Book Description Offering comprehensive coverage of this hot topic, this two-volume handbook and ready reference treats a wide range of important aspects, from synthesis and catalytic properties of carbon materials to their applications as metal-free catalysts in various important reactions and industrial processes. Following a look at recent advances in the development of carbon materials as carbon-based metal-free catalysts, subsequent sections deal with a mechanistic understanding for the molecular design of efficient carbon-based metal-free catalysts, with a special emphasis on heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphite. Examples of important catalytic processes covered include clean energy conversion and storage, environmental protection, and synthetic chemistry. With contributions from world-leading scientists, this is an indispensable source of information for academic and industrial researchers in catalysis, green chemistry, electrochemistry, materials science, nanotechnology, energy technology, and chemical engineering, as well as graduates and scientists entering the field. Show and hide more
Table of Contents
Cover Preface Volume I 1 Design Principles for Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials as Metal‐Free Catalysts 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic Approaches for Catalyst Design 1.3 Design Principles for Electrocatalysis of Oxygen 1.4 Design Principles for Catalysis of Hydrogen Production Acknowledgments References 2 Design of Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts 2.1 Introduction 2.2 C‐MFECs for ORR 2.3 C‐MFECs for OER 2.4 C‐MFECs for HER 2.5 Bifunctional ORR/OER Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Metal–Air Battery 2.6 Bifunctional HER/OER C‐MFECs for Full Water Splitting 2.7 C‐MFECs for CDR 2.8 Carbon‐Based Electrocatalysts for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 2.9 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgments References 3 Defective Carbons for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Defect‐Driven ORR Catalysts 3.3 Summary References 4 Designing Porous Structures and Active Sites in Carbon‐Based Electrocatalysts 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Porous Carbon as ORR Electrocatalysts 4.3 Porous Carbon for HER Applications 4.4 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5 Porous Organic Polymers as a Molecular Platform for Designing Porous Carbons 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Porous Carbons Derived from Porous Aromatic Frameworks 5.3 Porous Carbons Derived from Conjugated Microporous Polymers 5.4 Porous Carbons Derived from Hyper‐Cross‐Linked Polymers 5.5 Porous Carbons Derived from Covalent Triazine Frameworks 5.6 Porous Carbons Derived from Covalent Organic Frameworks 5.7 Summary and Perspectives References 6 Nanocarbons from Synthetic Polymer Precursors and Their Catalytic Properties 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Carbon Catalysts Derived from Non‐templated Synthetic Polymers 6.3 Hard Templating of Polymer‐Derived Carbons 6.4 Soft Templated Carbons 6.5 Templating by Carbon/Polymer Hybrids 6.6 Polymer‐Derived Carbons as Catalysts 6.7 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgments References 7 Heteroatom‐Doped, Three‐Dimensional, Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Energy Conversion and Storage by Metal‐Free Electrocatalysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 3D Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 7.3 Carbon‐Based 3D Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) 7.4 Carbon‐Based 3D Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolutions Reaction (HER) 7.5 Carbon‐Based 3D Electrocatalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2RR) 7.6 Carbon‐Based 3D Electrocatalysts for H2O2 Reduction (HPRR) 7.7 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgments References 8 Active Sites in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Materials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Debate for the Active Sites (Pyridinic‐N or Graphitic‐N?) 8.3 The Differences Between Pyridinic‐N and Graphitic‐N 8.4 Pyridinic‐N Creates the Active Sites for ORR 8.5 Role of Pyridinic‐N and Conjugation Size 8.6 Effect of the Local Structure Around Pyridinic‐N on ORR 8.7 ORR Selectivity in Acid and Basic Condition by DFT Study 8.8 Perspective and Future Directions for Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Materials References 9 Unraveling the Active Site on Metal‐Free, Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Multifunctional Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Electrochemical Reduction Reaction: Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) 9.3 Electrochemical Oxidation: Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) 9.4 Bifunctional ORR and OER Electrocatalyst 9.5 CO2 Reduction Reaction (CO2RR) 9.6 Identification of Possible Active Site by Poisoning 9.7 Summary References 10 Carbocatalysis: Analyzing the Sources of Organic Transformations 10.1 How to Identify Active Sites? 10.2 Oxygen Atoms in Carbon‐Driving Catalysis 10.3 Carbon–Carbon and Carbon–Nitrogen Coupling Catalyzed by Carbonaceous Materials 10.4 Acidic Sites at Nanocarbons for Carbocatalysis 10.5 Carbocatalysis with Carbon Holes and Edges 10.6 Frustrated Lewis Pairs in Nanocarbon Structures 10.7 Beyond Localized Chemical Functionality as the Active Site: Collective Solid‐State Effects in Catalysis 10.8 The Heterojunction and Dyad Concepts in Catalysis 10.9 Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Boron Doping to Construct Active Sites 10.10 Summary of the Current State of the Art of Carbocatalysis and Future Developments Acknowledgements References Volume II 1 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Technologies 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 1.3 Electrochemical Water Splitting (HER and OER) 1.4 Carbon‐Based Electrocatalysts for All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Battery References 2 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Catalysts for Electrocatalysis of ORR 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials and Regulation Strategies 2.3 The Origin of the ORR Activity 2.4 Summary and Perspective References 3 Hydrothermal Carbon Materials for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sustainable HTC Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction 3.3 Carbon–Carbon Composites Based Electrocatalysts 3.4 Summary and Conclusions References 4 Carbon‐Based Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts 4.1 Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Catalysis 4.2 Carbon Materials for the Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 4.3 Conclusion, Summary, and Perspective Acknowledgment References 5 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Graphene‐Based, Metal‐Free Photocatalysis 5.3 Carbon‐quantum‐dot‐Based, Metal‐Free Photocatalysis 5.4 Graphitic Carbon‐Nitride‐Based, Metal‐Free Photocatalysis 5.5 Graphene/g‐C3N4 Metal‐Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis Metal‐Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis 5.6 CQDs/g‐C3N4 Metal‐Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis Metal‐Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis 5.7 Summary and Outlook References 6 Metal‐Free Nanoporous Carbons in Photocatalysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Semiconductor‐Free Nanoporous Carbons as Photocatalysts 6.3 Pollutant Confinement on the Porosity of the Nanoporous Carbons 6.4 Postulated Mechanisms 6.5 Photocatalytic Cycles 6.6 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 7 Functionalized Graphene‐Based, Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Carbon Materials as ORR Electrocatalysts 7.3 Structurally Engineered Graphene as Metal‐Free Catalysts for ORR 7.4 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgements References 8 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Catalysts for Metal–Air Batteries 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Cathodes for Li–O2 Batteries 8.3 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Cathodes for Na–Air Batteries 8.4 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Cathodes for Zn–Air Batteries 8.5 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Cathodes for Other Metal–Air Batteries 8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgments References 9 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Catalysts for Chemical Catalysis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dehydrogenation 9.3 Oxidation Reactions 9.4 Reduction Reactions 9.5 Carbon–Carbon Coupling 9.6 Perspective and Future Work References 10 Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Catalysts for Chemical Productions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Active Sites of Carbon‐Based, Metal‐Free Catalysts 10.3 Oxidation Reactions 10.4 Reduction Reactions 10.5 H2O2 Synthesis 10.6 Vinyl Chloride Monomer Synthesis 10.7 Perspectives References 11 Heteroatom‐Doped, Carbon‐Supported Metal Catalysts for Electrochemical Energy Conversions 11.1 Introduction 11.2 N‐Doped, Carbon‐Supported Metal Catalysts 11.3 B‐Doped, Carbon‐Supported Metal Catalysts 11.4 Conclusions and Perspective References Index End User License Agreement