Part XVI: Pressure microphones

Pressure microphones are the most widely used of the three basic types discussed in the preceding part. They are applicable to acoustic measuring systems and to the pickup of music and speech in broadcast studios, public-address installations, and hearing aids. Many engineers and artists believe that music reproduced from the output of a well-designed pressure microphone is superior to that from the more directional types of microphone because the quality of the reverberation in the auditorium or studio is fully preserved, because undesirable waveform distortion is minimized, and because the quality of the reproduced sound is not as strongly dependent as for other types on how close the talker or the musical instrument is to the microphone.
Two principal types of pressure microphones are commonly found in broadcast, public address, recording, and acoustical measurement. They are the electromagnetic and electrostatic types. We shall analyze one commercially available microphone of each of these two types in the next few sections of this part. Various other types of microphones are used in other applications, such as the piezoelectric hydrophone in underwater systems, the hot-wire microphone in aerodynamic measurements, and the Rayleigh disk in absolute particle velocity measurements. Lack of space precludes their inclusion here. However, electret (electrostatic with stored charge) and MEMS (micromechanical) types will be discussed in Chapter 8 in relation to cell phones.
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