INDEX
Page numbers for entries occurring in figures are suffixed by an f; those for entries in notes, by an n, with the number of the note following; and those for entries in tables, by a t.
AARP, 36–37
Abelson, Hal, 58, 78n76, 80, 81n91, 82n96
accelerated learning, in Open Learning Initiative, 104–6, 105nn52–53
access to higher education, xvii–xix
barriers to, xvii, xviii, 7–8, 11
expansion of, xvii–xviii
recent trends in, 7–11
administrations, university: in Fathom, 39, 41, 227, 227n53
importance of role of, 227, 227n53, 236–37, 236n74
in OpenCourseWare, 70–71, 70nn46–47, 85, 115, 227, 227n53, 228f, 237
in Open Learning Initiative, 108, 115–16, 237
in Open Yale Courses, 146–47, 146n83
in webcast.berkeley, 152, 153, 163, 171–73
advertising: funding through, 241
in internet business models, 13
for NPTEL, 198, 198n79. See also marketing
Africa, OER initiative in, 185n32
AICTE. See All India Council on Technical Education
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. See Sloan Foundation
Alliance for Lifelong Learning. See AllLearn
All India Council on Technical Education (AICTE), 191, 196
Allison, Herbert M.: on audience, 49n93, 52n106
as CEO of AllLearn, 44, 46, 48, 52
on closure of AllLearn, 53–54
on content and cost of courses, 49n95
and credit, 245n98
on critics, 52–53
on member institutions, 50n99, 51
on mission, 45n79
AllLearn, 42–53
affiliate institutions of, 51, 51n101
audience of, viii, 45, 45n80, 46, 49, 49n93, 52, 52n106
business model of, 44–46, 50, 54
challenges faced by, viii, xiv, xix, 48–53
closure of, 24, 50, 53–56, 123–24
content of, 23n1, 46–51, 46n86, 47f, 49n95
cost of courses, 49n95
critics of, 52–53
demand for, 217
funding for, 44–46, 50–51, 50n99
interactivity in, 48, 48n89, 73, 73n57
legacy of, 53–56
member institutions of, 42, 44, 50–51
mission of, 45, 45n79, 46, 46n84
motivations behind, 42–44
vs. NPTEL, 188
vs. open courseware, 19
Open Yale Courses influenced by, 56, 123–24, 128
operating costs of, 48, 49, 49n95, 49n96, 52–53
origins and development of, 23–24, 42–46
overview of approach of, vii, viii, xix
revenue of, potential, 12, 23–24, 44, 45–46
revisions to, 48–49, 52, 52n104
ALN. See Asynchronous Learning Network
alumni: as audience for AllLearn, viii, 45, 45n80, 46, 49, 49n93, 52, 52n106
as audience for OpenCourseWare, 58–59
as audience for Open Yale Courses, ix
response to OpenCourseWare, 82, 82n99
Ambrose, Susan, 96–97, 97n24, 98, 98n26, 107, 108
American Film Institute, 30
American Graduation Initiative, 111–12
American University, Center for Social Media at, 213n19
Ananth, M. S.: on audience, 196n73
on credit, 204
as director of NPTEL, 190
on faculty participation, 194
on funding, 202
on intellectual property issues, 212
on interactivity, 202–3
on leadership, 189n47
marketing by, 197–98
on mission, 184
on motivations, 185
on OpenCourseWare, 184, 184n28
Anderson, Chris, 12n29
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. See Mellon Foundation
anecdotal feedback. See user feedback
applications, to traditional universities, xvii, 7, 8n12
archival records, of OpenCourseWare, xxi, 81n93
art history courses, 130, 132f
Asia: OER movement in, 21, 21n53
OpenCourseWare Consortium in, 79
assessment. See evaluation
Association of Yale Alumni, 42n73, 45
Asynchronous Learning Network (ALN), 18
Atkinson, Richard C., 16
audience: of AllLearn, viii, 45, 45n80, 46, 49, 49n93, 52, 52n106
credit and, 53–54
general public as, 3
lessons learned on, 216
misunderstandings about, 53–54
of OpenCourseWare, 58–59, 71–74, 216, 216n31
of Open Learning Initiative, 106–7
of Open Yale Courses, 127, 216
of webcast.berkeley, 150, 153–54, 153n10, 159–62, 163, 167. See also alumni
BAH. See Booz Allen Hamilton
Bain & Company, 239n82
Benkler, Yochai, 14n33
Berkeley. See University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley Internet Broadcasting System (BIBS), 151, 153, 154, 161, 163, 167–68.
See also webcast.berkeley
Berkeley Media Services, 151
Berkeley Multimedia Research Center (BMRC), 150, 153, 227n54
Bernstein, Peter, 42, 46, 48, 49, 51, 51n103, 52
BIBS. See Berkeley Internet Broadcasting System
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 20, 118, 240
Blackboard course management system, 17, 208n4
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 125
BMRC. See Berkeley Multimedia Research Center
Bonk, Curtis J., 60n9
Booz Allen Hamilton (BAH), 58–59, 59n4
Bowen, William G.: on commercialization of higher education, 14–15, 15n34
on Fathom, 61n15
forward by, vii–xvi, 252n13, 260
in ITHAKA, 62n20
Romanes lecture (2000) by, 14–15, 61
branding: in AllLearn, 45, 226
commercialization of higher education and, 16, 16n39
intellectual property and, 226n51
in NPTEL, 226
in Open Learning Initiative, 111, 225–26, 226n50
in Open Yale Courses, 123, 138–40, 225. See also marketing
Breslauer, George, 161, 163, 166, 169n70, 172, 176, 176n102, 177, 248
Brigham Young University, 110, 236n74, 242n90
Britain, Joint Information Systems Committee in, 234n68
British Library, 30
British Museum, 30n28
Brown, John Seely, 4
Brown, Robert: and administrative support, 70–71, 70n47
on comprehensive nature of OCW, 57, 65
on credit, 244
on funding, 232n63
on internal impact, 80
on organization of OCW, 68n34
in origins of OCW, 58, 59, 60n12
on outreach to other universities, 79
on press coverage, 229
Brown University, 51
Budapest Open Access Initiative, 14n32
Bulliet, Richard, 39
business model(s): of AllLearn, 44–46, 50, 54
of Fathom, 28–29, 29n24, 29n27, 36, 38, 38n58, 39, 45, 54
internet, 13
of webcast.berkeley, 157–58, 170, 173–74
California Master Plan for Higher Education, 165–66
California State University (CSU) system, 165
California Virtual University, 23
Cambridge University Press, 30
Cape Town Open Education Declaration, 21n53
Carey, Kevin, 259n29
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 20
Carnegie Learning, Inc., 91, 93, 116–17, 116n104
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU): Eberly
Center for Teaching Excellence at, 96–97, 101, 102, 108
Office of Technology for Education at, 90, 92
and OpenCourseWare Consortium, 79n82
strengths of, in development of courseware, xiv, 89–90, 92, 96–97.
See also Open Learning Initiative
Carson, Steve: on audience, 72–73, 73n56
on depth vs. breadth, 214
on funding, 236n74, 239n82, 240n83
on interactivity, 64n23
on internal impact, 79
on outreach to other universities, 78, 78n77, 79, 79n82
on updates to courses, 85n113
on usefulness of OCW, 216n31
Carter-Galvan, Sheree, 213
Casper, Gerhard, 4n7, 15n35, 44
Casserly, Catherine: on audience, 216n32
and evaluation of impact, 104n48, 221n39, 224n48
on OpenCourseWare, 84
in origins of Open Learning Initiative, 90–91
on updates to courses, 233n65
on usage, 218
Cassidy, John, 12n27
causal reasoning courses, 93n12, 99, 99n31
CC-OLI. See Community College Open Learning Initiative
Center for College Affordability and Productivity, 113–14
Center for Educational Computing Initiatives, MIT, 58
Center for Media and Instructional Innovation (CMI2), 48n90, 128, 129, 135, 136, 138, 139
Center for Social Media, American University, 213n19
CET. See Council on Educational Technology
CEUTT. See Cost-Effective Uses of Technology in Teaching
Chambers, John, 23n2
chemistry courses, 97, 157f, 168n68, 175n100, 227n54
Chinese translations, 219n37
Christensen, Clayton, 256n24
clickers, 249
closed captioning, 138n57
CMI2. See Center for Media and Instructional Innovation
CMU. See Carnegie Mellon University
cognitive science, at Carnegie Mellon, xiv, 90, 92, 96–97
cognitive task analysis, 98
cognitive tutors, 91, 93, 93n13, 113, 117, 117n106, 214
Cohon, Jared, 96, 102, 115, 117
Cole, Jonathan, 2n2, 25, 28, 53, 191n54
colleges. See universities; specific schools
Colman, Dan, 179n2
Columbia University: administrative turnover at, 41
Biosphere 2
project of, 41
patent royalties at, 27–28, 27n16.
See also Fathom
commercialization: of higher education, 14–16, 15nn34–35, 61, 229
of internet, 11–14, 12n27, 12n29
Commission on the Future of Higher Education, 231n58
community college(s): in California Master Plan, 165
funding for, 113
future of online courseware in, 258–59
number of students enrolled in, 7n11
Obama administration plans for, 111–12, 113, 118–19
Open Learning Initiative at, 118–19, 240, 251, 251n11
origins of online courses at, 10
Community College Open Learning Initiative (CC-OLI), 118–19, 240, 251n11
commuter institutions, 1n1
Compact for Open Access Publishing Equity, 88n121
computer science courses, 108n68, 119, 119n114, 240n85
Congress, U.S., on college costs, 9, 9n17
Connexions project, Rice University, 20, 77, 125, 125n6
consultants, in OpenCourseWare, 68, 68n37
continuing education, predictions about growth of, 24
copyright: vs. Creative Commons licenses, 125n8
fair use and, 211–13
in music history courses, 130n29
on NPTEL courses, 195. See also intellectual property issues
corporate sponsorship, of OpenCourseWare, 87, 239, 239n82
correspondence courses, vs. online degree programs, 3
cost(s): of AllLearn courses, 49n95
freemium approach to, 241, 242n90
future of courseware and, 247–51
lessons learned on, 233–43
of NPTEL courses, 194
of OpenCourseWare courses, 57–60, 58n3
of Open Learning Initiative courses, 92, 109, 109n75, 115, 115n98, 116, 116n102, 241, 241n86, 245
of Open Yale Courses, 147–48
of providing credit, viii, 244–45
of traditional higher education, 7n12, 8–9, 8n16, 17n41
of webcast.berkeley courses, 174–76, 174n95. See also operating costs
Cost-Effective Uses of Technology in Teaching (CEUTT) program, 18, 18n45, 89n2, 99n31, 168n68, 227n54
Council on Educational Technology (CET), MIT, 58–60
Courant, Paul, xin 4
course management systems, 17, 208n4
course modules, from for-profit companies, viin 1
Creative Commons, 13n31, 21, 125, 125n8, 143, 195
Creative Commons India, 195
creative writing courses, 51, 51n102
credit: in AllLearn, 54, 244–45, 245n98
and audience, 53–54
cost of providing, viii, 244–45
for developing online courseware, 242–43
in distance education, 4
in Fathom, 36n52
future of, 254–58
lessons learned on, 243–46
in NPTEL, 204
in OpenCourseWare, viii–ix, 59, 59n6, 63–64, 244–46
in Open Learning Initiative, 107, 245
in Open Yale Courses, 144–45
in traditional undergraduate experience, 4
in webcast.berkeley, 174–76
Crow, Michael M., 24–25, 26, 28, 29, 35n47, 39, 41
CSU. See California State University
Curriki, 21n52
degree programs, online: vs. online courseware, 2–5, 6t
rise of, 10
degrees. See credit
demand: for higher education, 7, 7n11
for online courseware, 215–17
developing world: as audience for OpenCourseWare, 72
as producer of courseware, 185, 185n32
digital strategy, of Yale University, 122–23, 140–41, 147
disaggregation of educational components, 2–3, 3n5, 243–44, 259–60
disaster preparedness, 167
DiscoverEd, 20
distance education, credit-bearing: future of, 255–57
vs. online courseware, vii, 3–5, 6t
in online degree programs, 2–3, 4
vs. OpenCourseWare, 63–64
in open universities, 3n4, 241–42
value proposition in, 4
d’Oliveira, Cecilia, 68, 68n34, 74n60, 75n68, 85
dot-com era: AllLearn and Fathom in, 23–24
Drucker, Peter, 24
Duderstadt, James, xin 4
Duguid, Paul, 4
Duke University, 51
DVDs, 194
Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence, Carnegie Mellon University, 96–97, 101, 102, 108
Ecollege, 24n3
economics courses, 99
eCornell, 23
Edley, Christopher, 175, 175n100
Education, U.S. Department of: Commission on the Future of Higher Education, 231n58
on community colleges, plans for, 111–12, 113, 118–19
meta-analysis and review of online learning studies by, 120, 120n119
National Educational Technology Plan, 112–13
origins of interest in online
courses in, 112–13, 112n89, 113n93, 118–21
Educational Technology Services (ETS), at University of California at Berkeley, 153, 157–58, 161, 171, 172. See also webcast.berkeley
EduCommons software, 125
Ehrenberg, David, 8n16
Eklavya (TV station), 193, 207n1
elite universities: applications to, 7, 8n12
cost of attending, 7n12, 8–9, 8n16
in OpenCourseWare Consortium, 79, 79n82
origins of online courseware in, 10–11
selectivity of, 7–11, 7n12, 11n25
trends in access to, 7–11. See also specific schools
Encarta, 26n13
endowments: of Carnegie Mellon, 115, 115n101
and cost of higher education, 8–9
and Open Learning Initiative, 115, 115n101
of Yale University, 127–28
engineering education, in India, quality gap in, 178, 179–85
enrichment, as goal of online courseware, 4, 245–46
enrollment: in online courseware, viin 1, 9–10, 253
over-enrollment, through webcast.berkeley, 249
in traditional universities, 7n11, 10. See also usage statistics
Etchemendy, John, 46n84, 73n57
ETS. See Educational Technology Services
evaluation of impact: challenges of, xiv, 218
lessons learned on, 217–24
of OpenCourseWare, 73–76, 218–24
of Open Learning Initiative, xiv, 90, 96, 103–6, 218–24
of Open Yale Courses, 218–24
of webcast.berkeley, 168–69, 168n68, 218–24
evaluation of students, in Open Learning Initiative, 93–96, 95f, 97, 106–7, 214, 214n24, 222
events, special, in webcast.berkeley, 161, 162f
external impact: lessons learned on, 217–24
of NPTEL, 196–201
of OpenCourseWare, 71–79, 87–88
of Open Learning Initiative, xii–xiii, 103–7, 109–14
of Open Yale Courses, ix, 137–38, 141–45
of webcast .berkeley, 168–70
faculty: benefits of OpenCourseWare for, 80–81
benefits of webcast.berkeley for, 164
engineering, in India, 180n9, 181, 181n11
Fathom criticized by, 39–40nn64–65, 39–41, 39n61
future of lecture capture and, 248–52
traditional functions of, 3n5, 5
on value of courseware, 223
faculty participation: in Fathom, 32–33
in NPTEL, 188–91, 189n47, 194–95, 194n61, 204–5
in OpenCourseWare, 41, 60, 65, 69–70, 69nn40–42, 70n44, 208, 209n5, 237
in Open Learning Initiative, 89–90, 100–102, 101n38, 107–8, 110, 119, 155, 237
in Open Yale Courses, 133, 133n36, 136–37, 136n49, 155
payment for, 69–70, 70n44, 101, 137, 189–90, 194
resistance to, 251–52, 252nn14–16, 255n22
in webcast.berkeley, 155–56, 164–65
fair use, 211–13
Fathom, 24–42
administrative support for, 39, 41, 227, 227n53
business model of, 28–29, 29n24, 29n27, 36, 38, 38n58, 39, 45, 54
challenges faced by, viii, xiv, xix, 33–42
closure of, 24, 33–34, 35n47, 41–42, 53–56
content of, 23n1, 31–38, 31n35, 32f, 35nn47–48
demand for, 217
depth vs. breadth in, 206
faculty criticism of, 39–40nn64–65, 39–41, 39n61
faculty participation in, 32–33
free content of, 33, 34, 34n44
funding for, 27–28, 27n16, 33–36, 35n45, 39–40, 39n64, 61n15
legacy of, 53–56
as marketing vehicle, 29
member institutions of, 29–31, 30n28, 31nn33–34, 34–36, 35nn47–49
motivations behind, 25–29
vs. NPTEL, 188
vs. open courseware, 19
origins and development of, 23–29, 44
overview of approach of, vii, viii, xix
press coverage of, 33, 226, 229, 230t
Professional Development Center of, 36, 37f, 46
revenue of, actual, 33–34, 39–40
revenue of, potential, viii, 12, 23–24, 28–29, 29n24
review process for courses, 191n54
staff of, 28
feedback. See user feedback
FinalsClub.com, 226n51
financial aid: international students and, 17n41
financial crisis of 2008, xi, 8
first-mover advantage, 229
Flat World Knowledge, 20
Foothill De Anza Community College, 21, 112n89, 125
Ford Foundation, 186
for-profit educational institutions: course modules of, viin 1
future of, 255–57
rise of, 10
success of, 10, 10n21. See also specific schools
freemium approach, 12–13, 13n30, 241, 242n90
free software movement, 13, 13n31, 19
Friedman, Stephen, 26
funding: administrative support and, 227, 227n54, 236–37
for AllLearn, 44–46, 50–51, 50n99
for community colleges, 113, 118, 118n112
for development of new programs, xii, xiii, xiv, 12
for Fathom, 27–28, 27n16, 33–36, 35n45, 39–40, 39n64, 61n15
lessons learned on, 233–43
for NPTEL, 178, 187, 199, 201–4, 201nn100–101
for OpenCourseWare, xx, 57, 60–62, 70–71, 83–87, 90, 115, 124, 239–40, 239n82
for Open Learning Initiative, x, xx, 89, 90–93, 98–101, 114–19, 125
for Open Yale Courses, xx, 123–26, 128–29, 145–48
for webcast.berkeley, ix–x, 150, 157–58, 161, 170–76, 227, 227n54. See also sustainability
games, online educational, 148
Gates, Bill, xiii
Gates Foundation, 20, 118, 240
globalization, of higher education, 16–17
global usage: comparison of, 219, 221f
of NPTEL, 196
of OpenCourseWare, 72, 74–75, 82, 219–20, 221f
of Open Learning Initiative, 109, 219, 221f
of Open Yale Courses, 137–38, 142, 143–44, 148–49, 219, 221f
of webcast.berkeley, 167–70, 219–20, 221f
Goldenberg, Edie, xin 4
Goldstein, Michael, 28n20
Goodman, Paul, 186, 186n35, 187n38, 188, 199
Google Analytics, xxi, 197n75, 199, 219, 219n38, 220f, 221f
grades, in Open Learning Initiative, 107
Grassley, Charles, 9n17
Gray, Paul: on administrative involvement, 172
on credit, 174–75
on mission, 153–54
on motivations, 166
on press coverage, 164–65, 225
on sustainability, 170–74
Greenstein, Daniel, 176–77, 257
Hancock, Mara: on administrative involvement, 172
on content of courses, 156, 158n25
on credit, 174
on disaster preparedness, 167
on impact of webcast.berkeley, 164, 169
on intellectual property issues, 212, 212n14
on number of courses, 155, 159
on Opencast project, 248n3
on Open Yale Courses, 159
on origins of webcast.berkeley, 152
on special events, 161
on sustainability, 173, 174n95, 177
on upgrades, 175n100
on user feedback, 163
hardware, for webcast.berkeley, 170n75, 171, 171n80
Harley, Diane, 76n71, 169n68, 217n34, 223, 223n45, 227n54, 257n25, 258n28
Harvard University: FinalsClub.com and, 226n51
invitation to join Fathom, 30
television broadcasts of, 207n1
Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, 113
Hewlett Foundation: audience of, 216n32
in Community College Open Learning Initiative, 118, 240
on cost of courses, 241
demand for OER and, 215n26
evaluation of usage and, 218, 219, 224
evolution of education program of, 124–26, 125n7, 148, 235
and Obama Education Department, 119n113
OER division of, 19–20, 84, 84n104, 90, 124, 126
in OpenCourseWare, xx, 61, 62, 62n21, 77, 78n76, 82, 83–84, 86, 90, 115
in OpenCourseWare Consortium, 78–79
in Open Learning Initiative, x, xx, 89, 90–93, 98–99, 104, 111, 226, 234n67
in Open University, 241
in Open Yale Courses, xx, 124–26, 128–29, 145–47, 148, 234n67
and sustainability, 234–36, 235n70
and webcast .berkeley, 227n54
higher education, traditional, 1–17, 6t
commercialization of, 14–16, 15nn34–35, 61, 229
components of courses in, 5, 6t
“cost disease” in, xiii, 8, 113
cost of obtaining, 7n12, 8–9, 8n16, 17n41
faculty functions in, 3n5
funding shortages in, x–xiv
future of, xii–xvi, 247–60, 259–60, 259n29
globalization of, 16–17
internet in transformation of, 23–24, 259
vs. online courseware, 1–5, 6t
vs. Open Learning Initiative, student outcomes in, 104–5, 120, 222
pedagogical component of, 1, 2, 3
residential component of, 1, 2, 4
unbundling components of, 2–3, 3n5, 243–44, 259–60
value propositions in, 4–5, 22. See also universities
Highlights for High School, in OpenCourseWare, 86
Hockfield, Susan, 71, 82, 85–86, 231n58, 238n79
Hoxby, Caroline, 8n14, 9, 9n18
Hubbard, Benjamin: on administrative involvement, 172
on content of courses, 156, 160
on intellectual property issues, 212n14
on number of courses, 155, 174
on production process, 155n15, 210
on special events, 161n36
on staff, 157n23
on user feedback, 163
human-computer interaction, at Carnegie Mellon, 90, 96
humanities courses: in Open Learning Initiative, 98, 98n26
in Open Yale Courses, 130, 130n27
iCarnegie, 116–17
IIMs. See Indian Institutes of Management
IISc. See Indian Institute of Science
IITs. See Indian Institutes of Technology
impact of courseware. See evaluation of impact; external impact; internal impact
India: demand for higher education in, x, 182–83
five-year plans of, 201n99
future of online courseware in, xv
growth of higher education in, 181–82, 182n15
quality gap in higher education in, 178, 179–85. See also National Programme on Technology
Enhanced Learning
Indian Institute of Science (IISc), 178, 187
Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), 186, 187
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs): acceptance rates for, 180, 180n6
collaboration by, on NPTEL, 187–88
establishment of, 178n1, 179, 179n3
faculty of, 180n9, 181, 181n11
funding for NPTEL from, 201, 201n100
in origins of NPTEL, 178, 183–87
quality of education at, 178n1, 179–80
virtual version of, 203–4, 254, 254n21.
See also National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
Indian National Knowledge Commission, 182
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), 183
industry funding, for NPTEL, 202
information industry, 15n35
information sharing, cost of, 14, 14n33
Institute of International Education, 17n41
Instreamer, 171n80
instructional design, at Carnegie Mellon, 89–90, 96, 97
intellectual property (IP) issues: branding and, 226n51
and depth vs. breadth of courses, 210–13
in Fathom, 28–29
lessons learned on, 210–13, 239n81
in music history courses, 130n29
in NPTEL, 212–13nn16–17
in OpenCourseWare, 70, 210–11, 213
in Open Yale Courses, 211–13, 212n12
in science courses, 158n25
in webcast.berkeley, 212–13, 212n14
interactivity: in AllLearn, 48, 48n89, 73, 73n57
costs of, viii
and depth vs. breadth of courses, 214
in distance education vs. online courseware, 3
lessons learned on, 214, 243–46
in NPTEL, 202–3
in OpenCourseWare, viii–ix, 3, 64n23, 73
in Open Learning Initiative, x, 89, 92, 93–96, 102–3, 203, 214
internal impact: lessons learned on, 217–33
of NPTEL, 200–201
of OpenCourseWare, ix, 64, 79–83, 85, 87–88
of Open Learning Initiative, 107–9, 108n68
of Open Yale Courses, ix, 138–41
of webcast.berkeley, 162–68. See also reputational benefits
International Institute for Education Planning, 125–26
international students: rise in number of, 17n41
universities’attempts to attract, 16–17, 17n41
international usage. See global usage
internet: commercialization of, 11–14, 12n27, 12n29
development of video streaming on, 151
expansion of access through, xvii–xviii
potential for transformation of education through, 23–24, 259
interviews: list of, 277–79
methodology of, xxi–xxii
I P. See intellectual property
Iraq War course, 46, 51, 51n102
ISRO. See Indian Space Research Organization
ITHAKA, 62n20
Ithaka S+R, 62n20, 223, 233n66, 236n74
iTunes U, 56, 86, 161, 168, 219, 247, 247n1
Ivy League. See elite universities; specific schools
James, Kate, 67n33
JISC. See Joint Information Systems Committee
job market, in India, 182–83, 182n18
Johns Hopkins University, 78, 79n82, 125
Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), 234n68
Kamenetz, Anya, 10n21, 94, 257–58, 258n28
Kamlet, Mark: in Carnegie Learning, 116–17
on credit, 145
on evaluation, 103
in origins of Open Learning Initiative, 91
on sustainability, 115, 116–17, 116nn102–3, 119
Kanter, Martha J., 112n89
Kasdin, Robert, 41
Khakhar, Devang V., 200, 201, 201n97, 215
Kim, Kristin: on affiliate institutions, 51n101
and audience, 49n93
as CEO of AllLearn, 42, 46, 48, 52
on credit, 54
on motivations, 42
revisions under, 48–49, 52, 52n104
Kirp, David L.: on access to higher education, 9, 11n25
on commercialization of higher education, 15, 16
on evaluation of impact, 217
on Fathom, 35n45, 55, 55n118, 59n5
on OpenCourseWare, 59n5
Kirschner, Ann: on administrative support, 39
on closure of Fathom, 53, 55, 56
on faculty participation, 32–33
on free content, 33, 34, 34n44
on funding, 61n15
on member institutions, 31, 31nn33–34, 35, 36
and MIT, 59n5
in origins of Fathom, 24–25, 26, 29, 44
on revisions to courses, 34, 36–37, 38
Kirwan, William E., xi
Kleiner, Diana: art history courses taught by, 130, 132f
on business models, 54
on comprehensive nature of OYC, 133
on content of AllLearn courses, 46, 48n88, 49, 51–52nn102–3
on content of OYC courses, 130, 133, 134, 135
on credit, 144–45
on digital strategy of Yale, 140
as director of OYC, 128
and faculty participation, 133, 133n36, 137
on funding, 123–24, 126, 128–29
on global use, 138
on interactivity, 48n89
on OpenCourseWare, 56
on origins of AllLearn, 42, 44, 45n80, 46
in origins of OYC, 123–24, 126–29
on sustainability, 146
on usage, 142, 142n72, 144, 222
knowledge industry, 15n35
Kresge Foundation, 240n85
Krishnan, Mangala Sunder: in administration of NPTEL, 190, 190n49
on education gap, 179–80, 181n10, 183, 185, 185n29
on faculty participation, 190, 194
on impact, 199
on intellectual property issues, 212, 213n17
on interactivity, 203, 203n109
on marketing, 197–98
on motivations, 185
on open licenses, 195
on origins of NPTEL, 186
on staff, 195
on updates, 202n106
Kumar, M. S. Vijay, 180, 181, 202
laboratories, virtual, 203, 203n109
Lawrence, Paul: in AllLearn, 48n90
on branding, 139–40
on content of courses, 130, 134n38, 135–36
on digital strategy, 141
on faculty participation, 136, 136n49
lecture capture, future of, 247–52. See also video lectures
Leinhardt, Gaea, 103–4
Lerman, Steven: on administrative support, 70n46, 71
on audience, 72
on faculty participation, 65
on internal impact, 81
in origins of OCW, 58, 59, 59n6, 60, 60n12, 67
on sustainability, 84
on usage statistics, 74n64
Lessig, Lawrence, 13n31
lessons learned, 206–46
on credit, 243–46
on demand, 215–17
on depth vs. breadth of courses, 206–15
on evaluation of impact, 217–24
on reputational benefits, 224–33
on sustainability, 233–43
Levin, Richard C.: in AllLearn, 44, 49n93, 73n57
endowment of Yale under, 127
at Hewlett Foundation, 124
on institutional partnerships, 143
international presence of Yale under, 137, 138, 148–49
on mission, 238n79
on OpenCourseWare, 73n57
in origins of OYC, 123–24
and sustainability, 146
lifelong learners, 29–30, 53, 216
literacy, in India, 202, 202n105
logic courses, 99
London School of Economics (LSE), 29, 30, 31n34
Lorimer, Linda: on cost of courses, 56, 147–48
on credit, 145
on depth vs. breadth, 209
on digital strategy of Yale, 140–41
on faculty participation, 133
on institutional partnerships, 143, 145
on mission of OYC, 126
on motivations, 215
on number of courses, 132
in origins of OYC, 128
on sustainability, 146, 146n83, 147
LSE. See London School of Economics
Lumina Foundation, 20, 118, 240
Mackie, Christopher, 242
Margulies, Anne: on administrative support, 70, 70n46, 71
on audience, 72
on comprehensive nature of OCW, 64–65, 65n26
as executive director of OCW, 68
on faculty participation, 69–70, 69nn41–42, 70n44
on internal impact, 80
on organization of OCW, 68n34
in origins of OCW, 68, 69, 69n41
on outreach to other universities, 78, 79, 79n82
on software, 73n58
on standards for courses, 66
on sustainability, 84n107
on usage statistics, 74, 74n64
on user feedback, 76
marketing: of AllLearn, 52, 52n106
Fathom as vehicle for, 29
of OpenCourseWare, 16, 82, 226
of Open Learning Initiative, 110, 117
of Open Yale Courses, 139, 143–44
by universities, 16, 16n37. See also branding
Maslach, Christina, 154, 163, 167
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): administrative turnover at, 71
brand management by, 198n81
Council on Educational Technology at, 58–60
invitation to join Fathom, 59n5.
See also OpenCourseWare
Massy, William F., 26n13, 94n16, 98n28
MasterCard International, 36
Matkin, Gary, 20n50
Mayadas, Frank, 38
McKinsey & Company, 58
McKinsey Global Institute, 183
media coverage. See press coverage
Mellon Foundation: changes to programs of, 235n71
Cost-Effective Uses of Technology in Teaching program of, 18, 18n45, 89n2, 99n31, 168n68, 227n54
and Fathom, 61n15
influence of, 234
in OpenCourseWare, 61, 62, 77, 82, 83–84
Research in Information Technology program of, 235n71
in webcast.berkeley, 227n54
Merrill Lynch, 24n3
metacognitive skills, 95
methodology, xxi–xxii
Meyer, Oded, 95–96, 100n32, 101n38, 105
MHRD. See Ministry of Human Resource Development
Michigan State University, 21
Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) of India: and audience of NPTEL, 216
in collaboration of IITs, 188, 188n43
and content of NPTEL, 192
funding for NPTEL from, 201–2, 201n101
in origins of NPTEL, 184, 186–87
on virtual IIT, 254n21
mini-tutors, 93–94, 93n13, 97n24. See also cognitive tutors
MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Miyagawa, Shigeru, 59, 65, 71, 74n64, 244
Morningside Ventures, 25
motivations, 5–7
of AllLearn, 42–44
of Fathom, 25–29
lessons learned on, 224–33
of NPTEL, 179, 183–85, 185n31, 215
of OpenCourseWare, ix, 80, 215
of Open Yale Courses, 11, 126–27, 215
of webcast.berkeley, 151–52, 163, 166
Moudgalya, Kannan M., 198, 198n80, 200–201
Murray, Stephen, 27
music history courses, 130, 130n29, 211f
MyMathLab, 256n23
Nair, G. Mahavan, 183
National Bureau of Economic Research, 121n119
National Center for Academic Transformation, 18n44
National Council for Higher Education (India), 182
National Educational Technology Plan (2010), 112–13
National Museum of Natural History, 30
National Programme Committee (NPC), 190, 190n50
National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) of India, 178–205
audience of, 196–97, 204–5, 216
branding in, 226
Carnegie Mellon in, 186, 186n35, 187n38
content and organization of, 178–79, 187–95
cost of courses, 194
credit in, 204
depth vs. breadth in, 210, 210n10, 212, 215
engineering education in India and, 178, 179–83
external impact of, 196–201
faculty participation in, 188–91, 189n47, 194–95, 194n61, 204–5
funding for, 178, 187, 199, 201–4, 201nn100–101
global use of, 196
government role in, x, 178, 184, 186–87, 201–2
intellectual property issues in, 212–13nn16–17
internal impact of, 200–201
marketing of, 197–98, 198nn79–80
mission of, 178, 184, 192, 197
motivations behind, 179, 183–85, 185n31, 215
number of courses, 178–79, 192–93, 201
vs. OpenCourseWare, 184, 184n28, 191–92, 198–99
open licenses and, 19n46, 21n53, 195
origins and development of, 178, 179–87
overview of approach of, vii, x, xix
press coverage of, 198–99, 198n84, 200n96, 230t
sustainability of, 201–5
usage of, 196–98, 197n75, 199–200, 219n38
National Repository of Online Courses (NROC), 21n52, 241n86
National Science Foundation (NSF), 99n29, 119
Netherlands, 234n68
networking, in value of education, 4
Nevada, budget for higher education in, xiin4
New York Public Library (NYPL), 30, 35n47
New York University, 23, 23n1, 55, 213n21
Ngugi, Catherine, 185n32
NPC. See National Programme Committee
NPR, 239n82
NPTEL. See National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
NROC. See National Repository of Online Courses
NSF. See National Science Foundation
Nugent, Georgia, 46n86
NYPL. See New York Public Library
Obama, Barack: American Graduation Initiative of, 111–12
and community colleges, 111–12, 113, 118–19
National Educational Technology Plan under, 112–13
and Open Learning Initiative, 111–13, 118–19, 226, 231
Oblinger, Diana, 24n3
OCW. See OpenCourseWare
OCWC. See OpenCourseWare Consortium
OCW Finder, 20
ODD. See Office of Digital Dissemination
OER. See Open Educational Resources
OER Africa, 185n32
OER Blogs, 21
OER Commons, 20
Office of Digital Dissemination (ODD), Yale University, 141, 141n65
Office of International Affairs, Yale University, 143
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 112
Office of Technology for Education (OTE), Carnegie Mellon University, 90, 92
OLI. See Open Learning Initiative
online courseware, 1–22
audience of (See audience)
demand for, 215–17
depth vs. breadth of, 206–15
vs. distance education, vii, 3–5, 6t
diversity of models for, vii–xiv, xix–xx, 6n10
early problems with, viii
enrichment as goal of, 4, 245–46
evaluation of (See evaluation)
expansion of access through, xvii–xviii
financial problems in higher education and, x–xii
motivations behind, 5–7
number of students enrolled in, viin 1, 9–10, 253
in OER movement, 19–21
vs. online degree programs, 2–5, 6t
origins of, 6–21
productivity gains through, xii–xiii, 113–14, 114n96
revenue potential of, 11–12, 23–24, 24n3
vs. traditional undergraduate experience, 1–5, 6t
value proposition in, 4–5, 22. See also specific programs
Opencast project, 248n3
OpenCourseWare (OCW), MIT, 57–88
administrative support for, 70–71, 70nn46–47, 85, 115, 227, 227n53, 228f, 237
anticommercial stance of, 15, 16, 60
archival records of, xxi, 81n93
audience of, 58–59, 71–74, 216, 216n31
comprehensive nature of, 57, 60, 61–62, 64–65, 65n26, 68, 132–33, 155, 208
content and organization of, 3, 6n10, 57, 62–71, 66f, 93
credit in, viii–ix, 59, 59n6, 63–64, 244–46
depth vs. breadth in, 208–15, 208nn3–4
vs. distance education, 63–64
evaluation of impact of, 73–76, 218–24
external impact of, 71–79, 87–88
faculty participation in, 41, 60, 65, 69–70, 69nn40–42, 70n44, 208, 209n5, 237
Fathom and AllLearn’s influence on, 56
funding for, xx, 57, 60–62, 70–71, 83–87, 90, 115, 124, 239–40, 239n82
global use of, 72, 74–75, 82, 219–20, 221f
Highlights for High School, 86
influence on other programs, 77
intellectual property issues in, 70, 210–11, 213
interactivity in, viii–ix, 3, 64n23, 73
internal impact of, ix, 64, 79–83, 85, 87–88
management of, 67–68
mission of, ix, 59, 60, 64, 77–78, 87, 238n79
motivations behind, ix, 80, 215
vs. NPTEL, 184, 184n28, 191–92, 198–99
number of courses, 62, 68, 68n36
vs. Open Learning Initiative, 93, 94, 94n15, 102
operating costs of, 84–87, 209
origins and development of, 7, 57–62, 67–68
outreach to other universities, 77–79, 78n77
overview of approach of, vii, viii–ix, xix
press coverage of, 61–62, 64, 81–82, 81n94, 82n96, 198–99, 226, 229, 230t
reputational benefits of, ix, 16, 82–83, 82n99, 88, 226–33
staff of, 68, 68n37, 70, 189n47
sustainability of, 83–87, 234–35, 235n70, 239–40
translations of, 72, 72n54, 218–19, 219n37
updates to, 85–86, 85n113, 160
usage of, 73–74, 74n64, 218–24, 220f, 221f
video lectures in, 67, 67f, 67n33, 130, 130n26, 155
vs. webcast.berkeley, 77, 160, 167
OpenCourseWare Consortium (OCWC): goals of, 78
leadership of, 78–79
meetings of, 125
membership of, 19, 21, 21n53, 79
origins of, 78
on sustainability, 236, 236n74
Open Educational Resources (OER) movement, 19–21
on American Graduation Initiative, 112
demand in, 215
Hewlett Foundation in, 19–20, 84, 84n104, 90, 124
impact of Open Learning Initiative on, 110–11
Open Learning Initiative (OLI), Carnegie Mellon, 89–121
Academic Version of, 106–7, 106n58, 109, 114–15, 121, 241, 241n86
accelerated learning in, 104–6, 105nn52–53
administrative support for, 108, 115–16, 237
audience of, 106–7
branding in, 111, 225–26, 226n50
at community colleges, 118–19, 240, 251, 251n11
content and organization of, x, xiin 5, 6n10, 93–103, 99f
cost of courses, 92, 109, 109n75, 115, 115n98, 116, 116n102, 241, 241n86, 245
depth vs. breadth in, 207–9, 214
evaluation of impact of, xiv, 90, 96, 103–6, 218–24
external impact of, xii–xiii, 103–7, 109–14
faculty participation in, 89–90, 100–102, 101n38, 107–8, 110, 119, 155, 237
funding for, x, xx, 89, 90–93, 98–101, 114–19, 125
and future of courseware, xii–xiii, 250–51
head-to-head studies of outcomes in traditional courses vs., 104–5, 120, 222, 250n9
hybrid mode in, 105–6, 110, 120, 250n8
interactivity in, x, 89, 92, 93–96, 102–3, 203, 214
internal impact of, 107–9, 108n68
mission of, 89–90, 92, 103, 111, 119–20
number of courses, 90, 102, 119
Obama administration and, 111–13, 118–19, 226, 231
vs. OpenCourseWare, 93, 94, 94n15, 102
operating costs of, 101–2, 101n40, 115, 209, 209n6, 251n12
origins and development of, 90–93
overview of approach of, vii, x–xiv, xix
press coverage of, 111–13, 226, 229–31, 230t
reputational benefits of, 225–26
as research tool, 108–9
student assessment embedded in, 93–96, 95f, 97, 106–7, 214, 214n24, 222
sustainability of, 114–19, 240–41
team approach to course design in, 100–102
usage of, 96, 109–10, 218–24, 220f, 221f
OpenLearn project, of Open University, 241–42
open licenses, 19–21, 19n46, 21n53, 125, 195
Open Society Institute, of Soros Foundation, 20
open universities, 3n4, 241–42
Open University (OU) (United Kingdom), 3n4, 241–42, 242nn91–92
Open Yale Courses (OYC), 122–49
administrative support for, 146–47, 146n83
AllLearn’s influence on, 56, 123–24, 128
comprehensive nature of, 132–33
content and organization of, 6n10, 122, 129–37, 131f, 132f
cost of courses, 147–48
credit in, 144–45
depth vs. breadth in, 206–15, 207n2
evaluation of impact of, 218–24
external impact of, ix, 137–38, 141–45
faculty participation in, 133, 133n36, 136–37, 136n49, 155
Fathom’s influence on, 56
funding for, xx, 123–26, 128–29, 145–48
global use of, 137–38, 142, 143–44, 148–49, 219, 221f
institutional partnerships in, 143–44, 145
intellectual property issues in, 211–13, 212n12
internal impact of, ix, 138–41
motivations behind, 11, 126–27, 215
vs. NPTEL, 192
number of courses, 122, 129, 132–33
origins and development of, 122–29
overview of approach of, vii, ix, xix
press coverage of, ix, 134–35, 140, 229n57, 230t
staff of, 128, 128n20, 129, 136
sustainability of, 145–48
usage of, 142–44, 218–24, 220f, 221f
user feedback on, 141–42
video lectures in, 122, 129–30, 132f, 134–36, 134n38, 138n57, 155, 155n15, 192, 209–10, 211f
vs. webcast.berkeley, 155, 159
Yale community benefits from, 141
Open Yale platform, 141n65
operating costs: of AllLearn, 48, 49, 49n95, 49n96, 52–53
lessons learned on, 233–43
of Open Learning Initiative, 101–2, 101n40, 115, 209, 209n6, 251n12
of webcast.berkeley, 157–58, 161, 170–71, 248
Oregon State University, 17n41
OTE. See Office of Technology for Education
OU. See Open University
Oxford University, 42n73. See also AllLearn
OYC. See Open Yale Courses
patent royalties, at Columbia University, 27–28, 27n16
PCR. See Program on Course Redesign
Pearson, 256n23
pedagogical component of education, 1, 2, 3
peer-review process, in NPTEL, 191, 191n54
peers, in value of traditional education, 4, 4n6
Peking University, 143
Pelikan, Jaroslav, 2
Penn State University: in Fathom, 36
Global Campus of, 2, 256, 256n24
Pew Charitable Trusts, Program on Course Redesign of, 18, 18n44, 89n2, 99n31, 253n19
Pew Research Center, 7n11
PIC. See Programme Implementation Committee
Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center, 108
Plotkin, Hal, 113n93
podcasts, in webcast.berkeley, 158–60, 168, 171, 171n80
PowerPoint, 154
lessons learned on, 225–31
negative, 227–29
of NPTEL, 198–99, 198n84, 200n96, 230t
of OpenCourseWare, 61–62, 64, 81–82, 81n94, 82n96, 198–99, 226, 229, 230t
of Open Learning Initiative, 111–13, 226, 229–31, 230t
of Open Yale Courses, ix, 134–35, 140, 229n57, 230t
of webcast.berkeley, 164–65, 230t
Princeton University: and Fathom, 30
withdrawal from AllLearn, 50. See also AllLearn
productivity gains, through online courseware, xii–xiii, 113–14, 114n96
Professional Development Center of Fathom, 36, 37f, 46
Programme Implementation Committee (PIC), 190, 194n60
Program on Course Redesign (PCR), 18, 18n44, 89n2, 99n31, 253n19
publications, scholarly, 14, 14n32, 88, 88n121
public universities: future of online courseware in, xiv–xv, 249, 249n4, 253–56
origins of online courses in, 10. See also specific schools
Purdue University, 36
RAND Corporation, 30
Ray, Anup: on IITs, 179, 183–84, 188, 204
on intellectual property issues, 212n16
on peer-review process, 191n54
on usage, 197n75
Reif, Rafael, 71, 82, 83, 85, 86n115, 87n118
remedial material, in NPTEL courses, 196, 196n73
remix culture, 13
reputational benefits: commercialization of higher education and, 16
lessons learned on, 224–33
of OpenCourseWare, ix, 16, 82–83, 82n99, 88, 226–33
of Open Learning Initiative, 225–26
of press coverage, 225–31
of webcast.berkeley, 164–66, 225, 231. See also internal impact
research, university, 2, 2n2, 15n35
Research in Information Technology (RIT) program, 235n71
residential component of education, 1, 2, 4
Rice University, Connexions project of, 20, 77, 125, 125n6
RIT. See Research in Information Technology rites of passage, 4n7
Rowe, Lawrence A.: on automation of production, 154
on intellectual property issues, 212
on operating costs, 170, 170n75
in origins of webcast.berkeley, 150–54, 152n5, 164
on press coverage, 164
on sustainability, 171
Rupp, George, 25–27, 27n14, 27n16, 35n49, 38, 38nn55–56, 40n65, 41
Sakai course management system, 17
Sandel, Michael, 207n1
scaffolding, 97n24
Schiffman, David, 135
scholarly publications, 14, 14n32, 88, 88n121
Schwartz, Stephanie, 127, 138–39, 144n77
science courses: in NPTEL, 190–91
in Open Yale Courses, 130, 130n27
in webcast .berkeley, 156, 157f, 158, 158n25
Science Museum of London, 30n28
screencasting, 154, 154n12, 158
selectivity of universities, 7–11, 7n12, 9n18, 11n25
Sen, Kushal: in administration of NPTEL, 190, 190n49
on audience, 196
on faculty participation, 194, 205
on impact, 199
on mission, 184
Shapiro, Harold, 256–57
Shevgaonkar, R. K., 185, 188, 191, 192, 196, 197, 200, 204
Shirky, Clay, 213n21
Shuttleworth Foundation, 20
Sibal, Kapil, 182
Simon, Herb, 96
Sloan Consortium: on Education Department, 120n119
on enrollment in online courses, viin 1, 9–10, 253
Sloan Foundation: Asynchronous Learning Network of, 18
end of funding by, 235n71
on Fathom, 38
and webcast.berkeley, 227n54
Smith, Joel: on Academic Version, 241n86
and Eberly Center, 97
on evaluation efforts, 103, 104, 104n48
on external impact, 111
on funding, 98n29
on internal impact, 108
marketing by, 110
on mission, 92
on OLI as research tool, 108–9
on operating costs, 101, 102n40, 209n6
in origins of OLI, 90–93
on precursors to OLI, 99, 100n32
on subjects of courses, 98
on sustainability, 114, 115, 116, 116n102, 119, 235
on team approach, 101
on usage, 109–10
Smith, Marshall “Mike”: on accelerated learning, 105n52
on demand for OER, 215
in evaluation of OLI, 104, 104n48, 105n52
in Obama Education Department, 112
in origins of OLI, 90–91
role in Hewlett Foundation, 90, 112n88, 124
on sustainability, 234, 236, 236n77
on usage of OLI, 109
software: EduCommons, 125
free software movement and, 13, 13n31, 19
software engineering, at Carnegie Mellon, 90
Soros Foundation, Open Society Institute of, 20
Spanish translations, 219n37
special events, in webcast.berkeley, 161, 162f
Spellings Commission, 9n17
Spencer Foundation, 119
staff: of AllLearn, 46, 48, 52–53
of Fathom, 28
of OpenCourseWare, 68, 68n37, 70, 189n47
of Open Learning Initiative, 92–93, 102, 189n47
of Open Yale Courses, 128, 128n20, 129, 136
of webcast.berkeley, 157, 157n23
Stallman, Richard, 13n31
standards, for courses, 65–66, 245–46
Stanford University: commission on technology, 42n73
engineering masters degree program of, 56
online credit at, 243n94. See also AllLearn
State University of New York (SUNY), xv
state university systems: funding for, xi
future of online courseware in, xv
Statistics.com, viin 1
statistics courses, OLI: at community colleges, 251n11
evaluation of, x, 104–5, 104n50, 105n52, 222
interactivity in, 93n12, 94, 95, 95f
precursors to, 99n31
stipends, for faculty participation, 69–70, 70n44, 101, 137
StraighterLine, 256n23
Strategic Investment Fund, of Columbia University, 27–28
Suber, Peter, 14n32
SUNY. See State University of New York
surveys. See user surveys
sustainability: definition of, 233n66
lessons learned on, 233–43
of NPTEL, 201–5
of OpenCourseWare, 83–87, 234–35, 235n70, 239–40
of Open Learning Initiative, 114–19, 240–41
of Open Yale Courses, 145–48
of webcast.berkeley, 170–77. See also funding
teachers as audience: for NPTEL, 196, 197, 204–5
for Open Learning Initiative, 106–7. See also faculty
teacher-student ratios, in India, 181, 181n10
teaching methods: labor-intensive, xii–xiii
in Open Learning Initiative, x, xii–xiii
technology in education: at Carnegie Mellon, 91
early experiments in, 17–18
improved outcomes with, 94n16
technology transfer, as model for online courseware, 28, 28n20
Thille, Candace: on Academic Version, 106–7, 109n75
on community college project, 118
on evaluation efforts, 103, 104, 105, 214, 214n24
as executive director of OLI, 93
on faculty participation, 100, 101, 107, 119
marketing by, 110
on metacognitive skills, 95
in National Educational Technology Plan, 112
on subjects of courses, 98, 119n114
on sustainability, 115, 116, 117, 119
on updates to courses, 96n20
traditional education. See higher education, traditional
translations, of OpenCourseWare, 72, 72n54, 218–19, 219n37
Trow, Martin, 3n3, 15n35, 40n67, 227n54, 252n15
tuition: increases in cost of, 7n12, 8, 8n16
from international students, 17n41. See also cost(s)
tutoring: cognitive, 91, 93, 93n13, 113, 117, 117n106, 214
cost of providing, viii
for IIT entrance exams, 180
mini-tutors, 93–94, 93n13, 97n24
in OpenCourseWare, viii
Twigg, Carol A., 18n44
2tor, 256n23
UC. See University of California
unbundling of educational components, 2–3, 3n5, 243–44, 259–60
UNC. See University of North Carolina
undergraduate education. See higher education, traditional
UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Kingdom: Joint Information Systems Committee in, 234n68
Open University in, 3n4, 241–42
United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 19, 21n53, 125–26
universities: commercialization of, 14–16, 61
community engagement by, 5–6
components of courses at, 5, 6t
core competencies of, 4
definition of, 2
globalization of, 16–17
missions of, 237–38
as rite of passage, 4n7
selectivity of, 7–11, 7n12, 9n18, 11n25
trends in access to, 7–11.
See also elite universities
higher education
public universities
specific schools
University College London, 151
“The University in a Digitized, Commercialized Age” (Bowen), 61
University of Bahrain, 143
University of California at Berkeley: Berkeley Internet Broadcasting System at, 151, 153, 154, 161, 163, 167–68
Berkeley Multimedia Research Center at, 150, 153, 227n54
Educational Technology Services at, 153, 157–58, 161, 171, 172
extension programs of, 176, 176n102, 243n94
future of online courseware at, 256n24
Opencast project at, 248n3. See also webcast.berkeley
University of California at Los Angeles, 208n4, 257n24
University of California (UC) system: in California Master Plan for Higher Education, 165–66
financial problems of, 173–76
future of online courseware in, 254, 255, 255n22, 256n24
University of Chicago, 30
University of Florida, 36
University of Ghana, 143
University of Illinois, Global Campus of, 252n14
University of Maryland, University College of, 2, 256, 256n24
University of Massachusetts, 10, 10n22
University of Michigan, xi, 30n28, 41n70
University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, 253–54, 253n19
University of Notre Dame, 79n82, 125, 207n1
University of Phoenix, 2, 10, 135, 217, 255
University of Pittsburgh, 104
University of Southern Queensland, 232n59
usage, international. See global usage
usage statistics: for AllLearn, 48, 49
lessons learned on evaluation of, 218–24
for NPTEL, 196–98, 197n75, 199–200
for OpenCourseWare, 73–74, 74n64, 218–24, 220f, 221f
for Open Learning Initiative, 96, 109–10, 218–24, 220f, 221f
for Open Yale Courses, 142–44, 218–24, 220f, 221f
for webcast.berkeley, 167–69, 218–24, 220f, 221f
user feedback: in evaluation of usage, 219, 221
on OpenCourseWare, 75–76, 75n68, 76n71
on Open Yale Courses, 141–42
on webcast.berkeley, 163, 169, 169n70
user surveys: in evaluation of usage, 221, 222–23, 244
on OpenCourseWare, 76, 76n71, 223, 232
Utah State University (USU), 78, 125, 207n1, 229n55, 235–36, 236n74
Vedder, Richard K., 113–14, 114n96
venture capital, for Open Learning Initiative, 117
Vest, Charles: and administrative support, 70–71, 70nn46–47, 227, 228f
on audience, 71–72
on faculty participation, 65, 69n40
on global appeal, 82
on intellectual output of faculty, 5n9
in ITHAKA, 62n20
on MIT experience, 64
on motivations, 215
in origins of OCW, 58, 58n3, 59–60, 59n4
on outreach to other universities, 79n82
on reputational benefits, 231
on success, 88
on user feedback, 75n68
VHS tapes, 151
Victoria and Albert Museum, 30n28
video at scale, 158–59
video lectures: in AllLearn, 48, 48n90
automation of production of, 154–55, 155n15, 210
future of, 247–50
in NPTEL, 191–94, 192n55, 193f
in OpenCourseWare, 67, 67f, 67n33, 130, 130n26, 155
in Open Yale Courses, 122, 129–30, 132f, 134–36, 134n38, 138n57, 155, 155n15, 192, 209–10, 211f
production quality of, 209–10. See also webcast.berkeley
Vietnam, 234n68
Virtual Center for Technology Enhanced Learning, 186. See also National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
virtual IIT, 203–4, 254, 254n21
virtual laboratories, 203, 203n109
Vuchic, Victor, 111, 215n26, 223–24, 234n67
Walsh, Taylor, vii, x, xi, xii, xiii, xiv
web analytics: on OpenCourseWare, 74, 75
on webcast.berkeley, 168
webcast.berkeley, 150–77
administrative involvement in, 152, 153, 163, 171–73
audience of, 150, 153–54, 153n10, 159–62, 163, 167
automation of production in, 154–55, 155n15, 210
business model of, 157–58, 170, 173–74
content and organization of, 150, 154–62, 157f
cost of courses, 174–76, 174n95
credit in, 174–76
depth vs. breadth in, 209–10, 212
in disaster preparedness, 167
evaluation of impact of, 168–69, 168n68, 218–24
external impact of, 168–70
faculty participation in, 155–56, 164–65
funding for, ix–x, 150, 157–58, 161, 170–76, 227, 227n54
and future of courseware, 248, 249
global use of, 167–70, 219–20, 221f
intellectual property issues in, 212–13, 212n14
internal impact of, 162–68
mission of, 150, 151–52, 153–54, 237n78
motivations behind, 151–52, 163, 166
number of courses, 150, 152, 155, 155n16, 159, 174
in OER movement, 19
vs. OpenCourseWare, 77, 160, 167
vs. Open Yale Courses, 155, 159
operating costs of, 157–58, 161, 170–71, 248
origins and development of, 150–54
over-enrollment and, 249
overview of
press coverage of, 164–65, 230t
reputational benefits of, 164–66, 225, 231
sustainability of, 170–77
usage of, 167–69, 218–24, 219n38, 220f, 221f
webcasting: origins and evolution of technology for, 151–52. See also webcast.berkeley
Weeramuni, Lindsey, 213
Wharton School, 23
Wiley, David, 110, 209n5, 236n74, 238n80, 242
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. See Hewlett Foundation
Wilson, Fred, 13n30
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 30
World Lecture Hall, 21
XML, 125n6
Yale Corporation, 137
Yale University: brand management by, 198n81
Center for Media and Instructional Innovation at, 48n90, 128, 129, 135, 136, 138, 139
digital strategy of, 122–23, 140–41, 147
endowment of, 127–28
and Fathom, 30
Office of Digital Dissemination at, 141, 141n65
Office of International Affairs at, 143
and OpenCourseWare Consortium, 79n82. See also AllLearn
Open Yale Courses
YouTube, 86, 154, 161, 168, 194, 197, 219, 247, 247n1
Yue, Dick, 59–60
Zemsky, Robert, 3n5, 26n13, 94n16, 98n28
Zimpher, Nancy, xv