Appendices

Brief history

Publications and sources

Contacts

Early events listing

Case study snapshots

Glossary

Flowchart perspectives

Community Planning Event summary

Community Planning Event planner

Acknowledgements

Spreading good practice

Photo and illustration credits

Quotation credits

Brief history

Some key moments in the evolution of Community Planning Events.

1967	American Institute of Architects (AIA) responds to citizen in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA and sends a team of architects to look at problems facing the community. Programme of Regional/Urban Design Assistance Teams (R/UDATs) launched by AIA with an average of five events organised each year. Process improved with each experience.
1978	Similar programmes start to be evolved locally in the USA at state level by universities and colleges and by local partnerships including local AIA Chapters. These become generally known as Design Assistance Teams (DATs) although programmes have different names.
1980	AIA starts Generic R/UDAT programme to deal with problems common to many communities. Three events are organised over the next five years.
1981	Planning Assistance Teams programme started by US Air Force using R/UDAT process during weekdays to examine planning issues relating to its bases. 125 events held over next 10 years.
1985	First UK pilot event organised in St Mary’s, Southampton by the Royal Institute of British Architects. It is called a Community Urban Design Assistance Team (CUDAT). Attempts to start a similar programme and support service to the AIA fail to get off the ground.
1988	Birmingham’s ‘Highbury Initiative’ introduces ‘think tank’ style events to the mainstream UK regeneration scene. Handful of UK practitioners and community leaders take part in a joint US/UK team for a Generic R/UDAT in Pittsburgh, USA. It is the largest event ever held and is visited by HRH The Prince of Wales. This leads to a handful of events in the UK organised independently by those who took part.
1989	First UK ‘community planning weekend’ held at Bishopsgate in London’s East End. Duchy of Cornwall hosts ‘planning weekend’ at Poundbury, Dorchester.
1990	American Institute of Architects produces handbook encouraging others to provide organisational support frameworks at state and local level. Over 100 R/UDATs and several hundred DATs have now been held throughout USA. Urban Design Group organises its first event at Wood Green, London.
1991	UK consultants team up with German group and organise a ‘planning week’ in Moscow. Urban Design Group organises week-long ‘UDAT’ in Pereslavl Zalessky near Moscow.
1993	Business in the Community organises its first event at Burgess Park, London. Urban Villages Forum organises its first event at West Silvertown, London.
1994	Urban Design Group announces intention to mount UK support framework.
1995	‘Action Planning Task Group’ formed by handful of national organisations to coordinate promotion and support services. UK consultants organise events in the Shankill Road, Belfast and at Hellersdorf, East Berlin.
1996	Action Planning handbook published by The Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture. Launch event at St James’ Palace, London.
1997	First Middle East event held in Beirut and Sidon.
1999	First Enquiry by Design events organised by The Prince’s Foundation at Northampton and Basildon.
2003	First major Stakeholder Participation Day organised for Cambridge Southern Fringe area development framework.
2005	UK Government reinforces need for Community Planning Events in its Planning Policy Statement on Delivering Sustainable Development (PPS1).
2006	First trial Reinvigorate event organised by British Urban Regeneration Association in Bristol.
2008	Publication of The Community Planning Event Manual; a revised and updated version of Action Planning.
	Anything missing? Additional items can be added at www.communityplanning.net (site search for Brief history)

Early American experience
Over 125 four-day Community Planning events (R/UDATs) were held throughout the United States under the auspices of the American Institute of Architects between 1967 and 1995. Roughly half dealt with an entire city, a quarter dealt with the central area of a city and the remainder dealt with entire counties, neighbourhoods or open spaces. In addition there were several hundred events organised independently at local level (not marked)

Publications and sources

A selection of material relating to Community Planning Events found useful in compiling this book.

See the Publications & Film A–Z and Websites A–Z on www.communityplanning.netfor up-to-date sources of information.

Apart from some of the event reports, items can mostly be obtained from the sources shown in brackets or the organisations listed on page 94. All material can be consulted at Nick Wates Associates offices by arrangement.

BOOKS & HANDBOOKS

Action Planning for Cities;a guide to community practice, Nabeel Hamdi and Reinhard Goethert, John Wiley & Sons, 1997, 978-0-471-96928-0. Well-illustrated textbook on the theory and practice of community planning in developing countries.

Building Homes People Want; a guide to tenant involvement in the design and development of housing association homes, Pete Duncan and Bill Halsall, National Federation of Housing Associations, 1994. Includes case study of a community planning weekend in Hull, UK.

The Charrette Handbook; the essential guide for accelerated, collaborative community planning, National Charrette Institute, American Planning Association, 2006, 978-1-932364-21-7. Excellent detailed guide for organisers of design charrettes. (From www.charretteinstitute.org)

The Community Planning Handbook; how people can shape their cities, towns & villages in any part of the world, Nick Wates, Earthscan, 2000, 978-1-85383-654-1. Overview of community planning principles and methods. Accessible how-to-do-it style with international scope and relevance.

Creating a Design Assistance Team for Your Community; a guidebook for adapting the American Institute of Architects’ Regional/Urban Design Assistance Team (R/UDAT) Program for AIA Components and Chapters, American Institute of Architects, 1990. Useful for support bodies.

Future Search; an action guide to finding common ground in organisations and communities, Marvin Weisboard and Sandra Janoff, Berrett-Kohler, 1995. (From New Economics Foundation)

Making Microplans; a community-based process in design and development, Reinhard Goethert and Nabeel Hamdi, Intermediate Publications, 1988.

Participatory Workshops; a sourcebook of 21 sets of ideas & activities, Robert Chambers, Earthscan, 2002, 978-1-85383-863-7. A wealth of practical tips from a highly experienced practitioner and academic.

Planning your Community’s Future; a guide to the Regional/Urban Design Assistance Team Program, American Institute of Architects, 2004. Updated manual for this pioneering programme which has been running since 1967. (Free from www.aia.org)

A Practical Handbook for ‘Planning for Real’ Consultation Exercises, Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation, 1995.

Real Time Strategic Change, Robert Jacobs, Berrett-Kohler, 1994.

Sustainable Urban Extensions: Planned through Design; a collaborative approach to developing sustainable town extensions through Enquiry by Design, The Prince’s Foundation, 2000, 978-1-898465-26-3. Useful account of early UK experience using Enquiry by Design. (From The Prince’s Foundation)

Tools for Partnership-building. How to build development partnerships between the public, private and voluntary sectors. In all central European languages and as a video. Compiled by Ros Tennyson. Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, 1994.

Urban Design in Action; the history, theory and development of the American Institute of Architects’ Regional/Urban Design Assistance Teams Program (R/UDAT), Peter Batchelor and David Lewis, North Carolina State University School of Design and the American Institute of Architects, 1985. Classic work, currently out of print.

MAGAZINES

Urban Design Quarterly (from Urban Design Group)

No 28, September 1988. Special issue on Community Planning Event issues.

No 41, January 1992. Reports of events in Russia.

No 49, January 1994. Special issue on Community Planning Events titled ‘Involving people in urban design’. Articles by: Steve Bee, Jon Billingham, Anthony Costello, David Lewis, Jon Rowland, Alan Simpson, John Thompson, John Worthington and Charles Zucker.

No 58, April 1996. Special issue related to Community Planning Events.

No 67, July 1998. Special issue, ‘Involving local communities in urban design’.

THESES & RESEARCH PAPERS

Action Planning, John Worthington, DEGW Group, 1992.

A Community Participation Strategy in Urban Regeneration; case studies in Muirhouse and Greater Pilton, Edinburgh and Hulme – Moss Side, Manchester, Michael Carley, Scottish Homes working paper, 1995. Includes highly informative account and evaluation of a planning weekend.

Designing Livable Communities!the UDAT as an urban design process, Jeremy Caulton, thesis for Joint Centre for Urban Design, Oxford Polytechnic, 1992. Useful study on the transferability of the Community Planning Event technique from USA to UK.

Introduction to the Future Workshop Method, Reinhard Sellnow, shortened translation for ECO 1, Moscow, 1991.

Releasing the Potential of Neighbourhood Regeneration Through Community Participation and Action Planning; the case of Hittin Refugees Settlement in Russefa – Jordon. Firas Sharaf, Dissertation at the University of York, 1996.

What is a Community Planning Weekend? John Thompson, John Thompson & Partners, 1995.

EVENT REPORTS

A Case for Collaboration, Miles Platting & Ancoats Action Planning Team, 26–28 January 1995.

Cities Don’t Just Happen, Wood Green UDAT; London Borough of Haringey, 1990.

Blairs College Community Planning Weekend; a sustainable settlement for Grampian, Muir Group, 1994.

Boise R/UDAT, Central Idaho chapter AIA, 1985.

Cambridge East Area Action Plan Stakeholder Consultation Day Event Record, Cambridge City Council and South Cambridgeshire District Council, 2005.

Central Avenue Study, Albuquerque, New Mexico, R/UDAT report, 1984.

Cherry Knowle Hospital; Enquiry by Design, The Prince’s Foundation, 2003.

Creating the new heart of Hulme, Hulme Regeneration Ltd., 1992.

ECO-1 International Community PlanningWeek, European Academyof theUrbanEnvironment, Berlin, 1992.

Greater Shankill Community Planning Weekend, Greater Shankill Partnership, February 1995.

Internationaler Planning Workshop, Berlin – Hellersdorf, WoGeHe, 1995.

The Highbury Initiative; Birmingham City Centre Challenge Symposium, 25–27March 1988, DEGW/URBED.

Imagine, Anderson, Indiana, R/UDAT report, AIA, 1985

Last Place in the Downtown Plan, AIA R/UDAT team, report of R/UDAT in Portland, Oregon, 1983.

Mitten in Lubeck, Ergebnisse der Perspektivenwerkstatt, von Zadow, 2007

The Newcastle Initiative; Theatre Village Study, RIBA Northern Branch, October 1988.

Poundbury Planning Weekend, Duchy of Cornwall, (report and appendices), 1989.

Remaking the Monongahela Valley, R/UDAT report, AIA, 1988.

Report of the Burgess Park Urban Design Action Team, 29–30 Jan 1993, Business in the Community.

Runnymede Campus Community Planning Weekend, 2007, John Thompson & Partners

St Mary Street, Southampton; CUDAT report, Royal Institute of British Architects, 1985.

Sherford New Community Enquiry by Design, 4–6 October 2004, Summary report, The Prince’s Foundation.

Traffic Management in Hastings Old Town; an agenda for action, Dr Carmen Hass-Klau, Dr Graham Crampton and Nick Wates (eds), Hastings Urban Conservation Project and Hastings Old Town Forum, 1989.

West Silvertown Planning Weekend, Urban Villages Forum, 1993.

Contacts

Some contacts for further information and support on Community Planning Events.

See the Contacts A–Z and Websites A–Z on www.communityplanning.netfor up-to-date sources of information.

The Academy of Urbanism
70 Cowcross Street, London, EC1M 6EJ, UK
t + f + 44 (0)20 7251 8777
e [email protected]
w www.academyofurbanism.org.uk
High-level, cross-sector group of individuals from a wide range of disciplines, brought together to champion the cause of good quality urbanism throughout Great Britain and Ireland.

American Institute of Architects (AIA)

1735 New York Avenue, NW

Washington DC 20006, USA

t +1 202 626 7300

f 626 7547

e [email protected] or [email protected]

w www.aia.org

The Institute’s Centre for Communities by Design promotes design assistance team (DAT) programmes. Has films, tapes, brochures and reports from US events. Supplies addresses of experienced team members and local and state support programmes.

Association DIALOG

6, rue de Touraine, 67 100 Strasbourg, France

e [email protected]

w www.dialog-France.org

Contact: Eléonore Hauptmann, Urban planner, Chairman

Non-profit organisation developing new practices in citizen involvement to improve the relationships between human beings and the environment. Producer of French version of this book.

British Urban Regeneration Association (BURA)

63-66 Hatton Garden, London, EC1N 8LE, UK

t 0800-0181-260

f 020-7404-9614

e [email protected]

w www.bura.org.uk

Forum for the exchange of ideas, experience and information for the regeneration sector. Promotes collaborative processes including Reinvigorate.

Centre for Development & Emergency Practice (CENDEP)

Oxford Brookes University, Gypsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 OBP, UK

t 01865 483413

f 483298

e [email protected]

w www.brookes.ac.uk/schools/be/cendep/

Contact: Nabeel Hamdi

Postgraduate programme. Expertise on community planning, particularly in developing countries.

Development Trusts Association

33 Corsham Street, London, N1 6DR, UK

t +44 (0)845 458 8336

f 458 8337

e [email protected]

w www.dta.org.uk

National UK umbrella organisation for communitybased development organisations. Useful publications, training and information exchange.

Earthscan

Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street, London, EC1N 8XA, UK

t +44 (0) 20 7841 1930

f 7242 1474

e [email protected]

w www.earthscan.co.uk

UK-based publisher of books on sustainable development including a ‘Tools for community planning’ suite.

English Partnerships

110 Buckingham Palace Road, London, SW1W 9SA, UK

t + 44 (0)20 7881 1600

f 7730 9162

e [email protected]

w www.englishpartnerships.co.uk

National regeneration agency helping to support high-quality sustainable growth in England.

John Thompson & Partners

Wren House, 43 Hatton Garden, London, EC1N 8EL, UK

t +44 (0)20 7405 1211

f 7405 1221

e [email protected]

w www.jtp.co.uk

Architects, urban designers and community planners with much experience of participatory community planning methods in the UK and Europe. Community Planning Weekends a speciality.

National Charrette Institute (NCI) (USA)

3439 NE Sandy Blvd. #349, Portland, OR 97232

t +1 (503) 233-8486

f 233-1811

e [email protected]

w www.charretteinstitute.org

Non-profit educational institution which teaches ‘the transformative process of Dynamic Planning to create healthy community plans’. Website contains explanations, toolkits and other resources for planning and running charrettes.

Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation

The Poplars, Lightmoor, Telford, TF4 3QN, UK

t +44 (0)1952 590777 f 591771

e [email protected]

w www.nif.co.uk

Charity specialising in community participation, training and development, often using ‘Planning for Real’ which is a registered trademark of the Foundation. Has membership scheme, regular newsletter, training courses and useful publications and packs.

New Economics Foundation

3 Jonathan Street, London, SE11 5NH, UK

t +44 (0)20 7820 6300

f 7820 6301

e [email protected]

w www.neweconomics.org

Promotes community visioning, indicators, community finance and social audits. Coordinates UK Participation Network.

Nick Wates Associates

Creative Media Centre, 45 Robertson Street, Hastings, TN34 1HL, UK

t +44 (0)1424 205446

f 205401

e [email protected]

w www.nickwates.co.uk

Editors of this handbook. Provides consultancy on process management.

Post-war Reconstruction and Development Unit

University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK

t +44 (0)1904 432640

f 432641

w www.york.ac.uk/depts/poli/prdu

Contact: Sultan Barakat

Community planning expertise in post-war situations.

The Prince’s Foundation

19–22 Charlotte Road, Shoreditch, London, EC2A 3SG, UK

t +44 (0)20 7916 7380

f 7916 7381

e [email protected]

w www.princes-foundation.org

Unites and extends HRH The Prince of Wales’s initiatives in architecture, building and urban regeneration. Encourages a holistic and humane approach to the planning and design of communities. Pioneered the Enquiry by Design (EbD) process and can provide advice and assistance for those wishing to use it. Website has downloadable information on EbD including case studies (Projects & Practice section).

Urban Design Group

70 Cowcross Street, London, EC1M 6EJ, UK

t 020 7250 0872

e [email protected]

w www.udg.org.uk

National UK voluntary organisation that helps set urban design agenda.

URBED

26 Gray’s Inn Road, London, WC1X 8HP, UK

t +44 (0)20 7831 9986 f 7831 2466

e [email protected]

w www.urbed.com

Urban regeneration consultants with long experience of community planning. Expertise in round table workshops.

Vista Consulting

16 Old Birmingham Road, Lickey End, Bromsgrove, B60 1DE, UK

t +44 (0)1527 837930 f 837940

e [email protected]

w www.vista.uk.com

Information and consultancy on critical mass events such as real-time strategic change.

VON ZADOW GmbH - JTP Europe

Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 31 b, D-14548 Schwielowsee, Germany

t + 49 (33209) 20833 f +49 (33209) 20834

e [email protected] w www.vonzadow.de

Contact: Andreas von Zadow

Development companions for sustainable development in cities, communities and organisations. Producer of German and French versions of this book.

Early events listing

Some pioneering Community Planning Events held in the UK (or elsewhere with strong UK involvement) between 1985 and 1995. Details of some more recent events can be found in the Projects A-Z on www.communityplanning.net

Date	Name/Place	Nature
5/85	St Mary’s Southampton	Inner city regeneration
3/88	Highbury Initiative, Birmingham	New vision for entire city
3/88	Mon Valley, Pittsburgh, USA	Redundant steel industry valley regeneration
10/88	Theatre Village, Newcastle	Central city regeneration
11/88	Maiden Lane, London	Modern housing estate improvements
1/89	Bishopsgate, London	Redundant railway land redevelopment
6/89	Poundbury, Dorchester	New settlement proposal
10/89	Wornington Green, London	Housing estate improvements
11/89	Old Town, Hastings	Traffic improvements in historic town
4/90	Wood Green, London	New vision for metropolitan district
7/90	Cape Hill, Sandwell	‘Radburn’ housing estate redesign
9/90	Kings Cross, London	Alternative plan for key inner city site
11/90	Smethwick, Sandwell	Inner City Renewal Area
7/91	North Hull, Kingston-Upon-Hull	Housing estates improvements
4/91	East Finchley, London	Redundant factory site reuse
5/91	Pereslavl, Russia	Provincial historic town planning proposals
5/91	ECO 1, Moscow	Metropolitan district planning proposals
8/91	Penwith Manor Estate, Lambeth	Housing estates improvements
5/92	St Helier, Jersey	Neighbourhood regeneration
11/92	Hulme, Manchester	Inner city regeneration
1/93	Burgess Park, Southwark, London	District park regeneration
2/93	Castle Vale, Birmingham	Vision for housing area on city outskirts
8/93	Angell Town, Brixton, London	Housing estate improvements
12/93	West Silvertown, London	Urban village proposal for docklands
4/94	Barcelona, Spain	Principles of sustainable development
5/94	Hammersmith Broadway, London	Inner city neighbourhood regeneration
6/94	Blairs College, Aberdeen	New sustainable settlement proposal
6/94	Muirhouse, Edinburgh	Housing estate regeneration
9/94	Rocester, Staffordshire	Housing site in village centre proposals
12/94	Turin, Italy	Ecological inner city regeneration
1/95	Miles Platting, Manchester	Inner city industrial area regeneration
2/95	Shankill Road, Belfast	Inner city regeneration
9/95	Blairs College, Aberdeen	Vision for university village proposal
10/95	Hellersdorf, East Berlin	Vision for system-built mass housing estate
11/95	Rochdale, Yorkshire	Mixed use canalside regeneration scheme

Eligibility Events listed have followed fairly closely the process outlined in this book, or have been described as Community Planning Events, planning weekends or urban design assistance teams. Many excellent but more general community planning exercises, including ‘Planning for Real’ events have not been included.

* Events held over more than one weekend.

Length	Host/Organiser/Chairperson or Coordinator
3 days	St Mary Street Group & City of Southampton/RIBA/Richard Burton
3 days*	Birmingham City & DoE’s City Action Team/URBED & DEGW/Nicholas Falk
5 days	American Institute of Architects/John P Clarke
5 days	RIBA (Northern)/Newcastle Initiative/Neil Barker, Alan Simpson & JT
5 days	London Borough of Camden/HTA/JT
5 days	London & Edinburgh Trust/Environment Trust & HTA /JT & Jon Aldenton
5 days	Duchy of Cornwall/HTA/JT
5 days	Kensington Housing Trust/HTA/JT
1 day	Hastings Old Town Forum/Urban Conservation Project/Nick Wates
2 days	Haringey Council/Urban Design Group/John Worthington
5 days	Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council/HTA/JT
5 days	Kings Cross Team/HTA/JT
5 days	Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council/HTA/JT
2 days*	North Hull Housing Action Trust
5 days	local Labour Party & youth group/Will Hudson
5 days	Cultural Institute for Independent Analysis/UDG/Arnold Linden
11 days	European Academy of the Urban Environment/Slava Glazychev/AvZ & JT
5 days	London Borough of Lambeth/HTA/JT
5 days	States of Jersey/Mason Design Partnership and HTA/Derek Mason & JT
5 days	Hulme Regeneration Ltd/HTA/JT
2 days	Business in the Community/DEGW/John Worthington
4 days*	Castle Vale Housing Action Trust/HTA/JT
5 days	London Borough of Lambeth/HTA/JT
5 days	London Docklands Development Corporation/Urban Villages Forum/JT
7 days	City of Barcelona/EAUE/Andreas von Zadow & JT
2 days	Hammersmith Community Trust/Vision for London/David Lewis
5 days	John Muir Group/HTA/JT
5 days	The Northwest Edinburgh Area Renewal/Vance Allen Associates
2 days	The Planning Cooperative/Ian Davison
7 days	City of Turin/Softech/EAUE/Antonella Marruco & AvZ & JT
3 days	Miles Platting Development Trust/Business in the Community/JW
5 days	Greater Shankill Partnership/John Thompson & Partners/JT
4 days	John Muir Group/JTP/JT
5 days	Wohnungsbaugeselleschaft (WoGeHe) Hellersdorf/JTP/JT
5 days	Rochdale Partnership/JTP/JT

Abbreviations

AvZ	Andreas von Zadow
EAUE	European Academy of the Urban Environment
HTA	Hunt Thompson Associates
JT	John Thompson
JTP	John Thompson & Partners
JW	John Worthington
UDG	Urban Design Group

Case study snapshots

Summaries of some Community Planning Events indicating the impact of different approaches In date order. For detailed examples, see the Case Studies section and Projects A-Z on www.communityplanning.net

TITLE, LOCATION, DATE AND NATURE OF EVENT	OUTCOME
North Downtown area, Portland, Oregon, USA, 1983Standard 4-day R/UDAT organised by the American Institute of Architects to explore future possibilities for a neglected part of the central business district.	A new local business association was formed immediately and a follow-up policy report, based on the event’s proposals for land use and transport, was adopted by the City authorities two years later. A local property owners’ association was formed in 1986 which produced an improvement programme for historic areas. In 1988, a Downtown development programme released by the City stated that the event had ‘stimulated considerable interest in the North Downtown Area which led to the establishment of several area organisations, and inspired further in-depth studies by the Planning Bureau.’
	An evaluation in 1992 – nine years after the R/UDAT event – states that the event’s report was ‘still being used by city hall’. ‘Individual developers now use the UDAT study regularly to interest investors in the area’s potential … whilst the recommendations on transportation and infrastructure improvements are being actively pursued through collaborations between the city authority and community and business interests’.1
The Highbury Initiative, Birmingham, UK, 19883-day event to provide a new vision for the entire city. Hosted by the City Council and funded by the Department of the Environment’s City Action Team.	The proposals produced by the event were adopted by the City Council as a provisional strategy for the city centre. The event also led to the City Engineer downgrading the inner city ring road and giving pedestrians priority.
	A subsequent event one year later led to the formation of a special council committee to deal with the city centre, the setting up of associations for different neighbourhoods and the appointment of consultants to prepare urban design guidelines for them.
	An evaluation in 1995 concludes: ‘The event succeeded in generating a new vision, shifting the agenda and priorities and enlisting new energy. The work of the City Council in transforming the centre, with for example extensive public art, has helped to stem decline and boost investment prospects, and has been widely acclaimed by those who have seen the results.’2
Traffic Management Study Day, Hastings Old Town, 19891-day event to resolve traffic problems. Organised for a partnership of local groups by a local urban regeneration project.	The event resulted in proposals for a range of traffic calming measures which had not previously been thought of and which were unanimously agreed by all parties. Shortly afterwards the Borough’s traffic officer was sent on a traffic calming training course. Local residents established a special working party and campaigned successfully for, and helped design, traffic calming measures in one street. Another strategic traffic calming measure was undertaken by the Borough and the County Council.
Castle Vale Community Planning Weekend, Birmingham, 19935-day event as part of an 8-week consultation exercise on the future of a 1960s estate of 5,000 homes on the city outskirts. Commissioned by the Department of the Environment prior to tenants voting whether to form a Housing Action Trust.	The event helped residents establish a strategic vision for improvements to the estate and was followed by the highest ever recorded vote in favour of forming a housing action trust to take over management from the local authority.
	A second, 2-day, community planning weekend was held to develop a physical masterplan; testing out proposals from the first event and those developed by the architects to ensure that the masterplan was fully in tune with what both local residents and local officials wanted. The masterplan has since been adopted in its entirety by the Housing Action Trust.
West Silvertown Community Planning Weekend, London Docklands, 19935-day event organised by the Urban Villages Forum to test the idea of establishing an urban village on redundant dockland.	The event Team supported the proposal and the event helped to galvanise interest. Specific design ideas were generated, some of which later found their way into the developers’ brief for the site. Funds were raised to help establish a local development trust. The event was also a useful action learning process for the Urban Villages Forum which went on to use the experience in projects elsewhere.
Greater Shankill Planning Weekend, Belfast, 19955-day event to plan a vision for the future of an inner city area particularly affected by the conflict in Northern Ireland.	The event attracted 600 people including representatives from 62 community groups, 45 public, statutory and private agencies and 5 political parties. It galvanised the Greater Shankill Partnership, representing a wide range of local interests, to prepare a funding bid for a £27 million regeneration project which, at the time of going to press, has been shortlisted by the Millennium Commission.
Caterham Barracks Community Planning Weekend, Surrey, 19984-day event followed by continuous community engagement throughout the planning stages. See www.communityplanning.net Case Study for more details.	An impressive example of a private developer using consensus-led masterplanning to create a new sustainable community. Over 1,000 local people were involved in an initial vision-building community planning weekend held on the site, a former army barracks with several historic (Grade II listed) buildings. The completed scheme is an economically integrated, mixed use neighbourhood that includes housing (366 homes for sale and for rent), supermarket, offices, veterinary hospital, surgery, indoor skateboard and BMX centre, and open space. A new community development trust manages leisure and business facilities and creates jobs for local people.
Upton Urban Extension Enquiry by Design, Northampton, 1999Masterplan for a sustainable urban extension with over 1,000 new homes. See www.communityplanning.net Case Study for more details. More Enquiry by Design cases on www.princes-foundation.org	A highly successful new urban development. In its structure Upton breaks from previous planning presumptions towards zoned, mono-use similar to previous developments in the area (dominated by housing estates and business parks) and instead has a permeable network of streets and public space, engendering community and offering – in its range of residential, retail, education and employment uses – a real opportunity to mitigate car dependency for residents. It has been recognised as an exemplar of sustainable building in three separate award schemes.
Aylesham Masterplan Enquiry by Design, Kent, 2003Enquiry by Design process used to develop a masterplan to expand a declining village. See www.communityplanning.net Case Study for more details.	The Enquiry by Design process helped the multidisciplinary professional team to produce a draft masterplan which received widespread public and stakeholder support during a subsequent consultation phase. The vast majority of Aylesham residents (83%) supported the plans for village development overall. The Masterplan was formally adopted by the authorities relatively quickly and was used to guide development by private developers.
Cambridge Southern Fringe Stakeholder Participation Day, 20031-day event to allow interested parties input into plans for the area’s future. Part of drawing up a Draft Area Development Framework for the Local Plan. See www.scambs.gov.uk and www.cambridge.gov.uk for latest info. Event report from www.nickwates.co.uk (Reports & Brochures).	The day caused a huge amount of information to be assembled on plans by various landowners and authorities which had not previously been available. All this and the results of the event were made available in an event report which was circulated to all participants and made available on the internet. Significant alterations resulted in proposals by developers as a result of workshops at the event. The authorities were so pleased with the result that they organised an almost identical event two years later for the Eastern side of the city. The results of both events fed into the Local Plan (Local Development Framework).
Sherford NewCommunity Enquiry by Design, 2004Masterplanning for a sustainable new urban community with over 5,500 new homes. See www.redtreellp.com or www.princes-foundation.org for more information.	Masterplan with planning permission for a new community containing up to 5,500 new homes, up to 7,000 new jobs and a 207 hectare Community Park. One of the largest habitat creation schemes in the South West of England. The layout is moulded to the varying topography of the site, retaining as many of the key landscape features as possible, and structured as a series of walkable neighbourhoods – where most residents are within a 5-minute walk from their daily shopping needs. Higher intensity retail and employment will be located in a new high street. The Masterplan aims to set new standards for sustainability in terms of resource efficiency, increased use of renewables, public transport provision and sustainable urban form and it is accompanied by a Town Code which seeks to ensure quality delivery of urbanism and architecture grounded in local tradition and ecological principles.
Heart of East Greenwich collaborative design workshop 20051-day event to explore design proposals for a strategic city site, preceded by an open house event and followed by a public report back session. See www.communityplanning.net Case Study for more information.	Comprehensive and creative consultation approach to preparing a development brief and selecting a developer for an urban site of strategic local importance. Illustrates how early and ongoing engagement can draw positively on community knowledge to inform and influence the design and how community engagement can be a central and integral part of the whole design and procurement process.
Bristol Reinvigorate, 20071-day event to explore the best ways of regenerating two inner city neighbourhoods. See www.communityplanning.net Case Study for more details.	Pilot of the interesting Reinvigorate technique of bringing ‘outside’ and ‘inside’ expertise together for a day to generate ideas and momentum. The problems and opportunities of two neighbourhoods in the city were mapped out and broad consensus reached on a number of initiatives needed. Mostly these reinforced the approach already being adopted by local stakeholders. Both insiders and outsiders found the event a useful and stimulating experience.
Lübeck Community Planning Weekend, Germany, 20075-day event to to find the best and most widely accepted solution for redesigning and enlarging the central pedestrian area of a historic European town and World Heritage Site. See www.communityplanning.net Case Study for more details.	Productive use of a Community Planning Weekend to find the best and most widely accepted solution for redesigning and enlarging the central pedestrian area of a historic European town and World Heritage Site. The results were received enthusiastically by the public at the final presentation and the final event report forms part of the brief for an international design competition for the redesign of the pedestrian zone.

1. R/UDAT Handbook and Alan Simpson and Charles Zucker in Urban Design Quarterly No 49, January 1994.

2. Nicholas Falk, URBED, letter to the editor, 24 January 1995.

Glossary

An explanation of the sometimes confusing terminology used in the field of Community Planning Events. See Glossary A–Z on www.communityplanning.netfor a more comprehensive list of terms used in community planning, regeneration and environmental sustainability.

Action Planning
Similar meaning to Community Planning Event. Term used as title for first edition of this book.

Capacity Building Workshop
Event organised primarily to establish partnerships between the public, private and voluntary sectors on development issues.

Charrette
See Design Charrette.

Collaborative Design Workshop
Similar to design workshop or design charrette. Term used in this book for a 1-day workshop sandwiched between an open house event and public report back session (see page 52).

Community Planning
Planning carried out with the active participation of the end users. Similarly community architecture, community design and so on.

Community Planning Event
Carefully structured collaborative event at which all stakeholders, including the local community, work closely with specialists from all relevant disciplines to make plans for the future of that community or some aspects of it.

Community Planning Weekend
Term most commonly used in the UK for a Community Planning Event spanning a weekend. First used in 1989 at Bishopsgate, London. The term Planning Weekend is also used. Terms Planning Week and Community Planning Week have also been used for slightly longer events. Also Community Planning Day.

Community Visioning
Term used to describe methods for getting communities to think and plan ahead.

Consultation Day
See Stakeholder Participation Day.

Critical Mass Event
Umbrella term for organisation development techniques involving large-scale events often lasting several days and often involving hundreds of people. Mostly used for organisational change but may also be appropriate for community planning. Labels given to specific types of event – structured in different ways and promoted by different people – include Future Search Conference, Large-Scale Interactive Process, Conference Model, Real-Time Strategic Change, Participative Work Redesign and Open-Space Meetings.

Design Assistance Team (DAT)
Term used by the American Institute of Architects to describe state-level Community Planning Events. These evolved from the Institute’s 20-year national level Regional/Urban Design Assistance Team (R/UDAT) programme (see below). Similar terms in use include Urban Design Assistance Team (UDAT) and Housing Assistance Team (HAT) (where only housing involved). Local DAT programmes have a wide variety of names; for example Ontario’s Community Assist/Urban Study Effort (CAUSE) and Mississippi’s Small Town Action Team (STAT). First UK event was called a Community/Urban Design Assistance Team (CUDAT).

Design Charrette
Intensive design session, often including ‘all-nighter’, originally just for architecture students but more recently including the public and professionals. Term originated at the Paris Ecole des Beaux-Arts at the turn of the century. Projects were collected at designated times on a cart (‘charrette’) where students would be found putting finishing touches to their schemes. Term now widely used in the USA to describe any intensive, group brainstorming effort. Charrette now often used without the ‘Design’ in front.

Design Day
Day when architects and local people brainstorm for design solutions to particular building problems, usually in teams. Term also used to describe day when local residents can drop in and talk through design ideas with professionals.

Design Workshop
Hands-on session allowing groups to work creatively developing planning and design options. Sometimes called Hands-on Planning.

Enquiry by Design
Intensive workshop process involving urban designers and local stakeholders. Devised for developing plans for new build and regeneration by The Prince’s Foundation (see page 95).

Focus Group
Small group of people who work through an issue in workshop sessions. Membership may be carefully selected or entirely random.

Future Workshop
Term used for a workshop devised to discuss options for the future. Various formats possible.

Open House
Event designed to allow those promoting development initiatives to present them to a wider public and secure reactions in an informal manner. Halfway between an exhibition and a workshop.

Planning for Real
Technique for community involvement in planning and development focussing on the construction and use of flexible cardboard models and priority cards. Promoted and branded by the Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation (page 95).

Planning Assistance Team (PAT)
Similar to Design Assistance Team. Event programme started by US Air Force using R/UDAT process on weekdays for planning issues relating to its bases.

Planning Weekend
See Community Planning Weekend.

Reinvigorate
Event usually lasting one day where ‘outsiders’ and ‘insiders’ undertake a workshop process to identify solutions to an area’s problems. Process developed by the British Urban Regeneration Agency (BURA) (see page 94).

Regional/Urban Design Assistance Team(R/UDAT)
Name originally given to the Community Planning Event programme started by the American Institute of Architects in 1967. A generic R/UDAT uses the same process to look at problems common to many communities. A mini R/UDAT uses a similar process with a student team.

Stakeholder
Person or organisation with an interest because they will be affected or may have some influence.

Stakeholder Participation Day
One-day Community Planning Event. Sometimes called a Consultation Day.

Study Day
Day spent examining a particular issue. Useful for simple issues.

Task Force
Multidisciplinary team of students and professionals who produce in-depth proposals for a site or neighbourhood based on an intensive programme of site studies, lectures, participatory exercises and studio working, normally lasting several weeks. See Methods A–Z on www.communityplanning.net

Think Tank
Brainstorming group. Mainly used by governments and city authorities. Often for ‘experts’ only. May use a Community Planning Event format. Sometimes called an Expert Panel or Symposium.

Urban Design Action Team
Term adopted by the Urban Design Group for its first UK Community Planning Event in 1990 and used again since. (Note the American ‘Assistance’ has changed to ‘Action’ – see Design Assistance Team.)

Workshop
Meeting at which a small group, perhaps aided by a facilitator, explores issues, develops ideas and makes decisions. A less formal and more creative counterpart to public meetings and committees. A Topic Workshop focusses on specific issues. A Design Workshop includes the use of participatory design techniques.

Flowchart perspectives

Visualisations by experienced consultants of Community Planning Events and how they fit within the overall development process. The context for each event will be different with the event format designed accordingly.

Community Planning Event summary

An aid to thinking about your own event. See also the planner on the next spread.

Community Planning Event planner

To help start shaping any kind of Community Planning Event (or thinking through whether one would be useful at all). Can be used in a workshop session after a presentation, or as part of a training exercise.

Acknowledgements

This handbook was first produced as part of the Tools for Community Design programme which was supported by The Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture (POWIA). The programme was developed by Nick Wates in association with Ros Tennyson and John Thompson under the guidance of the Institute’s Director of Research, Professor Keith Critchlow and Director, Dr Richard John.

The editor would like to acknowledge in particular the work of the American Institute of Architects whose programme of Regional & Urban Design Assistance Teams (R/UDATs) pioneered the Community Planning Event approach. Special thanks are also due to Jeremy Caulton for his invaluable thesis on the transferability of the technique, English Partnerships and Inner City Aid for providing financial support and all those who provided material, participated in the 1995 and 2007 ‘Editing Days’ or commented on drafts. They include:

Collaborative production
Workshop at an ‘Editing Day’ held at The Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture in February 1995. Thirty-three practitioners, designers, editors and potential readers helped to shape the first edition of this book using felt-tip pens on wall mounted page blow-ups; a process adapted from community planning. A similar day was held for this edition. (Clockwise from flipchart: Sue Hargreaves, Rod Hackney, Chris Lakin, Jeremy Caulton, unknown, Debbie Radcliffe, Nick Wates, John Billingham, John Worthington.)

Spreading good practice

How this book has evolved

English, 1996

First edition by Nick Wates, The Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture, 1996

ISBN 978-1-898465-11-9

Out of print

Chinese, 1996

Chinese translation by Ching-Dar Hsieh, Chuan Hsing Publishing Company, 1996

ISBN 978-957-9693-27-1

Tel: +886 2 27752207

Fax: +886 2 27318734

Email: [email protected]

German, 1997

German translation and adaptation by Andreas von Zadow with Bettina Moser entitled Perspektiven – werkstatt, MATCH, 1997

ISBN 978-3-88118-231-7

www.matchconsult.de

Sponsors: TrizecHahn, WoGeHe

Czech, 1999

Czech translation and adaptation by Environmental Partnership for Central Europe – Czech Republic, Program for Public Spaces, 1999

www.environmentalpartnership.org

Sponsor: British Know How Fund

English, 2008

Revised and updated version by Nick Wates, Earthscan, 2008 ISBN 978-1-84407-492-1 Introduction by John Thompson

Sponsors: The Academy of Urbanism, English Partnerships, John Thompson & Partners, The Prince’s Foundation

French, 2008

French translation and adaptation by Eléonore Hauptmann with Andreas von Zadow entitled La Participation Dynamique

Publisher awaited, cover design provisional

Arabic, forthcoming

Arabic translation and adaptation by Firas Sharaf
Univerisity of Jordan

Photo and Illustration credits

Location, date, and photographer or source of photos and illustrations. Many thanks to all who have allowed their material to be used.

Images identified on page from top down and from left to right. Location in the UK unless otherwise specified

CPW	=	Community Planning Weekend
JTP	=	John Thompson & Partners
PF	=	The Prince’s Foundation
NW	=	Nick Wates

Cover	Woking CPW, 2007, JTP; Leverkeusen CPW, Germany, 2000, JTP
iv	Pontefract, 2003, NW
ix	Upton, 2006, PF (2); Caterham Barracks, 2008, Benedict Luxmoore (2)
xi	Poundbury, 1989, PF
xii	Leverkeusen CPW, Germany, 2000, JTP
xiii	Castleford, 2003, NW
xiv	Lübeck CPW, Germany, 2007, Arie Oeveres; Chichester, 2008, JTP
xv	Ladder of participation, JTP; Pontefract, 2003, NW
xvii	Newcastle, 1998, JTP
xx	West Silvertown, London, 1993, unknown
2	unknown, 2007, JTP
5	Caterham Barracks, Surrey, UK, 1998, JTP; Vision drawing for Caterham Barracks, Surrey, 1998, JTP
6	Dickens Yard, CP Event, Ealing, 2007, JTP
7	Cartoon by Louis Hellman, West Silvertown CPW report (page 29), 1993, JTP
8	Topic workshop, Lucan-Clondalkin, Ireland, 2005, JTP; Team opening planning weekend, Lübeck, Germany, 2007, Arie Oeveres
9	Community planning weekends at Cape Hill, Sandwell, 1990, JTP; Poundbury, Dorset, 1989, NW; West Silvertown, London, 1993, NW
12	Steering Group meeting, Lübeck, Germany, 2007, Andreas von Zadow; Client briefing meeting, Sittard-Geleen, Netherlands, 2006, Andreas von Zadow.
14	Chichester CPW, 2008, JTP
18	Regents Park, London, 1995, NW
20	Tower block demolition, London, 1985, NW
22	Planning Weekend set-up, Berger-Levrault, France, 2002, John Thompson
24	Cartoon by Mikhail Riabov, Ludwigsfelde, Germany, 1996
26	Streetlamp banner, Pontefract, Yorkshire, 2003, NW
27	Advertising hoarding, Shankill Road, Belfast, 1995, JTP; publicity leaflets Anderson, Indiana, USA, 1985 and Blairs College, Scotland, 1994.
28	John Thompson & Partners, Aberdeen airport for an event at Blairs College, Scotland, 1994, NW
30	Nancy, France, 2001, JTP
31	Students from Moscow University, ECO 1 Community Planning Event, Russia, 1991, JTP
32	Reinvigorate event, Bristol, 2007, NW
34	Workshop at Reinvigorate event, Bristol, 2007, NW; developer John Muir, Blairs College, Aberdeen, 1994, NW
35	Cuttings: Birmingham Post, 1988; Pittsburgh Press, 1988; Sunday Telegraph, 1989; Dorset Advertiser, 1989; Architects’ Journal, 1990; Guardian, 1990; Southwark Sparrow, 1993; Shankill People, 1995 (a 36-page special issue prior to a planning weekend); New Start, 2003
36	Poundbury Planning Weekend, Dorset, 1989, NW; Pontefract Community Planning Event, Yorkshire, 2003, NW
37	Cambridge Stakeholder Participation Day, 2005, NW; Hulme CPW, Manchester, 1992, JTP
38	Cambridge Stakeholder Participation Day, 2003, NW; Workshop on Local Development Framework, Camberley, Surrey, 2006, NW
39	Teamwork, Lübeck, Germany, 2007, Arie Overes
41	Come to the Table conference, Cambourne, Cornwall, 2005, NW; Workshop on Local Development Framework, Camberley, Surrey, 2006, NW
44	Computing, Meppel, Netherlands, 2005, Andreas von Zadow
45	Team working, Lübeck CPW, Germany, 2007, JTP; Draft Masterplan for Aylesham, Kent, 2004, EDAW
46	Report back, Rosyth CPW, 2006, JTP
48	Based on a leaflet for Hulme CPW, Manchester, 1992, JTP
50	Reinvigorate event, Bristol, 2007, NW
62	Heart of East Greenwich collaborative design workshop, 2005, NW
63	Pittsburgh R/UDAT, USA, 1988, JTP; Scarborough CPE, 2002, JTP; Cambridge Stakeholder Participation Day, 2003, NW; Chichester CPW, 2008, JTP
64	Blairs College CPW, Scotland, 1994, NW
65	Cambridge Southern Fringe stakeholder participation day, 2003, NW
66	Marrowbone Lane CPW, Dublin, 2007, JTP; unknown, 2005, JTP
67	Fair Mile CPW, Cholsey, 2007, JTP; Dickens Yard, CP Event, Ealing, 2007, JTP; Brunswick College Planning day, Cambridge, 2007, JTP
68	Meppel, Pays-Bas, Netherlands, 2005, JTP; Greater Shankill CPW, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1995, JTP
69	Angell Town CPW, Brixton,1993, JTP; Berger-Levrault, France, 2002, John Thompson; Pittsburgh R/UDAT, 1988, JTP
70	Young people: Pontefract Community Planning Event, Yorkshire, 2003, NW; Aylesham Enquiry by Design, Kent, 2003, EDAW. Aerial photographs: Pontefract Community Planning Event, Yorkshire, 2003, NW. Photos and montages: Heart of East Greenwich collaborative design workshop, 2005, NW
71	Character cards: Workshop on Local Development Framework, Camberley, Surrey, 2006, NW (2). Experts take the lead: Sherford EbD, 2004, PF; Workshop on Local Development Framework, Camberley, Surrey, 2006, NW. Exhibition: Heart of East Greenwich collaborative design workshop, 2005, NW. Flipcharting: Cambridge stakeholder participation day, 2005, NW; Heart of East Greenwich collaborative design workshop, 2005, NW
72	Angell Town CPW, Brixton, 1993, JTP; Pontefract Community Planning Event, Yorkshire, 2003, NW; Heart of East Greenwich collaborative design workshop, 2005, NW
73	Heart of East Greenwich collaborative design workshop, 2005, NW (2); Sherford EbD, 2004, PF; Pontefract Community Planning Event, Yorkshire, 2003, NW
74	Blairs College CPW, Scotland, 1994, NW
75	Sherford Enquiry by Design, 2004, PF (2); Poundbury Planning Weekend, 1989, NW; Blairs College CPW, Scotland, 1994, JTP
76	Poundbury Planning Weekend, 1988, NW; West Silvertown CPW, 1993, NW; Winfrith EbD, 2008, PF
78–79	Reports and broadsheet from Events in Anderson, Indiana, USA, 1985, AIA; Aylesham, Kent, 2003, Edaw; Sherford, Devon, 2004, PF; Cambridge East, 2005, Nick Wates Associates; Liberties, Dublin, 2007, JTP; Runnymede, Surrey, 2007, JTP; Lübeck, Germany, 2007, von Zadow
80	Blairs College CPW, Scotland, 1994, JTP
81	Poundbury planning weekend, 1989, NW; Lübeck CPW, Germany, 2007, JTP
82	Greater Shankhill CPW, Belfast, 1995, JTP; Sherford Masterplan, 2006, PF
84	Upton, Northampton, 2007, PF
85	Blairs College CPW, Aberdeen, 1994, JTP; Hulme CPW, Manchester, 1992, JTP
86	Upton, Northampton, 2007, PF; Caterham Barracks, Surrey, 2008, JTP
88	Hands-on Planning, Woking CPW, 2007, JTP
91	Map courtesy of The American Institute of Architects
104	Drawings courtesy of von Zadow and JTP
111	The Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture, London, 1995, Richard Ivey
115	Runnymede CPW, Surrey, 2007
116	unknown, 2007, Arie Ouveres

Seeking permission
Sign displayed prominently at an event in an attempt to avoid complaints later on. If anyone is unhappy with appearing in a photo in this book, please send an email to [email protected] identifying the photo and yourself. The photo will then be cropped or removed in future editions.

Quotation credits

Sources and dates of quotations used in this manual.

JTP = interview by John Thompson & Partners

NW = interview by Nick Wates

xii	Bob Evans, 2000, JTP
xiv	Colm Lennon, 2005, JTP
xvi	Interviews by JTP: 1 (Steven Pound MP) Grand Union Vision, Southall, March 2000; 2, 3, 4 Stillorgan, Dublin 2006; 5 Balgaddy, Dublin, August 2005; 6 Canongate Planning Day, Edinburgh, March 2006; 7 Rosyth, 2006
2	Lee Mallett, Building Design, Editorial, 4 November 1994
4	Michael Baynes, Hawk Development Management plc, 6 December 1993, NW
6	The Prince’s Foundation, Cherry Knowle Hospital Enquiry by Design, 4 November 2003
8	David Taylor, 15 February 1995, NW
10	Barry Wick, London & Edinburgh Trust plc, Building Design, 3 February 1989
14	Lesley Whitehouse, Hulme Regeneration Ltd, quoted in event report by JTP, November 1992
16	Andrès Duany, 2006
18	American Institute of Architects, R/UDAT Handbook, 1992
20	Kenneth Topping, Report, 1 November 1990
24	Peter Batchelor and David Lewis, Urban Design in Action, 1985
26	Tom Bradley, Letter to American Institute of Architects, 20 June 1990
28	Team member, Highbury Initiative, Birmingham, 1988, quoted in event report
30	Mike Galloway, Crown Street Regeneration Project, Glasgow, 1993, NW
32	Ted Watts, 1993, NW
34	John Worthington, Urban Design Quarterly, 1994.
36	Charmaine Young, Wimpey Homes, 1993, NW
38	Joan Maginn, North Hull Residents’ Association, quoted in Building homes people want, Pete Duncan and Bill Halsall, 1994
40	Debbie Radcliffe, 1995, NW
44	Eléonore Hauptmann, from French version of this manual.
48	American Institute of Architects, R/UDAT Handbook, 1992
50	Don Chroston, South of Tyne and Wearside NHS Trust, Cherry Knowle Hospital Enquiry by Design, November 2003
62	Participant, Tottenham Reinvigorate event, London, 2006, quoted in event report
64	John Barnard, Barnwood Court Tenants and Residents Association, December 1993, NW
66	Patrick Harrison, Architects’ Journal, 14 March 1984
68	Justin Wilson, West Silvertown, December 1993, NW
72	Steven Pound, Grand Union Vision Community Planning Weekend, Southall, March 2000, JTP
74	Karin-Maria Trautmann, Partner, Trautmann Real Estate Berlin, London, 1993, NW
80	David Lunts, Final presentation, Hulme, Manchester, quoted in event report
84	Jon Rowland, September 1995, NW
86	Nicky Gavron, quoted in Wood Green event report, 1990