Glossary of Arabic Terms

A'mal salih
Righteous work. Rule-compliant work.
Ábd
Servant-adorer.
Ádl ‘dalah
Justice, balance.
Ahadeeth
Reported sayings or actions of the Messenger (singular hadeeth).
Akhlaq
Moral ethical disposition.
Al-amal
Work in Islam.
Al-Ameen
The one who is trustworthy.
Al Amr
A command or a decree.
Al-amr bil-ma'ruf wa Al-nahy ‘an il munkar
Commanding the good and forbidding the evil. Encouraging rule compliance and discouraging rule violation.
Al-Faridhatu Al-Ádilah
The just duties.
Al-Insan-ul-Kamil
Perfected human being.
Al-Rahman
The Universally Merciful Allah.
Al-riba
Interest rate.
Al-Sunnatu Al-Qa'imah
The established tradition.
Amanah
Trust.
Áqd
Agreement, contract.
Áql
Contemplative intelligence. The root verb also means “to restrain” or “to withhold.” To indicate restraint on impulsive action or response.
Aslamtu
I have delivered myself into safety/security (comes from Salám) of Allah (swt).
Ayah
Sign; something that stands in relation to something else such that cognizance of the sign leads to the cognizance of the thing represented by the sign.
Ayatu Al-Muhkamah
Firm signs.
Baraka
Blessings (plural barakat).
Bay’
Exchange.
Bay'ah
A contract between the person who is deemed worthy of accession (who has demonstrated full compliance with prescribed rules) to the office according to the first dimension of legitimacy and the members of the community.
Bay’ al-muajjil
Sales contract with deferred payment.
Bay’ salám
Sales contract with deferred delivery.
Dayn
Debt.
Deen
A way of living; obedience to a set of rules of behavior; a way of conduct in service of something or someone. It covers customs, habits, religion, ideology, cosmology, praxis, conduct, and rules of behavior (institutions).
Du'a
Prayer.
Fadl
Grace or blessing from Allah (swt).
Falah
Success and salvation.
Fiqh
Knowledge of issues regarding jurisprudence.
Fitrah
The primordial nature of humans.
Fuqaha
Jurists (singular faqih).
Gharar
Excessive information; asymmetry in a contract or exposure to excessive risk.
Hajr
Sequestration of property due to violation of rule compliance (e.g., wasting of resources at one's disposal).
Halal
Permissible.
Haram
Unlawful.
Hawa
Whim and caprice.
Hayat Tayyibah
Purified, blissful life that results from complete rule compliance.
Hijra
The migration of the Prophet (sawa) and his followers from Mecca to Medina until AH 450 (AD 1058).
Hisab
Account.
Ibadah
Worship; acts of communion; connotes both adoration and service (singular ibadat).
Ihsan
Acts of beneficence; mohsin: a person whose actions become acts of beneficence.
Ihtikar
Hoarding of commodities and productive resources from the market for the purpose of pushing up the prices.
Ijarah
Leasing contract.
Ijma'
Consensus of jurists.
Ijtihad
From the root jahd, meaning “struggle.”
Ikrah hukmi
Aversive ruling.
Ílm
Knowledge (plural ulum).
Imamah
The principle of governance in which the Imam as the leader of the society is fully rule compliant.
Imamate
Temporal and spiritual leadership of the society.
Iman
A word derived from the verb amina, meaning safety and security
Iman
The position associated with entrance into the sanctuary of safety and security of Allah (swt).
Infaq
Expenditures.
Insan
Human.
Iqta'iddar
Devoting land for building houses.
Israf
Extravagance.
Istihsan
Judicial preference.
Isti'mar
Physical development of the earth.
Istisna
Consignment or contract to manufacture or develop an asset.
Itlaf
Wasting, destruction.
Itraf
Opulence.
Jannah
Paradise.
Jihad
Struggle.
Jo'ala
Offering a service for a predetermined fee or commission.
Karamah
Human dignity.
Khairat
Benevolent contribution.
Kharaj
Taxes and rents on public lands used by private producers.
Khilafa
Agency trustee.
Khilafah
Agent/trustee.
Khisarah
Probability of loss.
Khums
Means one-fifth of income (Chapter 8 of the Quran) given to the Messenger or his legitimate successor for the expenditure and transfer payments.
Khyar Haywan
When the subjects of the negotiations were pack animals, the buyer had the right to return the animal up to three days after the deal was consumed.
Khyar Majlis
When sellers and buyers could terminate negotiation before leaving the location in which the negotiation is taking place.
Khyar Moddah
When a delivery period was specified but the product was not delivered on time.
Khyar Qashsh
When the buyer discovers that the quality of the product is not what was expected.
Khyar Rou'yah
When a buyer has not seen the commodity subject of the negotiation but after seeing it finds it unacceptable.
Khyar Shart
When the side conditions that were specified during the negotiations were left unfulfilled.
Kifala
Suretyship or guarantee contract.
Kufr
Rejection of faith. Covering of truth.
La dharar wa la dhirar
No harm no injury.
Ma'rifa
Intimate knowledge gained through struggle (jihad) to become fully rule compliant.
Maád
The return of creation to its origin and accountability of humanity (individually and collectively) for acts of commission and omission, success, and failure in achieving, establishing, upholding justice toward their selves, others of their kind, and the rest of creation.
Madhahib
Schools of thought.
Mafsada
Disutility.
Maqasid
Objectives.
Maqasid-al-Shariah
The key objectives of Shariah.
Maslaha
Utility.
Maslahah
Society's interests; public interest.
Maysir
Speculative risk.
Meethaq
Covenant; the Primordial Covenant that all humans were called before their Supreme Creator and asked to testify that they recognize in Him as the One and Only Creator and Sustainer of the entire Creation and all other implications flowing from this testimony.
Millah
Belief.
Mu'min
Someone who has entered the sanctuary.
Muamalat
Transactions.
Mubadilah al-maal bi al-maal
Exchange of property with property.
Mubayaá
Political allegiance; a contract between the ruler and the community that the leader will be rule-compliant in the discharge of the duties of the office (from the word bay'ah).
Mudarib
Asset/investment manager.
Mudharabah
A contract between a capital provider (rab-al-mal) and an asset manager (mudarib) with the profits and losses shared according to the contractual agreement.
Muhkam
Unambiguous.
Muhtasib
Person in charge of holding market participants to accountability.
Musharakah
An equity partnership where partners participate in risk-sharing contract.
Nafaqa
A man's financial support for his wife.
Nisab
A minimum amount of wealth to qualify for zakat.
Niyyah
Intent combined with commitment to a rule-complying action.
Nubbowah
Prophecy; the continuous chain of humans appointed by the Creator to remind, warn, cleanse, teach, and induce humans to bring about and uphold justice within the created order through their position of agency-trustee assigned and empowered by the Supreme Creator.
Qaba'il
Tribes.
Qaflah
Negligence, inattention, and carelessness.
Qardh Hassan
A beautiful loan (interest free).
Qaum
People.
Qhay
Deep ignorance.
Qist
Mutual and interrelational justice among humans and between them and the rest of creation.
Qiyas
Analogy.
Rabb or Allah
The Cherisher Lord.
Rasheed
Someone who is making progress on the path to perfection.
Rububiyyah
The manifestation of the actions of the Rabb expressing the twin ideas of “cherishing” and “Lordship.”
Ruh
Spirit.
Rushd
Enlightened (opposite of qhay).
Sadaqa
From the root word meaning “truthfulness” and “sincerity” (plural sadaqat). Transfer payments for the purpose of relieving monetary constraints on those in need.
Sadaqat
Payments to redeem others' rights and a demonstration of the veracity of one's claim to Islamicity.
Sakiynah
Tranquility.
Sakk
Certificate of ownership.
Salaam
Sales contract.
Salah
Ritual individual and congregational prayers.
Salámah or Salám
Connoting the verbal idea of “entering safety and security” or “becoming safe and secure.”
Shahadah
Witnessing; the witnessing of Allah as the One and Only Creator, Sustainer, and Cherisher of the creation, and the witnessing of the Messengership of Muhammad (sawa).
Shariah
Islamic law.
Shirakah
Contract of partnership.
Shirk
Associating partners with Allah. It also expresses the idea that undermining the human dignity of the individual through discrimination on whatever basis connotes that their Creator is different from one's own.
Shu'ub
Branches of humanity (singular Sha'b).
Sukuk
Commonly known as Islamic bonds (plural sakk).
Ta'seer
Price controls.
Tafakkur
Reflective meditation—reasoning, i.e., observing, considering, and reflecting on the significance of things and phenomena.
Takaful
Contract of mutual care; same as Islamic insurance based on the concept of solidarity and mutual help.
Talaqqa ArRukban
The prohibition of interference with supply before entrance into the market.
Taqwa
An intense awareness of the presence of the Cherisher Lord; Allah-consciousness.
Tatfeef
Short-changing a buyer—not giving full weight and measure.
Tawbah
Repentance.
Tawheed
Connotes the idea of the belief in the One-and-Onlyness of the Creator.
Tazakkiy
The cleansing-purification process that makes becoming fully rule compliant possible.
Tijarah
Trade.
Úbudiyyah
Expresses the twin ideas of “adoration” and “service” in responding to the walayahh of Allah given through Rububiyyah.
Ukhuwwah
Brotherhood (comes from a'kh meaning “brother”).
Ulil-albab
Those who attain an ever-active full consciousness of the Presence of Allah (swt).
Ummah
Community of believers.
Urf
Customs.
Waad
Promise.
Wakil
Representative in principal/agent contract.
Walayahh
Mandate; the unconditional, dynamic, active, ever-present love of the Supreme Creator for His Creation manifested through the act of creation and provisioning of its sustenance; being, or working, in the closest possible proximity to someone.
Wali
Protector/guardian.
Waliyy
The one who is doing walayahh (plural aulia').
Waliyy-u-Allah
Devotee of Allah.
Waqf
Designated assets whose underlying income flows are used to support building and maintaining public infrastructures.
Wikala
Representation contact or principal/agent contract.
Yaqeen
The state of full certainty.
Zakat
The rights of others to one's income and wealth designated by the Messenger (sawa) as being about 2.5 percent of annual net wealth.
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