Index
Symbols
: (colon), 239
(*,G) state entry
displaying, 88
(S,G) state entry
displaying, 88
overview, 9
A
access control lists (ACLs), 171
access-group command, 218
ACLs (access control lists), 171
active state validation, 84
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests, 25
address-family information (AFI), 269
addressing, IPv4. See also scoping
inter-network multicast addresses, 18–19
link-local multicast addresses, 16–18
MAC (media access control) address mapping, 26–28
multicast address assignment, 14–16
multicast frames, switching, 28–29
overview, 13
addressing, IPv6
group addressing
AIANA unicast-prefix-based multicast addresses, 247–248
fixed-scope group addresses, 245
IPv6-address-to-MAC-address mapping, 250
nested group scoping, 244
scoping, 249
solicited-node multicast addresses, 249
source-specific addressing, 248–249
variable-scope group addresses, 244
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
hosts, 251
leaving groups, 258
MLDv2, 253
overview, 251
queriers, 251
PIM6
ASM (any-source multicast), 269
automatic PIM configuration, 266–268
FIB (forwarding information base), 263–264
IPv6 multicast state table, 262
link-local addresses, finding, 264–265
overview, 261
PIM neighbors table, 264
R1 PIM and interface configuration, 265–266
RIB (router information base), 263–264
RP (rendezvous point) options, 270–271
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 263
SSM (source-specific multicast), 269
static mroute entries, 268–269
schema design, 249
AD-HOC blocks, 15
Administratively Scoped blocks, 16
AFI (address-family information), 269
aggregatable global IPv6 addresses, 240–241
AIANA unicast-prefix-based multicast addresses, 247–248
Anycast MSDP mesh groups
overview, 178
RP mapping and MSDP summary, 181
Anycast RP
Anycast MSDP mesh groups
overview, 178
RP mapping and MSDP summary, 181
Anycast RP with Auto-RP
downstream routers, 177
downstream RP mapping, 177
IPv4 PIM Anycast RP
cautions, 160
MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol) configuration, 150–151
any-source multicast (ASM), 70, 269
applications
ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits), 45
examples, 210
application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), 45
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) requests, 25
ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits), 45
ASM (any-source multicast), 70, 269
ASN (autonomous system number), 15, 125, 247
assert messages, 75
assignment, IPv6 addressing, 245–247
AS (autonomous system), 125, 168
autonomous system (AS), 125, 168
autonomous system number (ASN), 15, 125, 247
auto-rp candidate-rp command, 136
auto-rp mapping-agent command, 136
Auto-RP protocol
Anycast RP with Auto-RP
downstream routers, 177
downstream RP mapping, 177
Auto-RP Listener commands, 137
candidate RP commands, 136
feature considerations, 136
IOS Auto-RP configuration, 137–139
IOS-XR Auto-RP configuration, 139–141
mapping agent commands, 136
NX-OS Auto-RP configuration, 141–143
B
BCP (best current practices), 21
best practices
BCP (best current practices), 21
DR (designated router) selection, 212–215
importance of, 209
performance tuning for multicast, 211–212
security
control plane resources, 216–218
RPs (rendezvous points), 225–226
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
BGP RIB, 207
deterministic multicast BGP configuration, 205–206
BiDir (bidirectional PIM)
phantom RPs (rendezvous points), 160–162
bootstrap router. See BSR (bootstrap router)
border configuration commands (PIM), 222–223. See also boundaries
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
BGP RIB, 207
deterministic multicast BGP configuration, 205–206
applying, 221
boundary group mapping, 222
neighbor filter commands, 224
PIM border configuration commands, 222–223
boundary command, 220
branch RP mapping, 186
branches on network trees, 56, 68
broadcast domains, 11
broadcasts
broadcast domains, 11
forwarding, 11
BSR configuration commands, 144
candidate RP configuration commands, 145
IOS BSR configuration, 145–146
IOS-XR BSR configuration, 146–148
NX-OS BSR configuration, 148–149
overview, 143
bsr border command, 223
bsr candidate-bsr command, 144
bsr candidate-rp command, 145
C
CAM (content addressable memory), 39
campus RP mapping, 185
candidate RP commands
Auto-RP protocol, 136
BSR (bootstrap router), 145
capturing packets
IGMP snooping, 41
IGMPv2, 33
leave capture output, 44
membership reports, 43
PIM (protocol independent multicast) messages, 73–74
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 190
CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol)
leave process, 39
channels (SSM), 110
Cisco Auto-RP protocol, 19
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), 190
Cisco Group Management Protocol. See CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol)
Cisco VSS (Virtual Switching System), 211, 215
Class D addressing, 14
classful addressing (IPv4), 13–14
colon (:), 239
command ipv6 route command, 268
access-group, 218
auto-rp candidate-rp, 136
auto-rp mapping-agent, 136
boundary, 220
bsr border, 223
bsr candidate-bsr, 144
bsr candidate-rp, 145
command ipv6 route, 268
debug ip igmp snooping group, 42
debug ip igmp snooping router, 42
debug ip mpacket, 307
debug ip pim, 95, 106, 297–299, 307–308
debug ipv6 mld, 261
dense-mode proxy register, 129
errdisable recovery, 48
feature pim, 268
feature pim6, 268
global maximum, 217
ip igmp access-group, 218
ip igmp immediate-leave group, 35
ip igmp immediate-leave group-list, 35
ip igmp limit, 217
ip igmp state-limit, 217
ip multicast, 217
ip multicast boundary, 220
ip multicast multipath, 198–199
ip multicast multipath s-g-hash basic, 199
ip multicast multipath s-g-hash next-hop-based, 199
ip ospf network point-to-point, 161
ip pim accept-register, 223
ip pim autorp listener, 137
ip pim auto-rp mapping-agent, 136
ip pim auto-rp mapping-agent-policy, 226
ip pim auto-rp rp-candidate, 136
ip pim bsr border, 223
ip pim bsr bsr-policy, 223
ip pim neighbor-filter, 224
ip pim neighbor-policy, 224
ip pim register-policy, 225
ip pim register-rate-limit, 225
ip pim rp-address, 130
ip pim spt-threshold, 94
ip pim state-limit, 217
ipv6 multicast boundary, 271
ipv6 multicast-routing, 254, 268, 276–277
ipv6 pim, 268
ipv6 pim bsr border, 271
join-group, 255
maximum groups, 217
maximum register-states, 225
neighbor-filter, 224
router pim, 128
rp-address, 130
show interface Gi0/12, 44
show interfaces tunnel 0, 90
show ip igmp group, 326
show ip igmp groups, 84
show ip igmp interface, 34, 326–327
show ip igmp snooping groups, 43
show ip mfib count, 325
show ip mroute
(*,G) and (S,G) state entries, displaying, 88
active state for multicast group, validating, 84
BiDir (bidirectional PIM), 106–107
pruning of multicast routes, verifying, 82
RP and control-plane check, 297
SSM (source-specific multicast), 112–119
troubleshooting case study, 319
show ip msdp sa-cache, 320
show ip ospf neighbor, 321–322
show ip pim interface, 215, 322–323, 330
show ip pim interface df, 108
show ip pim interfaces, 71
show ip pim neighbor, 321–322, 330–331
show ip pim neighbors, 71
show ip pim rp, 122–123, 331–332
show ip pim rp mapping, 122–123, 332–333
show ip rpf, 297
show ipv6 mld snooping address, 261
show ipv6 mld snooping mrouter, 260–261
show ipv6 mroute, 262, 281–282
show ipv6 pim group-map, 279–282
show ipv6 pim neighbor, 264
show ipv6 pim range-list, 270
show ipv6 rpf, 262
show mrib route, 329
show pim neighbor, 331
show pim rp mapping, 333
show running-config all, 266–267
static-group, 255
static-rpf, 204
storm-control action shutdown, 48
compressed IPv6 address formats, 240
configuration
Anycast MSDP mesh groups, 178–181
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 174–177
Auto-RP
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 174–177
Auto-RP Listener commands, 137
candidate RP commands, 136
feature considerations, 136
IOS Auto-RP configuration, 137–139
IOS-XR Auto-RP configuration, 139–141
mapping agent commands, 136
NX-OS Auto-RP configuration, 141–143
overview, 135
BSR (bootstrap router)
BSR configuration commands, 144
candidate RP configuration commands, 145
IOS BSR configuration, 145–146
IOS-XR BSR configuration, 146–148
NX-OS BSR configuration, 148–149
overview, 143
deterministic path selection
BGP RIB, 207
deterministic multicast BGP configuration, 205–206
deterministic multicast BGP RPF, 207–208
enterprise scoped multicast domains
branch RP mapping, 186
campus RP mapping, 185
global RP configuration, 183–184
local RP configuration, 184–185
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
on routers, 37
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol), 150–151
PIM (protocol independent multicast)
SM (sparse mode), 323
PIM6
automatic PIM configuration, 266–268
R1 PIM and interface configuration, 265–266
sample topology
R3 and R4 multicast configurations, 284–286
SLA (service level agreement)
receiver, 305
sender, 305
SSM (source-specific multicast), 162–164
confirming IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol) snooping, 44–45
content addressable memory (CAM), 39
control-plane check (RP)
control-plane policing (CoPP), 216
control-plane security, 216–218
convergence, 212
CoPP (control-plane policing), 216
D
daemons, mrouted, 20
debug commands
debug ip igmp snooping group, 42
debug ip igmp snooping router, 42
debug ip mpacket, 307
debug ip pim, 95, 106, 307–308
debug ipv6 mld, 261
defining IP multicast domains, 124–128
dense mode (PIM)
dense-mode proxy register command, 129
design
best practices
DR (designated router) selection, 212–215
importance of, 209
performance tuning for multicast, 211–212
security. See security
hybrid designs
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 174–177
comparison of, 174
overview, 173
RP distribution methods and, 174
multicast group scoping
global group assignment and, 168–170
hybrid designs. See hybrid designs
organizational considerations, 168–170
Multicaster’s Bank Corp. case study
Boca Raton office, 230
global domain, 233
multicast address schema, 234–237
overlapping PIM domains, 232
scenario, 228
RP placement, 186
traffic engineering
deterministic path selection, 201–208
FIB (forwarding information base), 188–191
MFIB (multicast forwarding information base), 193–197
mRIB (multicast router information base), 191–197
packet replication, 191
RIB (router information base), 188–190
designated forwarders (DFs), 105–106
queriers, 31
deterministic path selection
BGP RIB, 207
deterministic multicast BGP configuration, 205–206
deterministic multicast BGP RPF, 207–208
static multicast state entries, 203–205
tunneling multicast, 208
unicast RIB with multiple paths, 202–203
development (multicast), 21
DFs (designated forwarders), 105–106
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 53
digraphs (directed graphs), 55–56
directed graphs (digraphs), 55–56
disabling embedded RP, 282
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), 20, 54–55
DM (dense mode)
domains
broadcast domains, 11
enterprise scoped multicast domains
branch RP mapping, 186
campus RP mapping, 185
global RP configuration, 183–184
local RP configuration, 184–185
IP multicast domains
multicast scope range, 127–128
multicast boundaries
applying, 221
boundary group mapping, 222
neighbor filter commands, 224
PIM border configuration commands, 222–223
Multicaster’s Bank Corp. case study, 126–127, 233
Anycast RP configuration
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 177
IOS-XR, 157
Auto-RP configuration
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 177
IOS-XR, 141
NX-OS Anycast RP configuration, 159–160
DRs (designated routers)
queriers, 31
DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol), 20, 54–55
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 53
dynamic RP (rendezvous point) information propagation
advantages of, 134
Auto-RP protocol
Auto-RP Listener commands, 137
candidate RP commands, 136
feature considerations, 136
IOS Auto-RP configuration, 137–139
IOS-XR Auto-RP configuration, 139–141
mapping agent commands, 136
NX-OS Auto-RP configuration, 141–143
overview, 135
BSR (bootstrap router)
BSR configuration commands, 144
candidate RP configuration commands, 145
IOS BSR configuration, 145–146
IOS-XR BSR configuration, 146–148
NX-OS BSR configuration, 148–149
overview, 143
E
EGP (External Gateway Protocol), 124–125
egress replication, 46
EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP), 54
embedded RP (rendezvous point)
definition of, 269
groups
IPv6 multicast group ping, 280
overview, 269
RP-to-group mapping, verifying, 279
MRIB (multicast routing information base) group state, 281–282
Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP), 54
enterprise scoped multicast domains
branch RP mapping, 186
campus RP mapping, 185
global RP configuration, 183–184
local RP configuration, 184–185
errdisable recovery command, 48
Ethernet broadcasting, 2
EXCLUDE mode (SSM), 111
External Gateway Protocol (EGP), 124–125
F
feature pim command, 268
feature pim6 command, 268
FIB (forwarding information base)
filtering sources, 36
finding IPv6 link-local addresses, 264–265
fixed-scope group addresses, 245
flags (IPv6 addresses), 242–243
flooding, 2
forward keyword, 137
forwarding. See also traffic engineering
broadcasts, 11
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 190
FIB (forwarding information base)
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery), 255–257
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 58, 61–63
source tree forwarding, 100–101
unicasts, 11
forwarding information base (FIB)
frames
definition of, 9
multicast frames, switching, 28–29
G
GDA (Group Destination Address), 38
General any-source multicast (ASM) PIM mode, 269
geography, group scoping by, 170–172
global group assignment, 168–170
global IPv6 addresses, 240–241
global maximum command, 217
global RP (rendezvous point) configuration, 183–184
graft messages, 75
group addressing
IPv4
inter-network multicast addresses, 18–19
link-local multicast addresses, 16–18
multicast address assignment, 14–16
overview, 13
IPv6
AIANA unicast-prefix-based multicast addresses, 247–248
fixed-scope group addresses, 245
nested group scoping, 244
scoping, 249
solicited-node multicast addresses, 249
source-specific addressing, 248–249
variable-scope group addresses, 244
Group Destination Address (GDA), 38
group membership
maintaining, 44
verification, 84
active state validation, 84
Anycast MSDP mesh groups
overview, 178
RP mapping and MSDP summary, 181
group membership
maintaining, 44
verification, 84
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
configuration on routers, 37
IGMPv1, 31
interoperability between versions, 38
join group, creating, 318
IPv4 group addressing
inter-network multicast addresses, 18–19
link-local multicast addresses, 16–18
multicast address assignment, 14–16
overview, 13
IPv6 addressing
AIANA unicast-prefix-based multicast addresses, 247–248
fixed-scope group addresses, 245
nested group scoping, 244
solicited-node multicast addresses, 249
source-specific addressing, 248–249
variable-scope group addresses, 244
management
CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol), 43
RGMP (Router-Port Group Management Protocol), 39–40
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
leaving, 258
PIM6 group modes
ASM (any-source multicast), 269
SSM (source-specific multicast), 269
scoping
global group assignment and, 168–170
hybrid designs. See hybrid designs
organizational considerations, 168–170
source comma group, 9
H
HA (high availability), 123–124
hash mask, 144
high availability (HA), 123–124
hop-by-hop state validation, 299–303
hosts
IPv6, 251
overview, 52
HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol), 214
Anycast MSDP mesh groups, 174
Anycast RP with Auto-RP
downstream routers, 177
downstream RP mapping, 177
comparison of, 174
enterprise scoped multicast domains
branch RP mapping, 186
campus RP mapping, 185
global RP configuration, 183–184
local RP configuration, 184–185
overview, 173
RP distribution methods and, 174
RP placement, 186
scoped multicast domains, 181–182
I
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 10
ICMP (Internet Control Messaging Protocol), 251
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 21
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 10, 21
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
configuration on routers, 37
groups
membership verification, 84
IGMPv1, 31
IGMPv2
membership query packet capture, 33
message format, 32
message types, 32
MRT (maximum response time), 33
overview, 32
show ip igmp interface command, 34
IGMPv3
message format, 35
MRC (maximum response code), 36
overview, 35
source filtering, 36
interoperability between versions, 38
join groups, creating, 318
leave capture output, 44
RIB (router information base), 206–207
snooping
debug ip igmp snooping group command, 42
debug ip igmp snooping router command, 42
group membership, maintaining, 44
IGMP membership report packet capture, 43
IGMP query packet capture, 41
IGMP snooping table, 42
show ip igmp snooping groups command, 43
IGPs (interior gateway protocols), 212
IIL (incoming interface list), 58
INCLUDE mode (SSM), 111
incoming interface list (IIL), 58
ingress replication, 46
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 21
interior gateway protocols (IGPs), 212
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 10
Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP), 251
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 10, 21
Internet Group Messaging Protocol. See IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
Internetwork Control blocks, 15, 18–19
inter-network multicast addresses (IPv4), 18–19
interoperability (IGMP), 38
IOS
Auto-RP configuration, 137–139
BSR (bootstrap router) configuration, 145–146
commands. See commands
phantom RPs (rendezvous points), 161–162
PIM (protocol independent multicast) Anycast RP configuration, 153–155
IOS-XR
Auto-RP configuration, 139–141
BSR (bootstrap router) configuration, 146–148
commands. See commands
PIM (protocol independent multicast) Anycast RP configuration, 155–157
ip igmp access-group command, 218
ip igmp immediate-leave group-list, 35
ip igmp join-group command, 304, 318
ip igmp last-member-query-count timer command, 35
ip igmp limit command, 217
ip igmp query-interval timer command, 34
ip igmp query-max-response-time timer command, 34
ip igmp query-timeout timer command, 35
ip igmp snooping command, 44–45
ip igmp state-limit command, 217
ip multicast boundary command, 220
ip multicast command, 217
IP multicast domains
multicast scope range, 127–128
ip multicast multipath command, 198–199
ip multicast multipath s-g-hash basic command, 199
ip multicast multipath s-g-hash next-hop-based command, 199
IP multipath
deterministic path selection
BGP RIB, 207
deterministic multicast BGP configuration, 205–206
deterministic multicast BGP RPF, 207–208
static multicast state entries, 203–205
tunneling multicast, 208
unicast RIB with multiple paths, 202–203
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 201
ip ospf network point-to-point command, 161
ip pim accept-register command, 223
ip pim autorp listener command, 137
ip pim auto-rp mapping-agent command, 136
ip pim auto-rp mapping-agent-policy command, 226
ip pim auto-rp rp-candidate command, 136
ip pim bsr border command, 223
ip pim bsr bsr-policy command, 223
ip pim command, 68–69, 128–129
ip pim neighbor-filter command, 224
ip pim neighbor-policy commands, 224
ip pim register-policy command, 225
ip pim register-rate-limit command, 225
ip pim rp-address command, 130
ip pim sparse-mode command, 130–132
ip pim spt-threshold command, 94
ip pim state-limit command, 217
IPv4 addressing. See also scoping
compared to IPv6 addressing, 20–21
group scoping
scoping by geography/priority, 170–172
scoping by octet, 170
scoping by octet applied, 172–173
inter-network multicast addresses, 18–19
link-local multicast addresses, 16–18
multicast address assignment, 14–16
overview, 13
IPv6 addressing
compared to IPv4 addressing, 20–21
group addressing
AIANA unicast-prefix-based multicast addresses, 247–248
fixed-scope group addresses, 245
IPv6-address-to-MAC-address mapping, 250
nested group scoping, 244
scoping, 249
solicited-node multicast addresses, 249
source-specific addressing, 248–249
variable-scope group addresses, 244
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
hosts, 251
leaving groups, 258
MLDv2, 253
overview, 251
queriers, 251
PIM6
ASM (any-source multicast), 269
automatic PIM configuration, 266–268
FIB (forwarding information base), 263–264
IPv6 multicast state table, 262
link-local addresses, finding, 264–265
overview, 261
PIM neighbors table, 264
R1 PIM and interface configuration, 265–266
RIB (router information base), 263–264
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 263
SSM (source-specific multicast), 269
static mroute entries, 268–269
schema design, 249
ipv6 multicast boundary command, 271
ipv6 multicast-routing command, 254, 268, 276–277
ipv6 pim bsr border command, 271
ipv6 pim command, 268
ipv6 pim sparse-mode command, 266–267
J-K
join-group command, 255
joining
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) groups, 255–257
keywords. See also commands
forward, 137
listen, 137
override, 130
L
last-hop router (LHR), 81
latency (leave), 253
Layer 2 multicast
CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol)
leave process, 39
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
configuration on routers, 37
IGMPv1, 31
MAC (media access control) address mapping, 26–28
multicast frames, switching, 28–29
packet replication process, 45–47
references, 49
RGMP (Router-Port Group Management Protocol), 39–40
Layer 3 multicast
MFIB (multicast forwarding information base), 101
MRIB (multicast routing information base), 101–104
multicast hosts
overview, 52
network trees
branches, 68
overview, 51
PIM (protocol independent multicast)
BiDir (bidirectional PIM), 104–109
designated routers (DRs), 69–71
DM (dense mode), 76–77, 132–134
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 58, 61–63
RPs (rendezvous points), 87–94
SSM (source-specific multicast), 110–119
leave latency, 253
leave messages
definition of, 52
leave process (CGMP), 39
leaves on network trees, 56
CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol) leave process, 39
groups
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol), 85–87
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery), 258
overview, 30
leave messages
definition of, 52
multicast stream
IGMP leave capture output, 44
IGMP snooping, 39
LHR (last-hop router), 81
link-local addresses
listen keyword, 137
Listener commands (Auto-RP), 137
Local Network Control blocks, 15, 16–18
local network control (IPv4), 16–18
local RP configuration, 184–185
M
MAC (media access control) addresses, mapping
IPv6, 250
MADCAP (Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol), 53
maintaining group membership, 44
management, group
CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol), 43
RGMP (Router-Port Group Management Protocol), 39–40
many-to-many multicast applications, 6–7
many-to-one multicast applications, 7–8
mapping
boundary group mapping, 221
IPv6 addresses to MAC addresses, 250
MAC (media access control) address mapping, 26–28
RPs (rendezvous points)
Anycast MSDP mesh groups, 181
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 177
branch RP mapping, 186
campus RP mapping, 185
RP-to-group mapping, verifying, 279
RPs (rendezvous points) to groups, 77–78, 122–123
mapping agent commands (Auto-RP), 136
maximum groups command, 217
maximum register-states command, 225
maximum response code (MRC), 36
maximum response time (MRT), 32–33
MBone (multicast backbone) project, 20
media access control (MAC) addresses, mapping
IPv6, 250
membership
maintaining, 44
membership reports, 52
verification, 84
mesh groups (Anycast MSDP)
overview, 178
RP mapping and MSDP summary, 181
messages
join messages, 52
leave messages
definition of, 52
PIM (protocol independent multicast)
assert, 75
graft, 75
join, 75
leave, 75
prune, 75
MFIB (multicast forwarding information base)
definition of, 10
RPF check, 101
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
groups
leaving, 258
hosts, 251
MLD snooping
MLDv2, 253
queriers, 251
model (OSI), 8
modes
IPv4 PIM
PIM6
ASM (any-source multicast), 269
SSM (source-specific multicast), 269
MOSPF (Multicast Open Shortest Path First), 54–55
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 168
MRC (maximum response code), 36
MRIB (multicast routing information base)
embedded RP
disabling, 282
overview, 9
(S,G) state entry
displaying, 88
IPv6 multicast state table, 262
overview, 204
PIM6 static mroute entries, 268–269
static entry output, 204
mrouted daemon, 20
mrouter ports, 42
MRT (maximum response time), 32–33
MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol)
Anycast MSDP mesh groups
overview, 178
RP mapping and MSDP summary, 181
multicast address assignment (IPv4), 14–16
Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAP), 53
multicast backbone (MBone) project, 20
multicast boundaries
applying, 221
boundary group mapping, 222
neighbor filter commands, 224
PIM border configuration commands, 222–223
multicast forwarding information base. See MFIB (multicast forwarding information base)
multicast frames, switching, 28–29
multicast hosts
overview, 52
Multicast Listener Discovery. See MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
Multicast Listener Done messages, 252
Multicast Listener Query messages, 252
Multicast Listener Report messages, 252
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF), 54–55
multicast router ports, 42
MFIB (multicast forwarding information base)
definition of, 10
RPF check, 101
MRIB (multicast routing information base)
overview, 9
network trees
branches, 68
PIM (protocol independent multicast)
BiDir (bidirectional PIM), 104–109
designated routers (DRs), 69–71
DM (dense mode), 76–77, 132–134
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 58, 61–63
RPs (rendezvous points), 87–94
SSM (source-specific multicast), 110–119
multicast routing information base. See MRIB (multicast routing information base)
multicast scope range, 127
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) configuration, 150–151
multicast sources. See sources
multicast traffic engineering. See traffic engineering
multicast virtual private network (mVPN), 54
Multicaster’s Bank Corp. case study
design
Boca Raton office, 230
global domain, 233
multicast address schema, 234–237
overlapping PIM domains, 232
overview, 228
troubleshooting
control plane debug capture, 319
IGMP join group, creating, 318
multicast and unicast connectivity check, 318
multicast FIB table, 325
multicast state table, 321, 324–325
PIM neighbor overview, 323
PIM-SM (sparse mode), enabling, 323
receiver verification, 312–314
RP and control-plane verification, 315–317
show ip mroute command, 319
show ip msdp sa-cache command, 320
show ip ospf neighbor command, 321–322
show ip pim interface command, 322–323
show ip pim neighbor command, 321–322
topology, 312
deterministic path selection
BGP RIB, 207
deterministic multicast BGP configuration, 205–206
deterministic multicast BGP RPF, 207–208
static multicast state entries, 203–205
tunneling multicast, 208
unicast RIB with multiple paths, 202–203
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 201
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), 168
mVPN (multicast virtual private network), 54
N
NAT (network address translation), 167
Native Internet multicast, 20
neighbor filter commands, 224
neighbors
IPv6 neighbors table, 264
PIM (protocol independent multicast) neighbors
viewing, 323
network access
group management
CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol), 43
RGMP (Router-Port Group Management Protocol), 39–40
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
configuration on routers, 37
IGMPv1, 31
interoperability between versions, 38
MAC (media access control) address mapping, 26–28
multicast frames, switching, 28–29
packet replication process, 45–47
references, 49
network address translation (NAT), 167
network layer reachability information (NLRI), 269
Network Time Protocol (NTP), 15, 244
network trees. See also PIM (protocol independent multicast)
shared trees
RPs (rendezvous points), 87–94, 122
shared tree forwarding, 91–92, 94–101
shared tree forwarding, 94–101
source tree forwarding, 100–101
Nexus. See NX-OS
NLRI (network layer reachability information), 269
NTP (Network Time Protocol), 15, 244
Auto-RP configuration, 141–143
BSR (bootstrap router) configuration, 148–149
commands. See commands
PIM (protocol independent multicast) Anycast RP configuration, 158–160
O
octet, group scoping by, 170–173
OIL (outgoing interface list), 58, 197
one-to-many multicast applications, 5–6
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 56
Open Systems Interconnect model. See OSI (Open Systems Interconnect)
organizational considerations for group scoping, 168–170
organizational unit identifiers (OUI), 27
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect)
data encapsulation, 23
overview, 8
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 56
OUI (organizational unit identifiers), 27
outgoing interface list (OIL), 58, 197
overlap, MAC (media access control) address overlap, 28
override keyword, 130
P
packets
capture
IGMP snooping, 41
IGMPv2, 33
membership reports, 43
PIM (protocol independent multicast) messages, 73–74
definition of, 9
forwarding. See forwarding
packet replication process, 45–47, 191
PPS (packets per second), 47–48
performance tuning for multicast, 211–212
phantom RPs (rendezvous points), 161–162
PIM (protocol independent multicast). See also RPs (rendezvous points)
(S,G) state entry
displaying, 88
BiDir (bidirectional PIM), 104–109
BSR (bootstrap router)
BSR configuration commands, 144
candidate RP configuration commands, 145
IOS BSR configuration, 145–146
IOS-XR BSR configuration, 146–148
NX-OS BSR configuration, 148–149
overview, 143
configuration
designated routers (DRs), 69–71
DM (dense mode)
IP multicast domains
multicast scope range, 127–128
limitations of, 191
messages
assert, 75
graft, 75
join, 75
leave, 75
prune, 75
MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol)
neighbors
viewing, 323
PIM6
ASM (any-source multicast), 269
automatic PIM configuration, 266–268
FIB (forwarding information base), 263–264
IPv6 multicast state table, 262
link-local addresses, finding, 264–265
overview, 261
PIM neighbors table, 264
R1 PIM and interface configuration, 265–266
RIB (router information base), 263–264
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 263
SSM (source-specific multicast), 269
static mroute entries, 268–269
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 58, 61–63
SM (sparse mode)
enabling, 323
SSM (source-specific multicast)
addressing scheme, 110
channels, 110
dual channel after topology change, 118–119
EXCLUDE mode, 111
INCLUDE mode, 111
overview, 110
ping
IPv6 multicast group ping, 280
placement (RP), 186
ports, multicast router, 42
PPS (packets per second), 47–48
priority
DRs (designated routers), 71
protocol independent multicast. See PIM (protocol independent multicast)
prune messages, 75
pruning multicast routes, 82
Q-R
receivers
definition of, 10
SLA (service level agreement) configuration, 305
verification
rendezvous point trees (RPTs). See shared trees
rendezvous points. See RPs (rendezvous points)
replication
definition of, 11
packet replication, 45–47, 191
reports, membership, 52
reverse path forwarding. See RPF (reverse path forwarding)
RFCs (requests for comment)
RFC 988, 31
RFC 1054, 31
RFC 1136, 125
RFC 1918, 167
RFC 1930, 125
RFC 2236, 32
RFC 2365, 172
RFC 2373, 242
RFC 2730, 15
RFC 2974, 15
RFC 3170, 7
RFC 3307, 249
RFC 3376, 35
RFC 3569, 110
RFC 3618, 178
RFC 4291, 242
RFC 4330, 15
RFC 4604, 35
RFC 4607, 15
RFC 4608, 172
RFC 5015, 104
RFC 6958, 167
RGMP (Router-Port Group Management Protocol), 39–40
unicast RIB with multiple paths, 202–203
roots (network trees), 56
router configuration. See also multicast routing
Anycast RP
Auto-RP
BSR (bootstrap router)
BSR configuration commands, 144
candidate RP configuration commands, 145
overview, 143
DRs (designated routers), 31, 69–71, 121
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol) configuration, 37
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 56
phantom RP configuration, 161–162
sample topology
downstream router configurations, 286–287
R3 and R4 multicast configurations, 284–286
SSM (source-specific multicast) configuration, 162–164
router information base. See RIB (router information base)
router pim command, 128
Router-Port Group Management Protocol (RGMP), 39–40
routing, multicast. See multicast routing
rp-address command, 130
deterministic multicast BGP RPF, 207–208
IP multipath, 201
IPv6 multicast, 263
RPF check process, 101, 196–197
RPs (rendezvous points). See also downstream routers; PIM (protocol independent multicast)
Anycast RP
Anycast MSDP mesh groups, 178–181
Auto-RP protocol
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 174–177
Auto-RP Listener commands, 137
candidate RP commands, 136
feature considerations, 136
IOS Auto-RP configuration, 137–139
IOS-XR Auto-RP configuration, 139–141
mapping agent commands, 136
NX-OS Auto-RP configuration, 141–143
overview, 135
BSR (bootstrap router)
BSR configuration commands, 144
candidate RP configuration commands, 145
IOS BSR configuration, 145–146
IOS-XR BSR configuration, 146–148
NX-OS BSR configuration, 148–149
overview, 143
comparison of distribution methods, 174
discovery, 19
embedded RP
definition of, 269
disabling, 282
IPv6 multicast group ping, 280
MRIB (multicast routing information base) group state, 281–282
RP-to-group mapping, verifying, 279
forwarding joins toward, 87
group-to-RP mappings, 77–78, 122–123
HA (high availability), 123–124
hybrid designs
Anycast MSDP mesh groups, 178–181
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 174–177
comparison of, 174
overview, 173
RP distribution methods and, 174
scoped multicast domains, 181–186
mapping
Anycast MSDP mesh groups, 181
branch RP mapping, 186
campus RP mapping, 185
mroute table entries, displaying, 88
MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol)
PIM Anycast RP
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 174–177
cautions, 160
PIM6
ASM (any-source multicast), 269
SSM (source-specific multicast), 269
placement, 186
RP and control-plane verification, 294–299
shared tree forwarding, 91–92, 122
source registration process, 88–89
source tree forwarding, 100–101
RPTs (rendezvous point trees). See shared trees
S
(S,G) state entry
displaying, 88
overview, 9
SAFI (subsequent address family identifier), 269
schema design (IPv6), 249
scoped multicast domains. See enterprise scoped multicast domains
global group assignment and, 168–170
hybrid designs
Anycast MSDP mesh groups, 178–181
Anycast RP with Auto-RP, 174–177
comparison of, 174
RP distribution methods and, 174
scoped multicast domains, 181–186
IPv4 considerations
scoping by geography/priority, 170–172
scoping by octet, 170
scoping by octet applied, 172–173
multicast scope range, 127–128
organizational considerations, 168–170
SDM (switch database management) templates, 260
SDP/SAP (Session Description Protocol/Session Announcement Protocol) blocks, 15
control plane resources, 216–218
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol) snooping
debug ip igmp snooping group command, 42
debug ip igmp snooping router command, 42
definition of, 40
group membership, maintaining, 44
IGMP membership report packet capture, 43
IGMP query packet capture, 41
IGMP snooping table, 42
show ip igmp snooping groups command, 43
multicast boundaries
applying, 221
boundary group mapping, 222
neighbor filter commands, 224
PIM border configuration commands, 222–223
RPs (rendezvous points), 225–226
segments, 23
sender configuration, 305
service level agreement (SLA) test, 304–307
Session Description Protocol/Session Announcement Protocol (SDP/SAP) blocks, 15
RPs (rendezvous points), 87–94, 122
shared tree forwarding, 91–92, 94–101
source tree forwarding, 100–101
show commands
show interface Gi0/12, 44
show interfaces tunnel 0, 90
show ip igmp group, 326
show ip igmp groups, 84
show ip igmp interface, 34, 326–327
show ip igmp snooping groups, 43
show ip mfib count, 325
show ip mroute
(*,G) and (S,G) state entries, displaying, 88
active state for multicast group, validating, 84
BiDir (bidirectional PIM), 106–107
pruning of multicast routes, verifying, 82
RP and control-plane check, 297
SSM (source-specific multicast), 112–119
troubleshooting case study, 319
show ip msdp sa-cache, 320
show ip ospf neighbor, 321–322
show ip pim interface, 215, 322–323, 330
show ip pim interface df, 108
show ip pim interfaces, 71
show ip pim neighbor, 321–322, 330–331
show ip pim neighbors, 71
show ip pim rp, 122–123, 331–332
show ip pim rp mapping, 122–123, 332–333
show ipv6 mld snooping address, 261
show ipv6 mld snooping mrouter, 260–261
show ipv6 mroute, 262, 281–282
show ipv6 pim group-map, 279–282
show ipv6 pim neighbor, 264
show ipv6 pim range-list, 270
show ipv6 rpf, 263
show mrib route, 329
show pim neighbor, 331
show pim rp mapping, 333
show running-config all, 266–267
show sdm prefer command, 259–260
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) storm control, 47–48
size of IPv6 addresses, 239
SLA (service level agreement) test, 304–307
SM (sparse mode)
enabling, 323
SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol), 38
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) storm control, 47–48
snooping
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
debug ip igmp snooping group command, 42
debug ip igmp snooping router command, 42
definition of, 40
group membership, maintaining, 44
IGMP membership report packet capture, 43
IGMP query packet capture, 41
IGMP snooping table, 42
show ip igmp snooping groups command, 43
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) snooping, 259–261
solicitation, 249
solicited-node multicast addresses, 249
source comma group, 9
source trees
shared tree forwarding, 94–101
filtering, 36
verification
source-specific addressing (IPv6), 248–249
source-specific multicast. See SSM (source-specific multicast)
source-specific multicast blocks, 15
sparse mode (PIM)
enabling, 323
sparse-dense mode (PIM), 80–81
SSM (source-specific multicast)
addressing scheme, 110
channels, 110
dual channel after topology change, 118–119
EXCLUDE mode, 111
group scoping, 172
INCLUDE mode, 111
PIM mode, 269
PIM6, 269
standardization (multicast), 21
star comma G entries, 10
state entries (mroute table)
static multicast state entries, 203–205
state table. See mroute table
state verification
hop-by-hop state validation, 299–303
RP and control-plane verification
static mroute entries (PIM6), 268–269
static multicast state entries, 203–205
static RP (rendezvous point), 129–132
static-group command, 255
static-rpf command, 204
storm-control action shutdown command, 48
subnet masks, 171
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), 38
subsequent address family identifier (SAFI), 269
switch database management (SDM) templates, 260
switching multicast frames, 28–29
T
tables
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 190
FIB (forwarding information base), 188–191
IGMP snooping table, 42
MFIB (multicast forwarding information base), 193–197
MRIB (multicast routing information base), 191–197
mroute
IPv6 multicast state table, 262
overview, 204
PIM6 static mroute entries, 268–269
static entry output, 204
PIM neighbors table
IPv4, 69
IPv6, 264
RIB (router information base), 188–190
TCP/IP protocol stack, 10
templates (SDM), 260
testing
debug ip igmp command, 308–309
debug ip mpacket command, 307
ping
IPv6 multicast group ping, 280
SLA (service level agreement) test, 304–307
time-to-live. See TTL (time-to-live)
tools (troubleshooting)
debug ip igmp command, 308–309
debug ip mpacket command, 307
SLA (service level agreement) test, 304–307
deterministic path selection
BGP RIB, 207
deterministic multicast BGP configuration, 205–206
deterministic multicast BGP RPF, 207–208
static multicast state entries, 203–205
tunneling multicast, 208
unicast RIB with multiple paths, 202–203
FIB (forwarding information base), 188–191
IP multipath
RPF (reverse path forwarding), 201
MRIB (multicast routing information base), 191–197
packet replication, 191
RIB (router information base), 188–190
trees. See network trees
troubleshooting
case study
control plane debug capture, 319
IGMP join group, creating, 318
multicast and unicast connectivity check, 318
multicast FIB table, 325
multicast state table, 321, 324–325
PIM neighbor overview, 323
PIM-SM (sparse mode), enabling, 323
show ip mroute command, 319
show ip msdp sa-cache command, 320
show ip ospf neighbor command, 321–322
show ip pim interface command, 322–323
show ip pim neighbor command, 321–322
debug commands
debug ip igmp command, 308–309
debug ip mpacket command, 307
methodology
hop-by-hop state validation, 299–303
overview, 283
RP control-plane check, 294–299
source and receiver verification, 287–293
Multicaster’s Bank Corp. case study
receiver verification, 312–314
RP and control-plane verification, 315–317
topology, 312
sample topology
downstream router configurations, 286–287
R3 and R4 multicast configurations, 284–286
show commands
show ip igmp group, 326
show ip igmp interface, 326–327
show ip mfib count, 325
show ip pim interface, 330
show ip pim rp mapping, 332–333
show mrib route, 329
show pim interface, 330
show pim neighbor, 331
show pim rp mapping, 333
SLA (service level agreement) test, 304–307
TTL (time-to-live), 16, 136, 219–220, 252
tunnels
tunneling multicast, 208
U
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 8
unicast communication
forwarding, 11
limitations of, 3
unicast routing information bases (RIBs), 9
URD (URL Rendezvous Directory), 110–111
User Datagram Protocol. See UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
V-W-X-Y-Z
validation
active state, 84
hop-by-hop state validation, 299–303
variable-scope group addresses, 244
verification
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol) group membership, 84
multicast probe conditions (SLA), 306–307
pruning of multicast routes, 82
RP-to-group mapping, 279
source and receiver verification, 287–293
state verification
hop-by-hop state validation, 299–303
RP and control-plane check, 315–317
RP and control-plane verification, 294–299
Versatile Message Transaction Protocol (VMTP), 15
versions
IGMP (Internet Group Messaging Protocol)
configuration on routers, 37
IGMPv1, 31
interoperability between versions, 38
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
MLDv2, 253
virtual extensible local-area network (VXLAN), 54
virtual LAN (VLAN) design, 211
virtual PortChannel (vPC), 215
Virtual Switching System (VSS), 211, 215
virtual trunking protocol (VTP), 211
VLAN (virtual LAN) design, 211
VMTP (Versatile Message Transaction Protocol), 15
vPC (virtual PortChannel), 215
VPNs, mVPN (multicast virtual private network), 54
VSS (Virtual Switching System), 211, 215
VTP (virtual trunking protocol), 211
VXLAN (virtual extensible local-area network), 54
wildcard masks, 171