure 4.5 Inverted‐F antenna (IFA).
Figure 4.6 Impact of separation S on an IFA.
Figure 4.7 Simplified equivalent circuit of an IFA.
Figure 4.8
E
field excited by antennas.
Figure 4.9 Three‐dimensional radiation patterns, IFA,
S
= 5 mm, 1.05 GHz.
Figure 4.10 Planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA).
Figure 4.11 Three PIFAs with different widths
H
= 7 mm.
Figure 4.12 Estimating the resonant frequency of a PIFA.
Figure 4.13 PIFA’s bandwidth vs. height.
L
= 50 mm,
W
= 25 mm.
Figure 4.14 Dual‐band PIFA.
Figure 4.15 Decisive paths of different bands.
Figure 4.16 Impact of dimension
D
. 50 mm × 25 mm Patch,
P
= 15 mm,
C
= 40 mm.
Figure 4.17 Impact of dimension
C
. 50 mm × 25 mm Patch,
P
= 15 mm,
D
= 10 mm.
Figure 4.18 Impact of dimension
P
. 50 mm × 25 mm Patch,
C
= 35 mm,
D
= 10 mm.
Figure 4.19 Radiation patterns of PIFA,
P
= 15 mm,
D
= 15 mm,
C
= 40 mm.
Figure 4.20 Bandwidth trade‐off between low and high bands.
Figure 4.21 Equivalent circuit of feeding and grounding strips.
Figure 4.22 Other ways of matching.
Figure 4.23 A small PIFA.
Figure 4.24 A small PIFA: slot length variations.
Figure 4.25 Current distributions of a “normal” PIFA.
Figure 4.26 Current distributions of a “small” PIFA.
Figure 4.27 A large PIFA.
Figure 4.28 Reflection coefficient of the large PIFA.
Figure 4.29 PIFA with parasitic element.
Figure 4.30 Reflection coefficient of a PIFA with a parasitic element.
Figure 4.31 Metal stamping technology.
Figure 4.32 Integrated antenna with other components.
Figure 4.33 Three‐dimensional metal stamping integrated antenna.
Figure 4.34 Flex technology.
Figure 4.35 Antenna made by DS‐MID technology.
Figure 4.36 Motorola Razr.
Figure 4.37 Internal folded monopole antenna.
Figure 4.38 Dimensions of a sample internal monopole antenna.
Figure 4.39 Internal folded monopole with various
D
.
Figure 4.40 Internal folded monopole, variation in the shorter branch,
D
= 10 mm.
Figure 4.41 Internal folded monopole, variation in the longer branch,
D
= 10 mm.
Figure 4.42 Production internal monopole antennas.
Figure 4.43 Oblique views of a loop antenna.
Figure 4.44 Reflection coefficient of a stand‐alone loop antenna.
Figure 4.45 Current distribution of a one‐wavelength stand‐alone loop antenna.
Figure 4.46 Bottom‐installed loop antenna.
Figure 4.47 Reflection coefficient of a bottom‐installed loop antenna.
Figure 4.48 Bottom‐installed monopole antenna.
Figure 4.49 Reflection coefficient of a bottom‐installed monopole antenna.
Figure 4.50 Current distributions of a monopole and a loop.
Figure 4.51 Monopole‐type ceramic antennas (not to scale). (a)
Figure 4.52 Wrong ways of placing monopole‐type ceramic antennas.
Figure 4.53 Correct ways of placing monopole‐type ceramic antennas.
Figure 4.54 Performance of Johanson Technology 2450AT43A100.
Figure 4.55 IFA ceramic GPS antenna.
Figure 4.56 Loop ceramic WLAN antenna.
Figure 4.57 Slot antenna and its complimentary dipole.
Figure 4.58 Three‐dimensional radiation patterns of dipole and slot antenna.
Figure 4.59 A real‐world slot antenna and its radiation pattern.
Figure 4.60 Explanation of the radiation null along the
Y
‐axis.
Figure 4.61 Instantaneous current distribution on a finite ground.
Figure 4.62 Different modes of a slot antenna
Figure 4.63 A quarter‐wavelength slot on the top.
Figure 4.64 A quarter‐wavelength slot in the middle.
Figure 4.65 A wideband antenna which is excited by a slot.
Figure 4.66 Impact of LCD screen shield.
Figure 4.67 Geometry and dimensions of the antenna.
Figure 4.68 Comparison of simulated
S
11
for different antenna types. Type I: only branch 1, Type II: Type I + open slot, and Type III: Type II + tuning pad.
Figure 4.69 Comparison of simulated
S
11
for different antenna types. Type IV: Type III + branch 2, Type V: Type IV + branch 4, proposed: Type V+ branch 3.
Figure 4.70 Simulated input impedance of the antenna.
Figure 4.71 Simulated distribution of the electric field in the open slot and the surface current of the antenna.
Figure 4.72 Parametric studies.
Figure 4.73 Simulated and measured
S
11
of the antenna.
Figure 4.74 Simulated and measured radiation patterns.
Figure 4.75 Simulated and measured gain and efficiency.
Figure 4.76 Geometry and dimensions of the proposed antenna.
Figure 4.77 Measured return loss of loop and IFA modes of the proposed antenna.
Figure 4.78 Simulated return loss of loop mode of the proposed antenna with or without the matching bridge.
Figure 4.79 Smith chart of the loop mode with or without the matching bridge.
Figure 4.80 Simulated return loss of IFA mode of the proposed antenna with or without the matching bridge.
Figure 4.81 Prototype.
Figure 4.82 Measured results of loop and IFA modes of the proposed antenna.
Figure 4.83 A 3 × 3 MIMO laser system.
Figure 4.84 A 3 × 3 MIMO antenna system in free space.
Figure 4.85 Send independent signal to individual receiver by using nulled pattern.
Figure 4.86 MIMO system in a multipath environment.
Figure 4.87 Nulled patterns corresponding to the multipath 1.
Figure 4.88 Nulled patterns corresponding to the LOS path.
Figure 4.89 Explain MIMO system through the view of phased array.
Figure 4.90 A “perfect” dual‐port MIMO antenna.
Figure 4.91 Two closely placed monopole antennas.
Figure 4.92 Using choke to improve isolation.
Figure 4.93 Using neutral line to improve isolation.
Figure 4.94 A wideband dual antenna.
Figure 4.95 Hongmi 2A.
Figure 4.96 Hongmi 2A with back cover detached.
Figure 4.97 Antennas contacts on the back and spring fingers on PCB.
Figure 4.98 Hongmi 2A’s primary antenna.
Figure 4.99 Semifinished primary antenna installed on a phone.
Figure 4.100 Matching circuit of the primary antenna.
Figure 4.101 Hongmi 2A’s secondary antenna.
Figure 4.102 Semifinished secondary antenna installed on a phone.
Figure 4.103 Matching circuit of the secondary antenna.
Figure 4.104 Hongmi 2A’s WLAN and GPS antenna.
Figure 4.105 Semifinished WLAN and GPS antenna installed on a phone.
Figure 4.106 Matching circuit of the WLAN and GPS antenna.
Figure 4.107 Switch connectors on the PCB.
Figure 4.108 Xiaomi 4.
Figure 4.109 Xiaomi 4’s antennas.
Figure 4.110 Xiaomi 4’s PCB.
Figure 4.111 Xiaomi 4’s primary antenna.
Figure 4.112 Xiaomi 4’s secondary antenna.
Figure 4.113 Xiaomi 4’s WLAN, etc. antenna.
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 An entry‐level VNA, E5071C.
Figure 5.2 Schematic of a simplified VNA.
Figure 5.3 Return loss vs. VSWR.
Figure 5.4 Displaying both the VSWR and the Smith chart on a VNA.
Figure 5.5 A fixture connected to a VNA.
Figure 5.6 Use hand to quickly check an antenna’s performance.
Figure 5.7 Coaxial cables.
Figure 5.8 SMA connectors.
Figure 5.9 Making a prototype.
Figure 5.10 A fixture with improper details.
Figure 5.11 Switch connector.
Figure 5.12 Sleeve choke.
Figure 5.13 Ferrite bead choke.
Figure 5.14 Impedance, reactance, and resistance vs. frequency (EMI Core 2661023801).
Figure 5.15 Cables with chokes.
Figure 5.16 E‐Cal Module N4431‐60003.
Figure 5.17 Impedance of a test fixture.
Figure 5.18 Port extension interface.
Figure 5.19 Two kinds of chambers.
Figure 5.20 Radiation absorbent material.
Figure 5.21 How an absorber works.
Figure 5.22 Simplified block diagram of a 2D test setup.
Figure 5.23 Simplified block diagram of a 3D test setup.
Figure 5.24 Measurement 3D sphere (15° step).
Figure 5.25 Near‐field chamber.
Figure 5.26 Measurement 3D sphere of a Satimo chamber (15° step).
Figure 5.27 Illustration of EIRP.
Figure 5.28 Simplified block diagram of a TRP test setup.
Figure 5.29 FER vs. signal power.
Figure 5.30 Simplified block diagram of a TIS test setup.
Figure 5.31 Some causes of desense.
Figure 5.32 An example of incorrect routing.
Figure 5.33 Illustration of intermediate channel test.
Figure 5.34 Simplified illustration of production test setup (
S
11
type).
Figure 5.35 Simplified illustration of production test setup (
S
21
type).
Figure 5.36 Measured result of a
S
21
setup, constructive coupling.
Figure 5.37 Antennas’ response measured on a phone.
Figure 5.38 Antennas’ response measured on an
S
11
fixture.
Figure 5.39 Correlations between a phone and a fixture.
Figure 5.40 Correlation data of a real phone.
Figure 5.41 Set pass/fail region with upper and lower limits.
Figure 5.42 Some issues with the correlation method.
Figure 5.43 Radiating test on a production line.
Figure 5.44 Coupling coefficient.
Figure 5.45 Block diagram of a typical boundary array RF environment simulation system [23].
Chapter 06
Figure 6.1 Phantom used in SAR measurements (Twin SAM).
Figure 6.2 SAM head.
Figure 6.3 Robot and
E
‐field probe.
Figure 6.4 Configurations of orthogonal short dipoles.
Figure 6.5 Sensor made of Schottky diode.
Figure 6.6 Area and zoom scanning on a left head phantom.
Figure 6.7 Cube of 1 and 10 g average on a body phantom.
Figure 6.8 Peak energy location on a phone at different bands.
Figure 6.9 Front, side, and top views of left ear, check/touch position (IEEE [3]). M, mouth; RE, right ear; LE, left ear.
Figure 6.10 Front, side, and top views of left ear, 15° tilt position.
Figure 6.11 Putting a phone next to an LE–M–RE curve.
Figure 6.12 Tilting the stubby antenna.
Figure 6.13 Localized thickness increasing.
Figure 6.14 Extruded navigation key or bumper.
Figure 6.15 Flip angle on a clam shell phone, bottom antenna.
Figure 6.16 Flip angle on a clam shell phone, stubby antenna.
Figure 6.17 Slide phone.
Figure 6.18 A demonstration of SAR reduction.
Figure 6.19 Impact of SAR reduction feature on reflection coefficient.
Figure 6.20 SAR distribution of an IFA.
Figure 6.21 SAR distribution of an IFA.
Figure 6.22
H
‐field probe.
Figure 6.23
H
‐field and
E
‐field probes.
Figure 6.24 HAC measurement plane.
Figure 6.25 Exclusion block placement.
Figure 6.26 Measurement result of a sample phone (at CDMA 850, Channel 384).
Figure 6.27 Probe for T‐coil measurements.
bapp
Figure A.1 File list.
Figure A.2 Screenshot 2.
Figure A.3 Screenshot 3.
Figure A.4 Screenshot 4.
Figure A.5 Screenshot 5.
Figure A.6 Screenshot 6.
Guide
Cover
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