INDEX
A
- Abiotic factors, 12
- Abyssopelagic ocean zone, 68
- Acacia ants, 109
- Acacia trees, 98
- Acorns, 19
- Activities
- air-dry clay cactus, 59
- algae observation, 136
- on animal tracks, 34
- bark and leaf rubbings, 35
- beachcombing, 88
- breathing leaves, 136
- on broad leaf and need leaf comparisons, 33
- building a burrow, 110
- burrow building, 110
- cacti garden, 60
- chromatography, 32
- desertscape diorama, 59
- evaporation demonstration, 60
- growing a floating plant, 137
- growing grass, 112
- mapping the desert, 61
- nature journal(ing), 32, 58, 86, 110, 134
- nature walks, 60, 111
- ocean in a bottle, 87
- painting prairies, 113
- painting with evergreen branches, 35
- pond dipping, 134
- salt dough seashells, 87
- salt painting, 86
- seashore scavenger hunt, 89
- sundial, making a, 61
- tornado in a bottle, 113
- on transpiration, 33
- wetland model, 135
- Aesculapian snakes, 29
- Aestivation, 54
- African common toads, 107
- African fish eagle, 127
- African silverbill, 53
- African spurred tortoise, 55
- African wild dogs, 103
- Agave, 47
- Algae, 120, 122, 132. See also Kelp and kelp forests
- Algae observation, 136
- Alligators, 126, 127
- Alluvial fans, 42
- American avocets, 83
- Amoebas, 120
- Amphibians. See Reptiles and amphibians
- Animals
- camouflage of, 22, 25, 102, 111
- carnivore vs. herbivore, 100
- of the desert, 48–51
- of the grasslands, 100–103
- grazing, 100
- nocturnal, 48
- of the seashore, 74–75
- of the temperate forest, 22–25
- of wetlands, 124–127
- winter homes for, 22
- Antarctic pearlwort, 47
- Antarctic, the, 39
- Anteaters, giant, 101
- Ant hills, 56
- Ants, acacia, 109
- Aquifers, 118, 119
- Arabian wolf, 51
- Arches
- in the desert, 42
- seashore, 66
- Aridisols, 43
- Aridity and arid regions, 37, 40, 53, 118
- Asian surfgrass, 85
- Atacama, the, 39
- Atlantic herring, 77
- Atlantic oyster drills, 73
- Auger shells, 72
- Australian plague locusts, 109
B
- Baboons, 100
- Backpacks, 9
- Bacteria, 120
- Bald cypress trees, 122
- Baobabs, 98
- Bark rubbings, 35
- Bark types, 17
- Barnacles, 71
- Barracudas, 79
- Bathypelagic ocean zone, 68
- Bats, 23, 45, 48, 49
- Bay scallops, 73
- Beach(es)
- anatomy of, 64
- formation of, 66
- types of, 65
- types of sand on, 67
- Beach bean, 85
- Beachcombing, 88
- Beaks, bird, 82
- Bearded dragons, 55
- Bears, 22, 24, 25
- Bear tracks, 34
- Beavers, 124
- Bees, 30, 31, 45
- Beetles, 30, 57, 133
- Bermuda grass, 99
- Big Bird, 53
- Binoculars, 9
- Biogenic sand, 67
- Biomes, 8
- Biotic factors, 12
- Bird life cycle, 104
- Bird nests, 26
- Birds
- baby, 104
- beaks, 82
- of the desert, 52–53
- of grasslands, 104–105
- migration of, 26
- migratory, 128
- of prey, 52
- of the seashore, 82–83
- of the temperate forest, 26–27
- of wetlands, 128–129
- wings, 52
- Bison, 101
- Bivalve shells, 72
- Blackbirds, 27
- Black grouse, 105
- Black-necked stilts, 83
- Black-shouldered kite, 105
- Black skimmers, 83
- Bluefin, 79
- Blue wildbeests, 101
- Bogs, 117
- Bottlenose dolphins, 81
- Broad leaves, 18, 33
- Brown pelicans, 83
- Bumblebee, 22
- Burrow, building a, 110
- Burrowing owls, 105, 111
- Butterflies, 30, 45, 57, 109
C
- Cacti, 44, 46, 47
- Cacti garden, 58
- Cactus, air-dry clay, 58
- Camels, 49
- Canopy, forest, 13
- Cape hare, 49
- Carbon cycle, 95
- Carnivores, 100, 106
- Cattails, 123
- Centipedes, 30, 57
- Cheetahs, 102, 103, 111
- Chipmunks, 23
- Chipmunk tracks, 34
- Chlorophyll, 15, 32
- Chromatography, 32
- Cicadas, 109
- Clams and clam shells, 72, 73
- Claws, bear, 24
- Climate and weather
- desert, 39, 40–41
- grasslands, 94–95
- temperate forest, 14
- wetlands, 118–119
- Coastal deserts, 39
- Coastal fish, 76–77
- Coastal lagoons, 66
- Coastal landforms, 66
- Coastal wetlands, 116, 119
- Cobwebs, 30
- Cocklebur, 98
- Cockle shells, 72
- Cold-blooded reptiles and amphibians, 28
- Cold deserts, 39, 40
- Common blenny, 77
- Common blue butterfly, 109
- Common duckweed, 123
- Common kingfishers, 129
- Common mussels, 73
- Common pheasant, 105
- Compass, 9
- Conch shells, 72
- Cone shells, 72
- Coniferous trees, 18, 122
- Continental sand, 67
- Coral sand, 67
- Cortex, 16
- Cottonmouths, 127
- Cougars (mountain lions), 34, 51
- Coyotes, 50, 100, 102, 103, 106
- Crabs, 71
- Crayfish, 133
- Crocodiles, 127
D
- Deciduous trees, 15–17
- about, 16
- anatomy of, 16
- chromatography experiment with, 32
- coniferous trees vs., 18
- differences among, 17
- identifying different, 17
- Decomposers, 30
- Deer, 23, 125
- Deer tracks, 34
- Desert(s), 36–61
- activities about, 58–61
- animals, 48–51
- birds of, 52–53
- cactus habitat, 44
- ecosystem, 38
- formation of, 41
- invertebrates of, 56–57
- landforms in, 42
- nighttime in, 38
- overview, 37
- plants of, 44, 46–47
- pollinators, 45
- reptiles and amphibians of, 54–55
- soil, 43
- trees, 47
- types of, 39
- weathering in, 41
- Desert bloom, 40
- Desert food chain, 50
- Desert formation, 41
- Desert locusts, 57
- Desert sagebrush, 47
- Desert sand, 43
- Desert wetlands, 118
- Diapause, of invertebrates, 30
- Dingoes, 51
- Diorama, desertscape, 57
- Dogs, African wild, 103
- Dolphin fins, 80
- Dragonflies, 133
- Duckweeds, 122, 123
- Dunes. See Sand dunes
- Dust storms, 40
E
- Eagles, 51, 103, 127
- Earthworms, 30, 31
- Eastern auger, 73
- Ecdysis, 130
- Ecosystem
- desert, 38–57
- grassland, 92–93
- sand dune, 67
- seashore, 64–85
- temperate forest, 12–31
- wetland, 116–133
- Ectothermic reptiles and amphibians, 28
- Elephant grass, 99
- Emperor penguin, 53
- Entisols, 43
- Epidendron, 122
- Epilithon, 122
- Epipelagic ocean zone, 68
- Epipelon, 122
- Epiphyton, 122
- Eurasian blackbirds, 27
- Eurasian coots, 129
- Eurasian grass spiders, 109
- Eurasian lynx, 25
- European beach grass, 85
- European field cricket, 109
- European tree frogs, 131
- Evaporation, 40, 60
- Evergreen branches, painting with, 35
- Evergreen trees, 18, 19
- Exoskeleton(s), 30, 56, 71, 72
F
- Fangs, snake, 130
- Feather boa kelp, 85
- Feathers, bird, 52, 104
- Ferns, 20, 21
- Fiddler crabs, 133
- Finches, 26
- Fins, 77, 79, 80, 88
- Fires, grassland, 94
- First aid kits, 9
- Fish
- coastal, 76–77
- life cycle of a, 76
- wetland, 124
- Five-lined skink, 29
- Flamingo beaks, 82
- Food chain
- desert, 50
- forest, 24
- grassland, 102
- seashore, 78
- wetland, 126
- Footprints, animal, 34
- Forbs, 98
- Forests. See Temperate forests
- Foxes, 25
- Fox tracks, 34
- Frogs, 28, 29, 130, 131
- Fungi, forest, 21
- Funnel webs, 30
- Fur, animal, 34
G
- Garden, growing a cacti, 58
- Garner snake, 22
- Gastropods, 72
- Giant anteaters, 101
- Giant trevally, 79
- Gila monsters, 55
- Glass sand, 67
- Goannas, 55
- Golden eagles, 51
- Goldenrod, 99
- Goldenrod soldier beetles, 109
- Grass(es)
- Grasshopper life cycle, 108
- Grassland(s), 91–113
- activities related to, 110–113
- animals of, 100–103
- birds of, 104–105
- carbon cycle in, 97
- composition of a, 92
- ecosystem, 92–93
- fires, 94
- invertebrates of, 108–109
- overview, 91
- plants in, 98–99
- reptiles and amphibians of, 106–107
- soil in, 97
- types of, 93
- Gray squirrels, 23
- Gray wolves, 25
- Grazing animals, 100
- Great Basin, the, 39
- Great crested newt, 131
- Great Plains skink, 107
- Great spotted woodpecker, 27
- Green anaconda, 127
- Guanacos, 49
- Gulls, 83
H
- Habitat
- Haboobs (dust storms), 40
- Hadalpelagic ocean zone, 68
- Hares, 23
- Harris’s hawks, 52
- Hawfinch, 27
- Hawks, 25, 26, 52, 106
- Headlands, 66
- Heartwood, 16
- Herbaceous plants, 21
- Herbivore animals, 100
- Herb layer, in the forest, 13
- Hermit crabs, 73
- Herons, 129
- Hibernation, 22
- High tide area, 70
- Hikes, 9
- Hippopotamuses, 125
- Hives, bee, 31
- Horseshoe crabs, 75
- Hot deserts, 39, 40
- Hummingbird beaks, 82
- Hummingbirds, 27, 45
- Humpback whales, 81
- Hurricanes, 119
- Hydras, 120
- Hyenas, 50, 51
I
- Identification books, 9
- Igneous rocks, 43
- Inland wetlands, 116
- Insects. See Invertebrates
- Inselbergs, 42
- Intertidal zone, 71, 72
- Invertebrates
- of the desert, 56–57
- of the grasslands, 108–109
- of the seashore, 75
- of the temperate forest, 30–31
- of wetlands, 132–133
J
- Jan’s banded snake, 55
- Javelina, 49
- Jaws, of predators, 126
- Jellyfish, 75
- Jerboa, 49
- Jungle cats, 127
K
- Kangaroos, 101
- Kelp and kelp forests, 84, 85
L
- Lagoons, 66
- Landforms
- coastal (seashore), 66
- desert, 42
- Larvae, 28, 76, 109, 132
- Leaf rubbings, 35
- Leaves
- broad and needle, 33
- chromatography activity with, 32
- conifer vs. deciduous, 18
- falling, 15
- shapes of, 17
- in the temperate forest, 15
- transpiration and, 33
- Leopard tortoises, 107
- Lichens, 21
- Life cycle
- amphibian, 28
- of an oak tree, 19
- bird, 104
- cactus, 46
- of a fern, 20
- of a fish, 76
- grasshopper, 108
- mosquito, 132
- reptile, 106
- Lightning whelks, 73
- Lions, 102, 103
- Lithic sand, 67
- Lizards, 28, 55, 107, 111
- Locusts, 109
- Logs, rotting, 13
- Longhorned ticks, 31
- Lotuses, 122
- Low tide area, 70
- Lupines, 98
- Lynx tracks, 34
M
- Magnifying lenses, 9
- Malabar grouper, 79
- Manatees, 81
- Mangrove terrapin, 131
- Mangrove trees and shrubs, 119, 123
- Marsh deer, 125
- Marshes, 117, 118
- Marsh grasses, 123
- Mesas, 42
- Mesopelagic ocean zone, 68
- Metamorphic rocks, 43
- Metaphyton, 122
- Mid-intertidal zone, 70
- Migratory birds, 128
- Mindfulness, 9
- Mixed grass prairies, 113
- Mollusks, 72
- Monarch butterflies, 57
- Moose, 125
- Moose scat, 34
- Mosquito life cycle, 132
- Mosses, 21
- Moths, 31
- Mountain lions, 51
- Mushrooms, 21
- Muskrats, 125
- Mussels, 71, 72, 73
N
- Narrow-leaved rattle, 99
- Nature experiences, 9
- Nature journal(ing), 9, 32, 58, 86, 110, 134
- Nature school, 8–9
- Nature walks, 9, 60, 111
- Needle leaves, 33, 35
- Nets, 9
- Newts, 29
- Nocturnal animals, 38, 48
- Nymphs, 108
O
- Oak trees, 19
- Ocean in a bottle activity, 87
- Oceans and ocean zones, 68–69
- Ochre sea star, 75
- Octopuses, 75
- Olive baboons, 101
- Omnivores, 25, 100
- Opossums, 34, 125
- Orca, 81
- Ornate box turtle, 29
- Oryx, 49
- Ostriches, 53
- Owl pellet, 34
- Owls, 26, 27, 53, 105, 106
- Oysters, 72
P
- Painted storks, 129
- Pampas, 93
- Pampas grass, 99
- Paws, bear, 24
- Pearlwort, 47
- Peat, 121
- Pelican beaks, 82
- Pelicans, brown, 83
- Penguins, 53
- Peregrine falcons, 52, 61, 82
- Pharaoh eagle owls, 53
- Phloem, 16
- Photosynthesis, 11, 15, 20, 32, 35, 97, 136
- Phytoplankton, 74, 78
- Pied honeyeaters, 53
- Pillbugs, 30
- Pine cone, in forest food chain, 24
- Piping plovers, 82, 83
- Plants
- activity on breathing leaves of, 136
- desert, 39, 40, 44, 46–47
- in the grasslands, 98–99
- growing your own floating, 137
- herbaceous, 21
- seashore, 84–85
- of the temperate forest, 20–21
- transpiration in, 14
- of wetlands, 122–123
- Playas, 42
- Pocket microscope, 9
- Pollen, 19
- Pollinators and pollination, 30, 45, 56, 99, 108
- Polyphemus moth, 31
- Pond dipping, 134
- Porcupines, 23
- Prairie chickens, 105
- Prairie dogs, 100, 101
- Prairie, painting a, 113
- Prairie rattlesnakes, 107
- Prairies, 93, 113
- Precipitation
- in deserts, 37, 40
- grassland, 94, 102
- in the temperate forest, 14
- in the wetlands, 118
- Predators
- of the desert, 50–51
- fish, 78–79
- fish in the seashore, 78–79
- of grasslands, 100, 102–103
- invertebrate, 30
- of the temperate forest, 24–25
- in wetlands, 126–127, 130
- Prey, 24. See also Predators
- Pronghorn, 101
- Protists, 84
- Purple coneflowers, 99
R
- Rabbits, 23, 34, 111, 125
- Raccoons, 22, 125
- Rainfall. See Precipitation
- Raptors, 52, 82, 105, 106
- Rattlesnakes, 50, 55, 107
- Red foxes, 25
- Red kangaroos, 101
- Red sand verbena, 85
- Red-tailed hawks, 25
- Reptile life cycle, 106
- Reptiles and amphibians
- of the desert, 54–55
- of the grasslands, 106–107
- life cycle of amphibians, 28
- shedding outer layer of skin, 130
- of the temperate forest, 28–29
- of wetlands, 130–131
- Rheas, 105
- Ribbed mussels, 133
- River canyons, 42
- Roadrunners, 53
- Rock cycle, 43
- Rock goby, 77
- Roman snail, 31
- Roots, tree, 16
- Rotifers, 120
- Ruby-throated hummingbird, 27
- Runoff, 69
S
- Sagebrush, desert, 47
- Sahara desert, 39
- Salamanders, 28
- Salinity, 69, 121
- Salt deposits, 69
- Salt dough seashells, 87
- Salt marsh snakes, 131
- Salt painting, 86
- Sand
- desert, 43
- types of seashore, 67
- Sand dollars, 75, 88
- Sand dunes, 42, 64, 67
- Sanderlings, 83
- Sandpiper beak, 82
- Saplings, 19
- Sapwood, 16
- Savannas, 91, 93, 94, 98
- Scales, of reptiles, 28
- Scallops, 72
- Scallop shells, 72
- Scat, 34
- Scorpions, 48, 50, 57
- Sea anemones, 71, 75
- Sea glass, 88
- Seagull beaks, 82
- Seahorses, 77
- Sea lions, 81
- Seals, 80
- Sea otters, 81
- Seashells, 72–73, 88
- Seashore, 63–89
- activities related to the, 86–88
- birds of, 82–83
- coastal fish of, 76–77
- coastal landforms, 66–67
- coastal wetlands and, 119
- ecosystem, 64–65
- marine mammals of, 80–81
- the ocean and, 68–69
- oceans, 68–69
- overview, 63
- plants of, 84–85
- predatory fish of, 78–79
- seashells on, 72–73
- tides on the, 70–71
- Seasons, 14, 15, 40, 94
- Sea stars, 71, 75, 88
- Sea turtles, 64, 74
- Sea urchins, 84
- Seaweed, 85
- Sedimentary rocks, 43
- Seed dispersal, 98
- Semiarid deserts, 39
- Senses, predator, 50
- Seven-spot laydbird, 31
- Sexual dimorphism, 128
- Shark fins, 80
- Sharks, 79
- Shark teeth, 78, 88
- Sheet webs, 30
- Shoebills, 129
- Short grass prairies, 113
- Shrub layer, in the forest, 13
- Shrubs, 21
- Six-finger threadfin, 77
- Smooth newt, 29
- Snails, 31, 73
- Snakes, 28, 29, 47, 55, 127, 130, 131
- Snake shed, 34
- Snapping turtles, 131
- Soil
- desert, 43
- grassland, 95
- in grasslands, 97
- wetland, 121
- Songbirds, 27
- Sonoran Desert toads, 55
- Souther stingrays, 77
- Sphagnum mosses, 123
- Sphinx moths, 57
- Spiders, 30, 57, 109
- Spits, 66
- Splash zone, 70
- Squirrels, 23
- Steppe eagles, 103
- Steppe region, 93
- Stipa grass, 47
- Stomata of a plant, 14, 44
- Storks, 129
- Striped legless lizard, 107
- Subtidal zone, 70
- Sundews, 123
- Sundial, 61
- Sunflowers, 98, 99
- Supplies, 9
- Swamp rabbits, 125
- Swamps, 117
T
- Tadpoles, 28
- Tall grass prairies, 113
- Tarantulas, 57
- Tawny owls, 27
- Teeth, shark, 78
- Temperate forests, 11–35
- activities about the, 32–35
- animals of, 22–25
- birds of, 26–27
- ecosystem, 12
- food chain, 24
- invertebrates of, 30–31
- levels of, 13
- overview, 11
- plants of, 20–21
- reptiles and amphibians of, 28–29
- seasons of the, 14
- trees of, 15–19
- Temperatures
- in the desert, 38, 39, 40
- in the grasslands, 94
- Ticks, 31
- Tide pool habitat, 71
- Tides and tidal zones, 70–71
- Tiger sharks, 79
- Toads, 28, 29, 55, 107
- Tombolos, 66
- Toothed wrack, 85
- Tornadoes, 95
- Tornado in a bottle, 113
- Tortoises, 55, 107, 111
- Tracks, animal, 34
- Transpiration, 14, 33
- Trees
- canopy of, 13
- cypress, 122
- deciduous, 15–17
- desert, 47
- life cycle of oak, 19
- mangrove, 119, 123
- oak, 19
- understory of, 13
- Tree shapes, 17
- Trunks, tree, 16
- Turkeys, 26, 27
- Turret shells, 72
- Turtles, 28, 29, 131. See also Sea turtles
U
- Understory, 13
- Urchins, 71
V
- Vents, on the ocean floor, 69
- Vernal ponds, 118
- Vines, in the temperate forest, 21
- Volcanic sand, 67
- Vulture scat, 34
W
- Walruses, 80, 81
- Warblers, 26
- Water bottles, 9
- Water cycle, 120
- Water lilies, 123
- Water scorpion, 133
- Water striders, 133
- Waves, anatomy of, 69
- Weasels, 23
- Weather. See Climate and weather
- Weathering, in the desert, 41
- Webs, spider, 30
- Wetlands, 115–139
- activities related to, 134–137
- animals of, 124–127
- birds of, 128–129
- composition of, 116
- ecosystem, 116
- fish of, 124
- formation of, 118
- invertebrates of, 132–133
- overview, 115
- plants of, 122–123
- reptiles and amphibians of, 130–131
- soil, 121
- types of, 117
- water moving through, 120–121
- Whales, humpback, 81
- Whale watching, 80
- Wheel-shaped orb webs, 30
- Whirligig beetles, 133
- Wildflowers, 40, 98, 111
- Wild turkeys, 27
- Willows, 98
- Wings, bird, 52. See also
- Feathers, bird
- Winter homes for animals, 22
- Wolf scat, 34
- Wolves, 25, 50, 51
- Woodchuck, winter home for, 22
- Woodpecker holes, 34
- Woodpeckers, 26
- Wrack, 64
Y
- Yellow-headed blackbirds, 129
Z
- Zebrafish, 77
- Zooplankton, 74
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