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Part II Modalities of Power
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Part II Modalities of Power
by Janet Wasko, Graham Murdock, Helena Sousa
The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications
Cover
Series page
Title page
Copyright
Notes on Contributors
Series Editor's Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction: The Political Economy of Communications
What is Critical Political Economy?
Why Political Economy? Why Now?
Political Economy and Other Approaches
Organization of the Handbook
IAMCR/Political Economy Section
Part I Legacies and Debates
1 Political Economies as Moral Economies
Goods and the Good Life
Putting the “Political” into Political Economy
Competing Moral Economies
Commodities: Possessions, and Dispossessions
Public Goods: Reclaiming the Commons
Gifts: In Search of Generosity
Digital Enclosures
Creativity, Convergence, and Exploitation
Digitalizing the Commons
2 The Political Economy of Communication Revisited
The Development of the Political Economy of Culture
The Culture Industries, Cultural Labor, and the Cultural Commodity
The Cultural Commodity and Cultural Demand
From the Political Economy of Culture to the Political Economy of Information
The Political Economy of the Information Society (PEIS)
Telecommunications and the Culture Industries
Information Economics
Technologies of Freedom and the “Third Wave”
The Information/Copyright/Creative Industries as the New Growth Sector
Conclusion
3 Markets in Theory and Markets in Television
Markets and the Liberal Market Model
Defining Markets: Legal Basis
Defining Markets: Economic Relationships and Capable Entities
Defining Markets: Institutional Structures
Measuring Audiences for National Networks: The US Market for Ratings
The Right to Reproduction: The Global Market for Television Formats
Conclusion
4 Theorizing the Cultural Industries
The Origins of “Cultural Industries” Theory
Defining the “Cultural Industries”: Five Propositions
Mutations and Reconsiderations
The “Creative Industries” and the Cultural Industries
Conclusion
5 Communication Economy Paths
Introduction
Muraro’s Memorandum
Debating the Memorandum
Final Words
Part II Modalities of Power
6 The Media Amid Enterprises, the Public, and the State
The Media and Society
Media Enterprises
Media Access and Consumption
The Media and the State
Conclusion
7 Media Ownership, Concentration, and Control
Introduction
The Hutchins Commission Report (1947)
Herbert Schiller: Worldwide US Media Monopoly? (1969–2000)
Murdock and Golding, “For a Political Economy of Mass Communications” (1973)
Ithiel de Sola Pool: Technologies of Freedom (1983)
Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent (1988/2002)
Benjamin Compaine and Douglas Gomery, Who Owns The Media? (2000)
Gillian Doyle, Media Ownership (2002)
Ben Bagdikian’s The Media Monopoly (1983–2004)
C. Edwin Baker, Media Concentration and Democracy: Why Ownership Matters (2007)
International Dimensions and a Provisional Conclusion
8 Maximizing Value
Conceptualizing Synergy
Economic Synergy: At the Level of the Firm and the Industry
Cultural Synergy
Synergy as a Transindustrial Process
Conclusion
9 Economy, Ideology, and Advertising
Economy
Ideology
Advertising
General Interaction
Conclusions
10 Branding and Culture
Introduction
Branding and Value
Marxist Political Economy and Branding
From Political Economy to Cultural Economy
Branding and National Cultures
Branding and Global Culture
11 Liberal Fictions
Introduction
Privatization of Media
The Public–Private Dichotomy: A Western Fantasy?
Media–Government Symbiosis in the United States
Case Study: The Rights of the Corporate Person
Conclusions
12 The Militarization of US Communications
Introduction
From Continental Conquest to Global Power
System Stress and Elite Response
Co-ordination of Network Infrastructure
Networks: Society as Target
Contracting for Net-Centric War
Strategic International Communications
Empire as American Ideology
13 Journalism Regulation
Regulation for What?
Moving Regulation Forward
Journalism Regulation and the Pervasive State
The Blurred Domain of Self-Regulation
Looking for an (Im)possible Balance
Part III Conditions of Creativity
14 The Death of Hollywood
What’s Changing About Hollywood?
What’s Not Changing: Hollywood and Continuity
The Future?
15 The Political Economy of the Recorded Music Industry
Introduction
The Study of the Recorded Music Industry
The History of the Recorded Music Industry
Conclusion
16 The Political Economy of Labor
The Labor Blind Spot
Organizational Communication and Labor
The Laboring of Culture
Labor Enters the Political Economy of Communication
The History of Communication from a Political Economy Perspective
Labor Union Convergence
Social Movement Worker Organizations
Toward a Global Labor Movement: Will Communication Workers of the World Unite?
17 Toward a Political Economy of Labor in the Media Industries
Thinking About Work and Organizations
Studies of Cultural Production
Labor in the Political Economy of Culture
Cultural Studies Approaches to Creative Cultural Labor
Concluding Comments: Toward an Adequate Normative Conception of Creative Labor
Part IV Dynamics of Consumption
18 From the “Work of Consumption” to the “Work of Prosumers”
What Does “Consumer” Mean?
The Different Levels of the “Work of Consumption”
The Productivity of the “Work of Consumption”
The Problems of Access
The Fallacy of Technological Determinism
From “Consumer” to “Prosumer”?
19 The Political Economy of Audiences
Introduction
Revisiting the Debates: Schisms, Collaboration, Interconnectedness
Audiences from a Political Economy Perspective
Conclusion
20 The Political Economy of Personal Information
Introduction
Theories of Value
Unpaid Labor
The Labor of Consumption
The Valuation and Pricing of Intangibles
The Valuation of Personal Information
Estimating the Value of PI at its Origin
Negative Value, or Consumer Sensitivity
Willingness to Pay as a Source of Valuation
The Capture of PI
Markets in Personal Information
Tomorrow’s Market
21 The Political Economy of Political Ignorance
Introduction
Civic Knowledge and Ignorance
Political Ignorance in the EU
Intensified Production Modes of Political Ignorance
The Political Economy of Active Knowledge Seeking
Concluding Remarks
Part V Emerging Issues and Directions
22 Media and Communication Studies Going Global
Introduction
Media and the Development of Underdevelopment
Postmodern Poverty
Dewesternizing as Dedisciplining
Difference and Change in Media Modernities
Conclusion
23 New International Debates on Culture, Information, and Communication
The UNESCO Convention on Diversity of Cultural Expressions
The New Sociopolitical Actors’ Philosophy of Life and Action
24 Global Capitalism, Temporality, and the Political Economy of Communication
Time, Space, and Globalization
Global Capitalism, ICTs, and Temporal Acceleration
Global Mediations of Real Time: Reification and Critique
Depicting Global Capitalism: Coevality and Critique
25 Global Media Capital and Local Media Policy
The Logic of Accumulation
Trajectories of Creative Migration
Contours of Sociocultural Variation
Policy Implications
26 The Challenge of China
The West, the Rest, and the Centrality of the Chinese State
Class, Nation, and Empire: Chinese and Global Dimensions
History, Culture, and Chinese “Soft Power”: Between a New “Renaissance” and a Second “Cultural Revolution”?
After Socialist Defeatism, What? Or, Begin from the Beginning?
Name Index
Subject Index
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5 Communication Economy Paths
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6 The Media Amid Enterprises, the Public, and the State
Part II
Modalities of Power
Ownership, Advertising, Government
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