t-statistic, 352

• confidence interval for population mean and, 265–270

• hypothesis test for population mean and, 323–326

• small-sample population mean comparisons and, 369, 374–375, 379

t-tests, comparison of two independent samples and, 429

Target parameter

• explanation of, 254

• identifying and estimating, 253–254, 312, 368–369

Test of hypothesis. See Hypothesis test

Test statistic, 352–353

• explanation of, 308, 312

• p-value and, 323

Treatment means, ANOVA F-test to compare, 425

Treatments, sum of squares for, 423

Tree diagrams

• to calculate probability of intersections, 147–148

• explanation of, 118

Tukey, John, 44

Two-tailed hypothesis test, 313, 348–349, 453

Two-way table. See also Contingency table

• categorical probabilities in, 470–477

• conditional probability in, 143–145

• explanation of, 132–133, 470

• with fixed marginals, 476–477

Type I error, 309

Type II error, 310