Index
aesthetic(s) 27, 80, 85, 117, 119, 123, 204, 232–3; theory 9–10; age; viewing category 13, 38; see also class; elderly
Allen, Robert 6, 11, 44–55, 123, 232, 237
America: soap opera in 30–4, 48, 51, 116–17, 224–42; see also cultural imperialism; Dallas
Ang, Ien 4, 5, 6, 11, 27, 30, 31, 34, 96–115, 117, 124, 232, 242
audience/viewer(s) 132; active/passive 14, 16–17, 88–9, 101, 162–6, 167, 217; attention/interest 27, 35, 161, 224; criticism/analysis 12, 52, 124–5, 204–22; and genre 44–55, 217; and live television 11, 79–95; and meanings 2, 60–1, 62; and media use/resistance/adaption 16–17, 75; roles of 8, 61, 62, 82, 88–9, 98, 101, 217; studies 4–5, 8–14, 16–43, 49, 96–115, 121, 123, 225–6; and text 12, 19, 24, 56–78, 99, 116–29, 167, 223; see also authenticity; elderly; ethnic; ethnography; female; identification; involvement; male; manipulation; pleasure; postmodernism; reader; segmentation; semiotic power; soap opera; women
auteur theory 46
authenticity 117, 119–20, 124, 125
Barthes, Roland 23, 28, 64–5, 191; (1977) 63
Baudrillard, Jean 8, 15n; (1983) 9
Bliese, Nancy Wood 191, 192, 193, 194–5; (1986) 186, 187
Borchers, Hans et al 1–15, 223–47
Bourdieu, Pierre 18, 28, 31, 40, 60; (1984) 7, 117
Britain, American culture in 32; Soap opera in 48, 51, 116–17, 154–67
Brookside53, 153, 153, 154, 158, 162
Brunsdon, Charlotte 2–3, 6, 12, 30, 52, 108–9, 116–29, 223, 230, 235; (1986) 242
change 62; family and use of media 12–13, 170, 171, 172, 173; see also social
characters, soap opera: female 49, 156–60, 237–42; reactions to 156–60, 163–5, 182–3, 189, 194, 195, 244
cinema/television viewing 26–7, 34, 48
class 7, 13, 48, 195, 223, 241
closure, textual 63, 64, 68, 69
codes/coding 17, 35; see also decoding; encoding
commercial television 28, 29, 75, 116–17
communication(s) 11, 17–18, 40, 170, 174, 178, 243–4; media 132; theory 204; see also mass
community, television 88, 89–91
consciousness and unconsciousness 39, 198, 204
consumer relations and politics 74
consumption 14, 28, 30; and production 8, 29
contexts, media 3, 25–7, 28, 34–8, 125, 228; see also social
Coronation Street48–9, 51, 53, 117, 121, 154, 164–5, 182, 187, 192, 195, 196
Country Practice, A60, 180–1, 183, 187, 189, 194
critic(s) 11, 24, 29, 74–5, 162
critical: abilities, viewers' 204–22; dimension of text 123; research/studies 5–8, 11, 12, 96, 97–8, 204; statements (Dallas) 208–19; theory/theorists 6, 97, 100–1; see also intervention
criticism, television 6, 12, 124–5, 204–22; see also Dallas; feminist
Crossroads49, 51, 52, 60, 121, 154, 158, 162, 182, 194, 196
cultural: analysis 28; behavior 40; capital theory 60, 167, 189, 190; commodity, television as 59–62; competences 18, 223; context theory 21; economy 11, 59, 61, 62; imperialism, American 30, 31, 32, 225; resource 36, 65; studies 101, 102, 107–10; see also decoding; identity; involvement; representations
culture 7, 23, 45, 46–7, 75, 226–7; American 30–4; oral 66–7; popular 4, 74, 204; viewers' complementary to textuality 57, 60–1, 73; see also mass
Dallas49–51, 53, 74, 117, 155, 162, 196, 197; viewer criticism of 13, 60, 185, 205–19; see also cultural imperialism; oral culture
decoding 16–19, 34, 99, 102, 204, 224, 242; cultural; see also coding; encoding
diversity/difference 40, 107, 122; of pleasure 69, 70, 71–3
Dynasty49, 50, 51, 53, 156, 214, 225
economy 7, 74, 80; see also cultural; financial; political
elderly viewers 13, 180–203; using television 185–97; see also values
Emmerdale Farm182
empirical research 7, 10, 24, 25, 29, 96–115, 224
entertainment 164, 211; political influence through 72
essentialist perspective 20
ethnic groups: reactions to Dallas13, 206–19
ethnography: definition 226–7; of reading 223–7; of soap opera viewers 13, 96, 223–47
everyday life and media 10, 34–8, 228–31
experience(s) 86; lived 227; social 2, 58, 71, 228
Falcon Crest51
family and use of media 12–13, 168–79; class and gender patterns 198–200; politics 74; relationships 1, 13, 37, 74, 173
female: audience/viewers 48, 52, 53, 55n 60; characters 49; see also women
femininity/“feminization” 33, 242
feminist: criticism 12, 123–5;
perspectives 14n, 15n, 49, 52, 72;
research studies 4, 47, 48, 124
Feurer, Jane 23–4, 48, 49, 51, 70, 122
fiction(ality) 18, 150, 165, 167, 223–4, 236–7
films: genre 4; theory 22, 25, 26; see also cinema
Fiske, John 4–5, 11, 23, 56–78; (1985) 191
Frankfurt School 6, 7, 8, 29, 97
games shows and the elderly 192–3
“gays” see homosexuals
gender 10, 49, 52, 53, 107–9, 195, 223; politics 74; relations and television 37, 38, 74; and research 13, 53, 243–4; see also postmodernism
genre 10, 11, 13, 173, 212–15; choice 28–38; and the elderly 194, 195; films 46; limits of 44–55; and text 232–7; theory 44
gratification(ists) 102, 236 see also uses and gratifications
Gray, Ann 5, 30, 122, 124, 242; (1986) 229
Gross, Larry, 5, 130–49; and Gerbner, George (1976) 12, 131
Grossberg, Lawrence 9, 22, 26, 34–5, 104; (1986) 97
habit(s): television viewing 170, 175, 185–91, 230, 231
Hall, Stuart 17, 19–20, 58, 104, 107, 110
Hebdige, Dick 32, 33; (1981) 117
heterogeneity, social 73
Hill Street Blues141
historical context and theory 21
Hobson, Dorothy 12, 30, 37, 49, 51–2, 60, 122, 124, 150–67
home context: television viewing 5, 34–8
homosexuals and media 12, 134–49; subversion 142–4; see also lesbians; minority media; stereotyping
housework and media 228–31; theories 228–9
“hypodermic” theory 16–19, 223
“I”: use in feminist research, 124
identification, audience 31, 60, 73, 83
identity 4, 9, 14, 40; cultural 191; female 244
ideology 2, 3, 7, 19, 21, 69, 74, 204, 242; dominant, media as 133, 141; mass culture 242
individual perspective 17, 172
interest, maintaining audience 161
interpretation: research 4, 106–10, 172–3, 174; social context of 21; textual 6, 17, 24, 204, 224
intertextuality 12, 22, 64–7, 123
involvement, viewer 82, 217, 236
Knots Landing238
Kreutzner, Gabriele et al1–15, 223–47
lesbians 12, 135; see also homosexuals
Liebes, Tamar and Katz, Elihu 6, 13, 31–2, 39, 204–22, 232
live broadcast 11, 67–8, 79–95, 116 see also reality
mainstream 11, 12, 48, 75, 96, 97, 100–1, 102, 108; media and minorities 130–49
male viewer 53, 55n, 139, 230; see also characters; men
manipulation 29, 53, 210, 211, 216, 218, 219, 240; by viewer 75
marital relationships 1, 195–6
Marxist perspectives 2, 8, 9, 29, 49, 97, 204, 209
mass communications research 11, 122
mass culture 29; ideologies 117, 190, 202n, 242; theories 223
mass media: and sexual minorities 130–49; stimulus-response theory 2
meaning(s) 10, 70: construction/interpretation 17, 18, 169, 172, 224; divergent 223–4; and pleasure 3, 60–1, 62, 66, 71, 73, 102, 244; systems, theory of 18; and text 19, 58–9, 60–1, 223–4; and social dimension 58–9, 60–1, 244; see also audience/viewer; gender
media 4–5, 102, 170, 171, 204; communications as worldwide common background 132; and everyday life 12–13,168–79, 228; reality, challenges to 79–95; topicalities; use/under-use 16–19, 35–6, 38, 170, 175, 176, 177, 178, 194–5; see also change; contexts; cultural resource; habits; mass; minority; pleasure; reader, needs of; real(ism); social definition; socio-economic groups
men and media 5, 37, 107–9, 244; see also characters; male
methodology, research 24–5, 96–7, 10, 102–6, 124; see also empirical; researcher
minorities and media 130–49; power 131; television influence on attitudes to 12, 132; see also representation; stereotyping
modernism and postmodernism 9–10
Modleski, Tania 13, 14n, 25, 29, 30, 51; (1982) 48, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241; (1986) 6–7
Morley, David 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14n, 16–43, 122, 242; (1980) 3, 49, 73, 96, 98–100, 102, 106–10, 233, 234; (1981) 223, 224; (1986) 129n, 191
“mother, ideal” 13, 25, 48, 237–42
objectivity 134
openness/flexibility, textual 63, 67, 68, 69
pleasure(s) 2, 3, 4–5, 52, 56–7, 70, 71–3, 196–7; analysis/study of 21–2, 29; see also diversity; meaning; women
plurality: audience studies 107
political: context in audience studies 105–6; economy 8, 61, 62, 83–4; power of television and viewer 72; see also entertainment
politics 5, 7, 14, 19, 72, 91; consumer/family/gender 74; and pleasure 5, 14, 28–38
popular/popularity 29–30, 49, 74, 120, 126, 154–60
postmodernism 8–14, 15n, 39, 125; theory 18
power 91, 102, 131, 182, 204, 230; relationships 37–8, 83–6; social 72, 83–6, 244; see also political; semiotic
primary relations 65
production: and consumption 8, 29, 59, 61; and escapism 14
program(s) 37–8, 53, 59, 61, 126, 167; maintaining interest 161; see research; selection
psychoanalytic theory 19–21, 22, 23–4
racial differences and television 73
radio as media 177
Radway, Janice 14n, 15n, 28, 30, 124, 223, 224; (1984) 72–3; (1988) 10
reader 18–19, 23, 204; see also audience; text
reading(s) 22–5, 121, 122, 223–7; “preferred” 18–19; theory of 23
realism 31, 70, 131, 241–2; and escapism 241–2; and soap opera 51, 157–60, 163–6
reality 79–95, 117, 132, 139, 169, 178–9, 209; and fiction, interweaving 150, 165, 167; social 89, 132, 172, 174, 236; see also representation
relationships/relations: see domestic; family; gender; marital; power; social
representation 5, 70–1, 73, 131, 132
research 2, 3, 6, 7–8, 28, 116–29; academic 4; dominant 204; see also audience studies; critical; empirical; feminist; ideology; interpretation; mainstream; mass communications; methodology; “universalization”
researchers 4, 13, 25, 197, 198–201, 227, 242–3
revisionism and re-seeing 14
Russo, Vito (1986) 136, 137; (1987) 138–9
Screen theory 47
secondary relations 65–6, 68–9
Seiter, Ellen 48; et al 1–15, 25, 30, 72, 223–47
selection/selectivity 37–8, 188, 194, 204, 232–3
semiotic: democracy 67–9, 71, 73; differences 74, 75–6; power 70, 75–6; resistance 72–3, 75–6
serials/seriality 49–51, 67–9, 235
sex see gender
sexual minorities and mass media 130–49
soap opera 11, 44, 45, 51, 232–4; attitudes to 4, 53, 116–117, 123–5; criticism of 123–5, 162–3; and the elderly 13, 180–203; and everyday life 228–31; interest in, maintaining 53, 65–6, 68–9, 161; personal life/involvement 217, 236–7; popularity of 154–60; research 125; study of 48, 224–5; see also American; Britain; characters; ethnography; feminist; fiction; housework; involvement; “mother ideal”; pleasure; realism; reality; secondary relations; status; text; work
social: change 57, 73; contexts of viewing 2, 4, 26–7, 88, 101, 102, 224; definition and mass media 135; differences and culture 7, 75; ecology of viewing 39–40; environment and texts 244; information, soap operas as 67; meanings 10, 27; perspective 52; relations, family 36–8, 174; structure, role of 18; see also age; experience; femininity; heterogeneity; identity; interpretation; involvement; power; reality; status; stigmatization
socio-economic groups, lower; and mass media 140
Sons and Daughters 154, 196, 197
status and soap opera 123, 204
stereotyping 5, 13, 135–9, 144
subjectivism 105
Sullivans, The 182
taste and popularity 28, 29–30
telecommunications and society 131
television 2, 3, 34–8, 83–4, 123, 167; attitudes to 1, 116, 117; and cinema 26–7, 48; cultural dimensions 11, 59–62, 74; “good” 116–20, 126; industry 61–2, 74, 119, 216; as information source 132, 188; popular 74, 116–17, 118; making sense of 57, 58, 60–1, 74, 241; and social reality 89, 132; see also aesthetic; audience; commercial; community; criticism, cultural; diversity/difference; elderly, the; fiction; intertextuality; live broadcast; media; minorities; popular; power; reality; serials; topicality; viewing; women
text 6, 16, 23, 24, 27, 52, 131, 224; and audience study 11, 12, 19, 56–78, 116–29; democracy 63–71; dispersal, modes of 120–5; “encrustation” 23, 53; “feminine” 124; producerly 63, 69; reader/reading 18–19, 22–5, 204; soap opera 13, 232–7, 244; “supertext” 22, 27; and viewer interaction 99, 127n, 167, 191, 223; see also fiction; film; gender; genre; historical; intertextuality; secondary relations; subject; television, making sense of textual: analysis 122, 126; criticism 12; determinism 98–9; interpretation 6; see also closure; openness
theory see aesthetic; auteur, communication; context; critical; cultural capital; film; genre; historical; housework; “hypodermic”; mass culture; mass media stimulus-response; meanings systems; psychoanalytical; reading; reception; Screen; universalistic
time 1, 67–9, 80, 82–3; see also everyday life
Tulloch, John 13, 50, 180–203; and Moran, Albert (1986) 60, 181
unconscious see consciousness
United States (US) see America; cultural imperialism; femininity
universalization: research 25
uses and functions approach 191
uses and gratifications 16–17, 98, 103, 106, 107, 108, 119, 204; “active” audience, stress on 2, 100, 102; challenge to 223; and the elderly 195
viewers see audience
viewing 4, 57; in everyday life 10, 34–8; modes of 25–7, 36–8, 39, 118, 125–6; patterns 53; social dimensions of 2, 39–40, 101, 140; see also behavior; cinema; female; gender; habits; home; identity; power; reading; research; social contexts; social ecology; women
Walkerdine, Valerie 21–2; (1986) 198–200
Warth, Eva-Maria et al 1–15, 223–47
Williams, Raymond 48, 64; (1974) 63, 118; (1977) 140
women and media 1, 5, 29, 53, 107–9, 123; housework and leisure 37, 228–31; interview interaction 243–4; and postmodernism 10; representation and the real, handling 70–1; and soap opera 4, 25, 30–1, 49, 64, 244; see also characters; romance; social factors