Index

Symbols

__proto__ property, 44–45

+ (plus sign) operator, 28

A

accessing parameters, 262

account signup

Azure, 244

Heroku, 236

adding

pages to applications, 188–191

photos to albums, 180–181, 186–188, 190–191

albums

creating, 177–179, 183, 188–190

finding, 179, 184

listing, 179, 184–185

photos

adding, 180–181, 186–188, 190–191

finding, 180, 185–186

anonymous functions, 39–40

writing with arrow functions, 41

API design, 144–145

modifying

for authentication, 198

for database usage, 181

testing, 283–286

applications. See web applications

arguments, 37

array literal syntax, 32

arrays, 32–35

functions, 34–35

arrow functions, 41

this keyword, 58–59

assert function, 47

assert module, 280

async module, 104–110

asynchronous functions

changing synchronous programming to, 51–53

error handling and, 53–54

managing

with async module, 104–110

problems with, 103–104

with promises pattern, 111–113

this keyword, 56–59

asynchronous looping, 69–71, 110

asynchronous tests, 282

authentication, 157–160

creating login forms, 160–161

flash messages, 162–163

logging in, 161

with MySQL, 198

creating login and registration pages, 208–211

creating user handlers, 205–207

creating users, 199–201

fetching users, 201–202

implementing, 203–204

modifying API, 198

routing in, 207–208

updating express application, 202–203

restricting page access, 162

auto function, 108–110

autogenerated _id fields, searching for, 174

Azure, 244

account signup, 244

applications

cloud storage in, 252–256

creating, 247–248

deploying, 248

configuring ClearDB add-on, 248–252

downloading CLI tools, 244–245

logging in, 245–246

preparing for deployment, 245–247

B

bcrypt module, 200

BDD (behavior-driven development), 277

bitwise operators, 41

blocking IO, 49–50

changing to nonblocking IO, 51–53

bluebird module, 111–113

booleans, 26

bootstrapper (JavaScript), 128–129

for login and registration pages, 208–211

buffered I/O, 266–267

buffers

serving static content, 117–120

strings versus, 117

C

caching modules, 94

callback functions

error handling and, 54–56

loops and, 70–71

this keyword, 56–59

Chai, 283

child_process module

exec function, 273–274

spawn function, 274–276

choosing testing frameworks, 277–278

classes, 43

constructors, 91

creating event classes, 121–122

prototypes and inheritance, 43–45

ClearDB add-on, configuring

in Azure applications, 248–252

in Heroku applications, 239–241

client-side templates, 122–124

adding pages, 188–191

with Mustache, 129–131

in sample application, 131–134

cloning objects, 179

cloud storage

in Azure applications, 252–256

in Heroku applications, 241–244

Cloudinary

for Azure applications, 252–256

for Heroku applications, 241–244

collections

creating, 169–170

deleting documents, 172

inserting documents, 170–171

querying, 172–175

updating documents, 171–172

command-line scripts. See scripts

comparisons of types, 36–37

compressing output, 156–157

compute servers, 59

configuration files

creating, 175–176

in multiplatform development, 232–233

configurations, middleware, 149

configuring ClearDB add-on

in Azure applications, 248–252

in Heroku applications, 239–241

connecting

to memcached, 226–227

to MongoDB databases, 169

in sample application, 176–177

to MySQL databases, 195–196, 198–199

connection pooling, 196

console object, 47

console.error function, 266

console.log function, 266

constants, 24

constructors, 91

control, yielding, 59–61

conversions of types, 36–37

cookies with express middleware, 153–155

cURL, 17

sending POST data, 82–83

cwd function, 47

cycles in modules, 94–95

D

data structure

in MongoDB, 167

in sample application, 192

data types in MongoDB, 168

databases

MongoDB

connecting to, 169, 176–177

creating collections, 169–170

creating databases, 169, 176–177

data structure, 167

data types, 168

deleting documents from collections, 172

inserting documents into collections, 170–171

installing, 165–166

low-level operations in sample application, 175–181

Node.js usage, 166–167

querying collections, 172–175

updating documents in collections, 171–172

MySQL

authentication, 198–211

configuring ClearDB add-on, 239–241, 248–252

connecting to, 195–196, 198–199

creating schema, 194–195

installing, 193–194

Node.js usage, 194

querying, 196–197

debugging Node.js, 18–21

DELETE method, 156

deleting documents from collections, 172

deploying web applications, 215

to Azure, 244–256

basic deployment, 216–217

to Heroku, 235–244

on Linux/Mac, 218–219

multiprocessor deployment, 220–223

problems with basic deployment, 218

sessions on multiple servers, 223–227

virtual hosting, 227–229

on Windows, 219–220

development, multiplatform, 232

locations and configuration files, 232–233

paths, 233

directories

creating, 264–265

listing contents, 265

documentation for modules, 96

documents in collections

deleting, 172

inserting, 170–171

updating, 171–172

downloading

Azure CLI tools, 244–245

Heroku CLI tools, 236

source code, 5

URL contents on Windows, 17

dynos, 235

E

end event, 115

env function, 47

equality operator, 36

error event, 115

error handling, 45–46

asynchronous functions and, 53–54

callback functions and, 54–56

with express, 163–164

in web applications, 66

event queues, 52

events

creating event classes, 121–122

listeners, 115

exceptions, 45–46

exec function, 273–274

exit function, 47

express

connecting memcached, 226–227

error handling, 163–164

HTTPS/SSL support, 230–231

installing, 137–138

layers in, 139–140

middleware, 148

compressing output, 156–157

configurations, 149

ordering, 150–151

POST data, cookies, sessions, 153–155

PUT and DELETE support, 156

static file handling, 151–152

usage, 148–149

routing in, 140–141

for authentication, 207–208

updating sample application, 141–144

updating for authentication, 202–203

virtual hosting support, 227–229

web servers, creating, 138–139

F

factory functions, 91

fetching users, 201–202

file operations in scripts, 263–264

files

configuration files, creating, 175–176

reading with streams, 116

uploading, 154–155

finding

albums, 179, 184

photos, 180, 185–186

flash messages, 162–163

forEach function, 35, 110

forEachSeries function, 110

for.in loops, 42

forms, receiving POST data, 86–87

for.of loops, 42

frameworks for testing

installing Mocha, 283

installing nodeunit, 278

selecting, 277–278

fs.open function, 52

fs.read function, 52

fs.readdir function, 67–69

fs.readFile function, 128

fs.stat function, 69–71

functional tests, 279–281

functions

array functions, 34–35

arrow functions, 41

this keyword, 58–59

asynchronous functions

changing synchronous programming to, 51–53

error handling and, 53–54

managing with async module, 104–110

managing with promises pattern, 111–113

problems managing, 103–104

this keyword, 56–59

callback functions

error handling and, 54–56

this keyword, 56–59

classes, 43

prototypes and inheritance, 43–45

explained, 37–40

factory functions, 91

I/O functions

buffered I/O, 266–267

readline module, 268–273

stdin, stdout, stderr, 266

unbuffered input, 267–268

scope, 40

string functions, 28–29

synchronous functions, 61, 262

creating directories, 264–265

file operations, 263–264

listing directory contents, 265

yielding control, 59–61

G

GET params, 79–82

global object, 46

global variables

console, 47

global, 46

process, 47

groups of tests, 281–282

H

handlers

updating in sample application, 182–188

user handlers, creating, 205–207

help resources, 21–22

Heroku, 235–236

account signup, 236

applications

cloud storage in, 241–244

creating, 238–239

testing, 239

configuring ClearDB add-on, 239–241

downloading CLI tools, 236

logging in, 236

preparing for deployment, 236–238

history of Node.js, 2–4

HTML skeleton pages, 124–125

http module, 17

HTTP POST data. See POST data

HTTP response codes, 79

HTTPS, 229

built-in support for, 230–231

generating test certificates, 229–230

proxy server support, 231–232

I

including modules, 93

indexOf function, 28

–Infinity value, 25–26

Infinity value, 25–26

inheritance, 43–45

input. See also I/O functions

readline module, 268–273

unbuffered, 267–268

inserting documents into collections, 170–171

installing

express, 137–138

memcached

on Linux/Mac, 225–226

on Windows, 225

Mocha, 283

modules via NPM, 92–93

MongoDB, 165–166

MySQL, 193–194

Node.js

on Linux, 14–15

on Mac, 12–14

on Windows, 9–12

nodeunit, 278

instanceof, 45

I/O functions

buffered I/O, 266–267

readline module, 268–273

stdin, stdout, stderr, 266

unbuffered input, 267–268

isArray function, 33

isFinite function, 26

isNaN function, 26

iterable objects, 42

J

JavaScript, 2. See also scripts

bootstrapper, 128–129

for login and registration pages, 208–211

errors and exceptions, 45–46

functions

arrow functions, 41

classes, 43

explained, 37–40

prototypes and inheritance, 43–45

scope, 40

global variables

console, 47

global, 46

process, 47

MongoDB data structure, 167

operators and constructs, 41–42

running Node.js, 16

types

arrays, 32–35

booleans, 26

comparisons and conversions, 36–37

constants, 24

explained, 23–24

numbers, 25–26

objects, 30–32

strings, 27–30

join function, 35

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), 30–31

JSON servers. See also web applications; web servers

API design, 144–145

modifying, 181, 198

creating, 65–66

L

layers in express, 139–140

length property, 27

line-by-line prompting, 269–271

Linux

configuration files, 232–233

deploying on, 218–219

installing memcached, 225–226

installing Mocha, 283

installing Node.js, 14–15

passing parameters, 262

running scripts, 259–260

listeners, 115

listing

albums, 179, 184–185

directory contents, 265

listings

adding photos using API, 187–188

admin_add_album.html, 189–190

admin_add_album.js, 188–189

admin_add_photo.js, 190–191

album-listing server (load_albums.js), 68

all-node node runner (node_runner.js), 275

another Mustache template page (album.html), 132–133

building pages (pages.js), 147

db.js, 198–199

express/https module SSL support (https_express_server.js), 230

file loading with full error handling, 56

getting all photos in album, 185–186

handling multiple request types, 73–76

helper functions (helpers.js), 146–147

home page template file (home.html), 131

http-proxy SSL support (https_proxy_server.js), 231

JavaScript page loader (home.js), 128

login page Mustache template (login.html), 211

raw mode on stdin (raw_mode.js), 267–268

registration page Mustache template (register.html), 209–210

round-robin proxy load balancer (roundrobin.js), 223

rpn.js file, 279–280

simple app page bootstrapper (basic.html), 125

simple postfix calculator using readline (readline.js), 269–271

static middleware usage (server.js), 152

survey program (questions.js), 272

testing the compute_intersection function, 61

trivial HTTP server, 222

using process#nextTick to be polite, 60

virtual hosts in express (vhost_server.js), 228

load balancers, 221

loading modules, cycles in, 94–95

log files, writing to, 216–217

logging in, 161

to Azure, 245–246

to Heroku, 236

login forms, creating, 160–161, 208–211

loops, 42

asynchronous looping, 69–71, 110

low-level operations, writing in sample application, 175–181

M

Macintosh

configuration files, 232–233

deploying on, 218–219

installing memcached, 225–226

installing Mocha, 283

installing Node.js, 12–14

passing parameters, 262

running scripts, 259–260

managing asynchronous functions

with async module, 104–110

problems with, 103–104

with promises pattern, 111–113

memcached, 224–225

connecting to, 226–227

installing

on Linux/Mac, 225–226

on Windows, 225

messages, flash, 162–163

Microsoft Azure. See Azure

middleware, 139, 148

compressing output, 156–157

configurations, 149

ordering, 150–151

POST data, cookies, sessions, 153–155

PUT and DELETE support, 156

static file handling, 151–152

usage, 148–149

mkdir function, 264

mkdirSync function, 264–265

Mocha, 277

installing, 283

testing API design, 283–286

modifying API design. See also updating

for authentication, 198

for database usage, 181

modules, 51, 89

assert, 280

async, 104–110

bcrypt, 200

bluebird, 111–113

caching, 94

child_process

exec function, 273–274

spawn function, 274–276

documentation, 96

including, 93

installing via NPM, 92–93

loading, cycles in, 94–95

node-uuid, 200

passport, 157–160

authentication with MySQL, 202–203

creating login forms, 160–161

flash messages, 162–163

implementing authentication, 203–204

logging in, 161

restricting page access, 162

private package management, 101–102

publishing, 102

readline, 268–273

returning objects from

constructor model, 91

factory model, 91

in sample application, 146–148

searching for, 93

versioning, 94, 97

writing, 89–90, 95–100

MongoDB

collections

creating, 169–170

deleting documents, 172

inserting documents, 170–171

querying, 172–175

updating documents, 171–172

connecting to, 169

in sample application, 176–177

data structure, 167

data types, 168

databases, creating, 169, 176–177

installing, 165–166

Node.js usage, 166–167

writing low-level operations in sample application, 175–181

multiplatform development, 232

locations and configuration files, 232–233

paths, 233

multiple file types, serving in streams, 120–121

multiple request types in web applications, 71–79

multiprocessor deployment, 220–223

sessions and, 223–227

Mustache, 124, 129–131

MySQL

authentication, 198

creating login and registration pages, 208–211

creating user handlers, 205–207

creating users, 199–201

fetching users, 201–202

implementing, 203–204

modifying API, 198

routing in, 207–208

updating express application, 202–203

configuring ClearDB add-on

in Azure applications, 248–252

in Heroku applications, 239–241

connecting to, 195–196, 198–199

creating schema, 194–195

installing, 193–194

Node.js usage, 194

querying, 196–197

N

Nan value, 26

nextTick function, 59–61

Node shell, 15–16

Node.js

debugging, 18–21

history of, 2–4

HTTPS/SSL support, 230–231

installing

on Linux, 14–15

on Mac, 12–14

on Windows, 9–12

limitations of, 3

resources for information, 21–22

running

from JavaScript files, 16

with Node shell, 15–16

updating, 21–22

nodeunit, 277

installing, 278

writing tests, 278

asynchronous tests, 282

functional tests, 279–281

groups of tests, 281–282

node-uuid module, 200

nonblocking IO, changing blocking IO to, 51–53. See also asynchronous functions

NoSQL. See MongoDB

NPM (Node Package Manager)

installing modules, 92–93

private package management, 101–102

npm help command, 92

npm install command, 92

npm link command, 101

npm ls command, 93

npm publish command, 102

npm search command, 92

npm unpublish command, 102

npm update command, 93

null, 24

numbers, 25–26

O

object literal syntax, 30

objects, 30–32

cloning, 179

returning from modules

constructor model, 91

factory model, 91

openSync function, 263

operators, 41–42

ordering middleware, 150–151

output, compressing, 156–157. See also I/O functions

P

packages

NPM. See NPM (Node Package Manager)

updating, 93

page access, restricting, 162

pages

adding to applications, 188–191

creating login and registration pages, 208–211

paging functionality, 79–82

parallel code execution, 107–108

parallel function, 107–108

parameters, scripts and, 261–262

parseFloat function, 26

parseInt function, 26

passing parameters, 261–262

passport module, 157–160

authentication with MySQL, 202–203

creating login forms, 160–161

flash messages, 162–163

implementing authentication, 203–204

logging in, 161

restricting page access, 162

paths in multiplatform development, 233

patterns, 54

asynchronous looping, 69–71

callback functions, error handling and, 54–56

promises, 111–113

photos

adding to albums, 180–181, 186–188, 190–191

finding, 180, 185–186

PKG installer, installing Node.js on Mac, 12–14

placeholders, 141, 197

pop function, 34

port numbers, 216

POST data

converting to PUT and DELETE, 156

with express middleware, 153–155

receiving

via forms, 86–87

via streams, 83–86

sending, 82–83

postfix calculations, 269

precise equality operator, 36

private package management, 101–102

process object, 47

processes

blocking IO and, 49–50

creating

with exec function, 273–274

with spawn function, 274–276

process.exit function, 263–264

process.nextTick function, 59–61

promises pattern, 111–113

prompting line-by-line, 269–271

prototypes, 43–45, 98

proxies

HTTPS/SSL support, 231–232

for multiprocessor deployment, 220–223

publishing modules, 102

push function, 34

PUT method, 156

Q

query strings, 79–82

querying. See also searching

collections, 172–175

MySQL databases, 196–197

questions/answers with readline module, 271–273

quotation marks in strings, 27

R

raw mode, 267

readable event, 115

readdirSync function, 265

reading files with streams, 116

readline module, 268–273

Readme.md, 96

readSync function, 263

receiving POST data

via forms, 86–87

via streams, 83–86

registration pages, creating, 208–211

regular expressions, 29–30

REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop), 15–16

replace function, 29

request types, handling multiple, 71–79

require function, 51, 93

response codes (HTTP), 79

REST (Representational State Transfer), API design, 144–145

restricting page access, 162

returning

data in web applications, 67–69

objects from modules

constructor model, 91

factory model, 91

reverse Polish notation, 269

routing

for authentication, 207–208

in express, 140–141

updating sample application, 141–144

running

Node.js

from JavaScript files, 16

with Node shell, 15–16

scripts

on Linux/Mac, 259–260

on Windows, 260–261

S

schemas, creating, 194–195

scope of functions, 40

this keyword, 56–59

screen utility, 217

scripts

I/O functions

buffered I/O, 266–267

readline module, 268–273

stdin, stdout, stderr, 266

unbuffered input, 267–268

parameters and, 261–262

processes

creating with exec function, 273–274

creating with spawn function, 274–276

running

on Linux/Mac, 259–260

on Windows, 260–261

synchronous functions, 262

creating directories, 264–265

file operations, 263–264

listing directory contents, 265

search function, 30

searching. See also querying

for autogenerated _id fields, 174

for modules, 93

securing web applications, 229

built-in support for HTTPS/SSL, 230–231

generating test certificates, 229–230

proxy server support for HTTPS/SSL, 231–232

selecting testing frameworks, 277–278

semantic versioning, 4

sending POST data, 82–83

serial code execution, 104–107

series function, 106–107

ServerRequest object, 78

servers

JSON servers

API design, 144–145

creating, 65–66

modifying API, 181, 198

web application deployment. See web applications, deploying

web servers

creating, 16–18

creating in express, 138–139

HTML skeleton pages, 124–125

JavaScript bootstrapper, 128–129

modifying URL scheme, 126–128

sessions

with express middleware, 153–155

on multiple servers, 223–227

setRawMode function, 267

setTimeout function, 51

shebang, 260

shell. See Node shell; REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop)

shift function, 34

sort function, 35

source code, downloading, 5

spawn function, 274–276

splice function, 28, 34

split function, 29

SQL. See MySQL

SSL, 229

built-in support for, 230–231

generating test certificates, 229–230

proxy server support, 231–232

stability levels, 4

static content

serving with express, 151–152

serving with streams, 115

buffers, 117–120

modifying URL scheme, 126–128

multiple file types, 120–121

reading files, 116

in sample application, 125–126

stderr, 266. See also error handling

stdin, 266. See also input

stdout, 266

streams

moving data between, 121

receiving POST data, 83–86

serving static content, 115

with buffers, 117–120

modifying URL scheme, 126–128

multiple file types, 120–121

reading files, 116

in sample application, 125–126

strings, 27–30

buffers versus, 117

functions, 28–29

regular expressions, 29–30

substr function, 28

synchronous functions, 61, 262

creating directories, 264–265

file operations, 263–264

listing directory contents, 265

synchronous programming, changing to asynchronous programming, 51–53

T

TDD (test-driven development), 277

tee utility, 216–217

templates, client-side, 122–124

adding pages, 188–191

with Mustache, 129–131

in sample application, 131–134

ternary operator, 41

test certificates, generating, 229–230

test-driven development (TDD), 277

testing

API design, 283–286

frameworks

installing Mocha, 283

installing nodeunit, 278

selecting, 277–278

Heroku applications, 239

virtual hosts, 228–229

writing tests, 278

asynchronous tests, 282

functional tests, 279–281

groups of tests, 281–282

this keyword, 56–59

threads, blocking IO and, 49–50

time function, 47

trim function, 29

try/catch blocks, 46

asynchronous functions and, 53–54

typeof, 24, 32

types

arrays, 32–35

booleans, 26

comparisons and conversions, 36–37

constants, 24

explained, 23–24

numbers, 25–26

objects, 30–32

strings, 27–30

U

unbuffered input, 267–268

undefined, 24, 33

UNIX. See Linux; Macintosh

unlinkSync function, 264

unshift function, 34

updating. See also modifying API design

documents in collections, 171–172

express for authentication, 202–203

handlers in sample application, 182–188

Node.js, 21–22

packages, 93

uploading files, 154–155

URL contents

downloading on Windows, 17

modifying URL scheme, 126–128

url.parse function, 80

user handlers, creating, 205–207

users

authenticating, 206–207

creating, 199–201, 205–206

fetching, 201–202

V

variable scope. See scope of functions

verifying Windows installation of Node.js, 10–12

versioning of modules, 94, 97

virtual hosting, 227–229

W

warn function, 47

waterfall function, 104–106

web applications

asynchronous looping, 69–71

authentication, 157–160

creating login forms, 160–161

flash messages, 162–163

logging in, 161

restricting page access, 162

client-side templates, 122–124

adding pages, 188–191

with Mustache, 129–131

in sample application, 131–134

data structure in sample application, 192

deploying, 215

to Azure, 244–256

basic deployment, 216–217

to Heroku, 235–244

on Linux/Mac, 218–219

multiprocessor deployment, 220–223

problems with basic deployment, 218

sessions on multiple servers, 223–227

virtual hosting, 227–229

on Windows, 219–220

error handling, 163–164

error handling in, 66

limitations of, 1–2

multiplatform development, 232

locations and configuration files, 232–233

paths, 233

multiple request types, 71–79

paging functionality, 79–82

POST data

receiving via forms, 86–87

receiving via streams, 83–86

sending, 82–83

returning data, 67–69

securing with HTTPS/SSL, 229

built-in support for, 230–231

generating test certificates, 229–230

proxy server support, 231–232

updating routing, 141–144

web servers. See also JSON servers

creating, 16–18

in express, 138–139

HTML skeleton pages, 124–125

JavaScript bootstrapper, 128–129

modifying URL scheme, 126–128

static content. See static content

wget, 17

Windows

configuration files, 232–233

deploying on, 219–220

downloading URL contents, 17

installing memcached, 225

installing Mocha, 283

installing Node.js, 9–12

passing parameters, 262

running scripts, 260–261

writeSync function, 263

writing

to log files, 216–217

low-level operations in sample application, 175–181

modules, 89–90, 95–100

tests, 278

asynchronous tests, 282

functional tests, 279–281

groups of tests, 281–282

Y

yielding control, 59–61