Index
A
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 31
Aircraft modeling, bistatic scattering in, 269–273
American UWB regulations, 106–130
antenna modifications, 126
antenna requirement, 126
certified operating frequency range, 125–126
conducted limits, 126
coordination requirements, 129–130
cross reference, 108
equipment authorization requirements, 125
external radio frequency power amplifiers, 126
general administrative requirements, 122
general technical requirements, 119–121, 128–129
GPR system, technical requirements for, 109–110
hand held UWB systems, technical requirements for, 117–119
indoor UWB systems, technical requirements for, 117, 118
measurement procedures, 121–122, 129
measurement standards, 122–124
medical imaging systems, technical requirements for, 113–115
operation, general conditions of, 122
radiated emission limits, general requirements, 126–127
radiated measurements, frequency range of, 124–125
scope of, 107
sources of, 106
surveillance systems, technical requirements for, 113, 114
through-wall imaging systems, technical requirements for, 110–113
UWB equipment, marketing of, 108–109
vehicular radar systems, technical requirements for, 114–116
WPR imaging systems, technical requirements for, 109–110
Amplitude modulation (AM)
envelope detector, 36
peak detector, 36
product detector, 36
array geometry, 16
array signals, synchronization of, 16–17
directivity of, 87
large current radiators, See Large current radiators: antenna
length versus pulse length, 88–94
material-penetrating UWB radar, 397–399
operations in far-field conditions, 404–405
modifications, 126
Novelda Nanoscale Impulse Radar, 386
reception and transmission patterns of
observation angle, 74, 79, 83–86
time-domain radiated UWB field, 79–83
requirement, 126
Xaver™ TWR system
array configuration of, 459, 460
information capacity of, 459
Anti-RFI capability, of UWB random signal radar, 199
Apnea of prematurity (AOP), 298
Applications, of UWB radar, 15–16
Arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), 186
Architecture, of future UWB radars, 18–19
Atmel microcontroller, 384
Automatic adaptive plan, 477
online automatic predefined, 477–478
Automatic threat detection, demonstration of, 506–507
Avalanche drift diode generators, 33
Avalanche transistor/diode switching, 33
LCR antenna with, 329–331, 355
B
B-2 stealth bomber, 26
Bandwidth, 72
defined, 108
fractional, 49
relative, 49
and range resolution, relation between, 3, 4
Binary-phase-coded (RBPC) radar system, 209–211, 213
Biological monitoring, UWB radars for, 101
Biological tissues, 288
characteristics of, 294
electrical properties of, 312–313
Bipolar transistor switch, LCR antenna with, 328–329
Bistatic scattering, from objects near half-space, 263–272
aircraft model, transient response calculation of, 269–273
ellipsoid pulse characteristics, 267–269
problem solution method, 265–267
Body scanning technologies, 498
Breast cancer detection, 315, 317
B-Scan™ system, 498
Building structure surveying, RASCAN-type HAR, 435–439
groundwater intrusion, detection of, 439
Buried objects detection, by random signal radar, 213–216
C
Carrier-free impulse UWB radar with random coding, 196–199
Carrier-modulated UWB random signal radar random frequency modulation radar, 189–190
random interrupted CW radar, 191–196
random phase modulation radar, 190, 191
Cascade power pulse generator, 335
Center frequency, defined, 54, 108
Certified operating frequency range, 125–126
Chaotic oscillators, 186
Computer tomography (CT), 305, 310, 311, 315, 318
Concealed weapons detection (CWD), UWB radar for, 497–509
automatic threat detection, demonstration of, 506–507
capabilities of, 502
characteristics of, 505
laboratory demonstration of, 506
performance of, 506
requirements of, 502
single-radar, 503
Conducted limits, 126
Conductivity
Conformal microwave imaging (CMI), 314–315
antennal configurations, 316
data collection, 315
fundamentals of, 314
Continuous sampling, 375
Continuous time binary valued (CTBV) coding system, signal acquisition through, 376–381
Coordination requirements, 129–130
Correlation receiver-based random signal radar, architecture of, 178–180; See See also Random signal radar
Cross-correlation receiver, 36
D
DAA UWB devices below 10.6 GHz, EU requirements for, 155, 157
Data encoding methods, 26
Dedicated microwave noise devices, 186
Dielectric spectroscopy, 403
Diffusion dispersive media, characteristics of, 166–167
Digital (software) generators, 186
Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes (DPO), 42
Digital receiver-based random signal radar, architecture of, 182–183; See See also Random signal radar
Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO), 42
Digital-to-analog converter (DAC), 186
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system
comparison with UWB radio communication systems, 32
Doppler-shifted local oscillator, 182
Drift step recovery diodes ( DSRD), 54–55
Dual-random interrupted CW radar, 195–196; See See also Random interrupted CW radar
E
Electrical characteristics, of human tissues, at 500 MHz, 288, 291, 292
Electromagnetic compatibility, of UWB random signal radar, 206–213
Electromagnetic wave propagation, in solid media
media characteristics, 162–165
transmission-media characteristics, 165–170
diffusion dispersive media, characteristics of, 166–167
frequency ranges, selection of, 166, 167
frequency spectrum for, 170
nondispersive wave transmission, 168–169
transition frequency, 168
Emissions interference, technical difficulties associated with, 41–43
Eqo™ system, 498
Equipment authorization requirements, 125
Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP), 110, 134
defined, 109
limits, for through-wall imaging systems, 111
European Technical Standards Institute (ETSI), 130, 133
frequently referenced standards, 156
sensor references and harmonized standards, 156
system publications, 157
European Union UWB regulations, 130–157
DAA UWB devices below 10.6 GHz, EU requirements for, 155, 157
GPR system, technical requirements for, 132–137
low duty cycle devices, 137–139
below 10.6 GHz, EU requirements for, 152–155
defined, 138
mitigation techniques, technical requirement for, 146–152
technical requirements for, 138–139, 140
material sensing devices
technical requirements for, 148
for object discrimination and characterization of devices, 139–141, 140
permission to use UWB, 131–132
wall imaging systems, technical requirements for, 132–137
Excitation principle, of LCR antenna, 338–339, 361–363
External radio frequency power amplifiers, 126
F
Faraday’s law, 11
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 184, 185
Field-effect transistors (FETs)
GaAs, 337
Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)
Fire and emergency rescue organizations, 109
Foliage-penetrating radars, 52–53; See See also Radar systems
Fractional bandwidth, 49; See See also Bandwidth
Frequency domain analysis, 10
Future trends, of UWB radar, 15–19
G
GaAs FET switch, LCR antenna with, 337
Gaussian pulse signal propagation, 11–15
GEN 2® system, 498
General administrative requirements, of UWB systems, 122
General technical requirements, of UWB systems, 119–121, 128–129
Global Positioning System (GPS), 44
Ground-based Ka-band noise waveform SAR system, 217–223
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system, 52–53, 160, 231–250, 390–391; See See also Radar systems
categories of, 421
defined, 108
frequencies matched to media, 170
image display techniques, 402, 403
military applications of, 171
object-detection method
in experimental GPR images, 246–250
numerical estimation of, 242
in stimulated GPR images, 244–247
permittivity measurement of, 233
profile of, 233
registered data, signal processing of, 402
signals, Hough transforming for, 234–236
permittivity value error, 237–239
stand-off multiantenna configurations, 399
subsurface sounding process, 232
technical requirements for
American UWB Regulations, 109–110
H
Hand held UWB systems
defined, 109
technical requirements for, 117–119
Harmuth sliding correlator, 35
Heart rate measurement, UWB radar for, 296–297
Hemorrhagic stroke detection, UWB radar for, 309–311
Hertzian dipole’s field, 74
Higher order signal processing (HOSP), 18
high-resolution target detection, time-frequency approaches to, 57–61
high-resolution target identification, time-frequency approaches to, 57–59
singularity expansion method, 55–56
High-resolution body scanners, 499, 500
High-resolution target detection, time-frequency approaches to, 57–61
High-resolution target identification, time-frequency approaches to, 57–59
High-resolution Xaver™ TWR imaging, 461–465
background and objectives of, 459, 461
technical problems in, 461–462
High-voltage avalanche semiconductor diodes, 33
Holographic subsurface radar (HSR), 421–442
designing of, 424
distinguished from impulse subsurface radar, 423–424, 425, 427
distinguished from optical holography, 423
point scatterer, theoretical analysis for, 428–432
RASCAN-type, See RASCAN-type HAR
for hyperbolic curve detection
binary imaging, 234
permittivity value error, 237–239
speeding up calculations, 236–237
Humanitarian demining operations, RASCAN-type HAR for, 440–441
Human tissues
biological tissues, 288
characteristics of, 294
electrical characteristics of, at 500 MHz, 288, 291, 292
I
Imaging system, defined, 108
Impedance pneumography (IMP), 298
Impulse subsurface radar (ISR)
distinguished from subsurface radar holography, 423–424, 425, 427
stroboscopic, 426
Indoor UWB systems, technical requirements for, 117, 118
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, 492
Information capacity, of Xaver™ TWR system, 459
Infrascanner™, 307
Interactive user integration and noise plan, 477
Interferometric aperture synthesis, 414–416
Intracranial hematoma detector (IHD)
clinical evaluation of, 308, 309
specification of, 308
technical description of, 308
Intracranial hemorrhages
physiology of, 307
detection methods, 307
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR); See See also Synthetic aperture radar
moving targets with through-the-wall technology, tracking, 409–410
rotary moving targets, high-resolution imaging of, 410–411
L
Landmine detection, side-looking UWB SAR for, 407–409
Large current radiators (LCRs), 325–371
antenna
designs, for radiating pulse electromagnetic fields, 339–351
dipole radiation pattern of, 359
far-field characteristics, 347–352
geometry of, 340
H-plane radiation pattern of, 359
multielement radiators, designing of, 365–368
near-field characteristics, 347–352
plate width effect on radiated field pulse, 340–343
radiated field pulse and matching section length, dependency between, 343–345
radiated field pulse and radiating plate length, dependency between, 345–346
radiated pulse duration, controlling, 368–370
radiator inductance, reduction of, 356–365
return loop shielding effect on radiation, 352–356
drive signal generator design
microcircuits as switches, 337–338
switches with avalanche transistors, 329–331, 355
switches with bipolar transistors, 328–329
switches with GaAs FET, 337
switches with S-diodes, building, 331–332
switches with silicon field-effect transistors, 332–336
Laser diodes, 33
Law enforcement, 109
Light-activated bulk avalanche semiconductor switches (BASS), 33
Light-activated semiconductor switches (LASS), 33
Limited-size physical apertures, UWB SAR for, 411–414
Low duty cycle (LDC) devices, 137–139
below 10.6GHz, EU requirements for, 152–155
defined, 138
mitigation techniques, technical requirement for, 146–152
technical requirement for, 138–139
Low probability of interception (LPI), of UWB random signal radar, 204–207
Low-resolution standoff screening systems, 499–501
Low-voltage tunnel diodes, 33
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 302, 310, 311, 315, 318
Magnetic switches, 33
Marx bank pulse generators, 33
Matched adaptive time-frequency packet (MAP), 58, 60, 61
Matched filtering, 24, 28–30, 73, 89, 98, 184, 192, 197, 199
Material-penetrating UWB radar imagery, 159–172, 389–417; See See also Radar systems
electromagnetic wave propagation, in solid media
media characteristics, 162–165
transmission-media characteristics, 165–170
image display techniques, 170–172, 402, 403
implementation methodology, 394–399
antenna operational conditions, 397–399
to support broadband operation, 395–397
target features measurement, 397
interferometric aperture synthesis, 414–416
inverse imaging schemes
moving targets with through-the-wall technology, tracking, 409–410
rotary moving targets, high-resolution imaging of, 410–411
with limited-size physical apertures, 411–414
performance measures of, 392–393
SAR imaging scheme
antenna operations in far-field conditions, 404–405
forward-looking, for detecting objects in vegetation, 405–407
side-looking, for landmine detection, 407–409
signal processing techniques, 400–402
system-level design constraints and tradeoffs, 393–394
waveforms, 163
Material sensing devices
technical requirements for, 148
Measurement procedures, 121–122, 129
Measurement standards, of UWB radar, 122–124
Medical imaging system, 285–320
benefits of, 286
defined, 108
heart rate measurement, See Heart rate measurement, UWB radar for
hemorrhagic stroke detection, 309–311
human tissues, See Human tissues
intracranial hemorrhage detection, 307–309
pneumothorax detection, 302–306
possibilities of, 286
respiration rate measurement, See Respiration rate measurement, UWB radar for
technical requirements for, 113–115
Microcircuits as switches, 337–338
Microwave Hemorrhagic Stroke Detector (MHSD)
comparison with CT axial/MRI scans, 310, 311
operating principles of, 311
applications of, 318
fundamentals of, 316
future directions of, 318, 320
multiscatter, 319
patents of, 319
principles of, 317
MIR receiver detector, 37
Multiple-channel radar systems
coherent registration of, 484, 485
time delay problem for, 482–484
Multiple-facets CWD system, 503, 504
Multiple-slope m-coded stepped FMCW radar system, 208–209
Multistatic UWB radar, 17
N
Narrowband signals, 72
Nondispersive wave transmission, 168–169
Nonsinusoidal signal propagation, 11–15
Novelda Nanoscale Impulse Radar, 373–387
antennas, 386
characteristics of, 386
applications of, 383
case study, 387
chip specifications, 384
comparison with radar signal sampling, 376
CTBV signal-acquisition system, 376
suprathreshold stochastic resonance signal detection, 378–379, 381
swept threshold sampling, 378–380
development kits, 382, 384–385
MUR extension through staggered pulse repetition frequency, 380
pipelined data output, 382, 383
power-consumption/heat-dissipation problems in, 380–382
O
Object discrimination and characterization (OCD) of devices, EU requirements for, 139–141, 140
Off-line a priori information plan, 476–477
Operation, general conditions of, 122
Optical holography, 422–423, 432, 433
distinguished from subsurface radar holography, 423
P
Patient monitoring radar (PMR)
remote
heart rate measurement, clinical trials on, 296–297
respiration rate measurement, clinical trials on, 298–299
technical description of, 294–296
specifications of, 295
Permeability
defined, 164
Permittivity
measurement, in GPR radar system, 233
PneumoScan® pneumothorax detector, 303–306
data processing algorithm of, 306
Pneumothorax detection, UWB radar for, 302–306
Positron emission tomography (PET), 318
Power spectral density (PSD), 3, 5, 28, 45
variation, of Gaussian pulse signal propagation, 15
Prisma™ radar system, 449, 450
Prism™ 200 radar system, 449, 450
Propagation, of UWB signals, 73
ProVision ATD® system, 498
Pseudorandom binary-phase-coded (PBPC) radar system, 209–210, 213; See See also Binary-phase-coded radar system
Pseudorandom number generation, 186
Pulse backscattering, from objects near halfspace, 253–283
aircraft model, transient response calculation of, 269–273
ellipsoid pulse characteristics, 267–269
problem solution method, 265–267
superwideband
problem solution method, 254–260
in uniform half-space, 272–283
problem solution method, 273–280
Pulse repetition interval (PRI), 120, 128, 376
Pulse train
generation of, 33
matched filter response to, 29–30
R
Radar cross-section (RCS)
target measurement with UWB signals, 94–97
RadarScope, 384
Radar signal sampling
comparison with Novelda Nanoscale Impulse Radar, 376
functional block diagram of, 27
ground-penetrating, See Ground-penetrating radar system
materials-penetrating, See Materials-penetrating radar systems
medical applications of, See Medical imaging system
observations of, 62
through-wall, See Through-wall imaging systems
Radiated emission limits, general requirements, 126–127
Radiated measurements, frequency range of, 124–125
Radiation
signal waveforms change during, 73–79
measurements, 46
Radiator inductance of LCR antenna, reducing, 356–365
Radiator pulse duration in LCR antenna, controlling, 368–370
Radio communication systems, 24–25
components of
pulse detection and reception, 34–35
pulse train generation, 33
transmitter sources, 33
comparison with conventional communications, 31
comparison with direct sequence spread spectrum system, 32
historical development of, 25–32
Laplace transformation of, 30–31
matched filter response to pulse train, 29–30
time-bandwidth-S/N product representation for, 27–29
Random frequency modulation radar, 189–190
Random interrupted CW radar, 191–196
Random phase modulation radar, 190, 191
Random signal generation, 186
architecture of
spectrum analysis receiver, 180–182
processing schemes for, 183–185
carrier-free impulse radar with random coding, 196–199
random signal generation, 186
Range resolution and signal bandwidth, relation between, 3, 4
RASCAN-type HAR, 424–425, 427, 429–430
in building structure surveying, 435–439
for humanitarian demining operations, 440–441
role in security applications, 440
validation of, for low attenuation medium, 432–435
Regulations, See American UWB regulations; See European Union UWB regulations
Relative bandwidth, 49; See See also Bandwidth
Remote human physiological measurements, UWB radars for, 102
Remote-sensing applications, of UWB radar
material-penetrating, 15
military, 16
Resonant microwave compressors, 33
Respiration rate measurement, UWB radar for, 298–299
Return loop shielding, effect on LCR radiation, 352–356
Ross and Robbins systems, 40–41
Rotary moving targets, high-resolution ISAR imaging of, 410–411
Russian UWB radar systems, 53–55; See See also Radar systems
S
S-diode switch, LCR antenna with, 331–332, 354–355, 356
Secure 1000® system, 498
Security applications, RASCAN-type HAR role in, 440
Semiconductor-based pulse compressor systems, 33
Sensiotec Virtual Medical Assistant™ patient monitoring system, 299–301
Short-range SAR imaging, 216–218
Short-range UWB radar systems, 100–102; See See also Radar systems
Signal Acquisition System (SAS), 467–478
automatic adaptive plan, 477
online automatic predefined, 477–478
components of, 469
integration cycles, improvement of, 473–476
interactive user integration and noise plan, 477
off-line a priori information plan, 476–477
operating principles of, 478
receiver dynamic range considerations, 468
signal dynamic range considerations, 468
SNR improvement, 471
Signal Acquisition System (SAS)
signal-to-noise ratio improvement in, 461
Signal bandwidth; See See also Bandwidth
and range resolution, relation between, 3, 4
Signal processing techniques, of material-penetrating radar systems, 400–402
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 31
factors affecting, 468
improvement, in Signal Acquisition System, 461, 471
receiver, improvements in, 17, 468–469
Signal waveform variations, in UWB wireless systems, 71–103
pulse length versus antenna length, 88–94
Silicon field-effect transistor switch, LCR antenna with, 332–336
Single-radar CWD system, 503
Singularity expansion method (SEM), 55–56
Solid media, electromagnetic wave propagation in
media characteristics, 162–165
transmission-media characteristics, 165–170
diffusion dispersive media, characteristics of, 166–167
frequency ranges, selection of, 166, 167
frequency spectrum for, 170
nondispersive wave transmission, 168–169
transition frequency, 168
Spectrum analysis receiver-based random signal radar, architecture of, 176, 177, 180–182; See See also Random signal radar
SPO-7™ system, 498
SPO-20™ system, 498
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program, 2
Strobed sampling, 375
Structural changes, remote monitoring of, by random signal radar, 219–221, 223, 224
Superwideband signal scattering, in layered half-space with ground parameters
problem solution method, 254–260
Suprathreshold stochastic resonance signal detection, 378–379, 381
Surveillance systems
defined, 109
technical requirements for, 113, 114
Swept threshold sampling, 378–380
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 391
T
Target response, of UWB radars/sensors, 47–49
Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes, 42
Digital Storage Oscilloscope, 42
Telemobiloscope, 176
Through-wall imaging systems
defined, 109
detection of peoples, 102
ISAR technology, tracking moving targets with, 409–410
technical requirements for, 110–113
Xaver™, See Xaver™ 400 through-wall radar; See Xaver™ 800 through-wall radar; See Xaver™ through-wall radar
ThruVision™ system, 498
Thyristors, 33
Time delay calibration system (TDCS), 481–495
antenna array of, 482
designing of, 492
for multiple-channel radar systems, 482–484
coherent registration of, 484, 485
performance of, 494
time delay estimation block, designing of, 493–494
time delay measurements, 485–492
Time Delay Computation System (TDCS)
time return synchronization, 461–462
Time domain analysis, 10
Time-domain radiated UWB field, 79–83
Time domain reflectometry (TDR), 290
Time-frequency approaches
to high-resolution target detection, 57–61
to high-resolution target identification, 57–59
Traveling wave pulse generator, 330–331, 356
Tumor detection, UWB radar for, 311–320
future directions of, 318, 320
medical diagnosis, microwave imaging for, 313–315
U
Ultrawide band (UWB) radar; See also individual entries
U.S. Army Vital Signs Monitor, 299, 300
UWB equipment, marketing of, 108–109
UWB signals, 72
UWB transmitter, defined, 108
V
Vacuum triodes, 33
Vegetation, detecting objects in, forward-looking UWB SAR for, 405–407
Vehicular radar systems, technical requirements for, 114–116
W
Wall-penetrating radars, 52–53; See See also Radar systems
Wall-probing radar (WPR) imaging systems
defined, 109
technical requirements for
American UWB Regulations, 109–110
Wiener-Hopf equation, 34
Wiener-Khintchine theorem, 180, 181, 189
X
Xaver™ 400 through-wall radar, 452
antenna array in, 453
characteristics of, 454
signal processing of, 453
time-delay calibration of, 453
Xaver™ 800 through-wall radar, 172, 451, 452
antenna array in, 453
characteristics of, 454
signal processing of, 453
time return synchronization, 462
time-delay calibration of, 453
Xaver™ through-wall radar, 445–465
antenna
array configuration of, 459, 460
information capacity of, 459
frequency selection, 447
functional objectives of, 446–447
background and objectives of, 459, 461
technical problems in, 461–462