A
Absolute subtraction, 20
Add noise filter, 24t
Adobe software After Effects, 25f, 176f
OnLocation, 127
After Effects software (Adobe) dynamic adjustments, 25f
Mesh War p, 38f
timing, 176f
AIFF, transcoding, 27
Algorithms sharpening, 47
speed-changing sequence, 174
tracking, 18
Aliasing, pixel fix, 98
Altemark, Mikael, 56f
Amazon S3, as storage option, 30
Analogue audio into digital, 116
waveform, 110f
Apple software Compressor, 27f
Motion software, 25f
OS comparison, 31
Aspect ratios and composition, 154–155
protection, 158
video and graphics pixels, 161
Atmosphere, skies with, 164
Audio analogue and digital overview, 109–110
analogue waveform, 110f
digital, anatomy, 111f, 110–111
digital corruption, 96
file compression, 104
masking, 188
monitoring and calibration, 113
M/S model, 118
pop and click removal, 116–117
stereo from mono, 118
stereo into surround, 119
stereophonic and multichannel, 117–118
transcoding, 27
wave file transcoding, 27
Audio manipulation tools operations, 21t
purpose, 21
Automatic dialogue recording (ADR), 119–120
B
Band of Brothers, 147
Barrel distortion correction, 36–38
from fisheye lens, 36f
Bilinear interpolation, 153f
Bitrates, 102
Black and white from color, 137–138
Blade Runner, 4
Bleach bypass example, 138f
Blending modes exposure correction, 127
with layers, 11
Blue-green transfer example, 142f
Blu-ray, 30
Blur filter camera filter simulation, 53t
cell phone video emulation, 90
description, 24t
with masks, 15f
sharpening, 47f
Bowman, Doug, 180f
Brakmann, Paul No‘l, 87f
Brightness camera filter simulation, 53t
description, 19t
dynamic adjustment, 25
frame highlight details, 125f
highlight detail loss, 125f
shadow detail loss, 126f
shot slow-down, 174
Broadcast video color legalization, 131
definition, 55
Budgets film look with video, 75
postproduction, 5
C
Cadence, video footage, 64f
Calibration audio, 113
color, 129
Calibration probes, 129
Camera filters, simulation, 53
cell phone video emulation, 90
frame registration correction, 82
HD video emulation, 88
security camera video emulation, 92
CD storage, 30
Censoring, objects, 163
The Cheerleading Company, 73f
Cintiq 12WX graphics tablet, 29f
Circle of confusion, 46f
Clicks filtering, 117
Clipping basic concept, 123–127
frame example, 125f
Cloning film gates removal, 83
frame registration correction, 82
lens flare, 53f
purpose, 12
CLUTs, see Color lookup tables (CLUTs)
Color balance, 136
Color calibration, 129
Color casts, 136
Color change color correction, 140
keys, 17f
Color correction black and white, 136–137
cell phone video emulation, 90–91
clipping and crushing, 123–127
color cast removal, 136
color change, 140
description, 19t
fades, 192
“film look”, 72
and flash frames, 189f
flicker reduction, 180
grain addition, 87
HD video emulation, 88
highlights and shadows, 134–135
neutral desktops, 136
operations, 19t
practice, 19
purpose, 18
security camera video emulation, 92
sky replacement, 164
tools, 126
Color fringes characteristics, 49
example, 50f
removal, 50
removal example, 51f
Colorists, day-into-night, 143
Color lookup tables (CLUTs), 132
Color matching, 130
Color sampling, 103
Color space changing, 132
Color temperature, 135
Color filter, 53t
Comb filter, 23t
Compositing system, 80
Composition aspect ratio, 154–155
basic, 162
cropping, 149
definition, 13
high-quality scaling, 154
letterbox, 151
object censoring, 163
object removal from shots, 162–163
pixel resizing, 153f
pseudo-reflection addition, 168–169
shoot and protect, 158
Compression audio, 104
bitrates, 102
color sampling, 103
Compression (Continued) description, 21t
digital media, 101f
lossless, 102
Compressor software, 27f
Contrast black and white, 136
bleach bypass, 138
camera filters, 53t
cell phone video, 90
color legalization, 131
description, 19t
film like HD video, 88
histograms, 127
lens flare, 52
security camera video, 92
shot slow-down, 174
video like film, 72
Conversion lossless, 102
Corruption, data audio, 110
basic problem, 96
drop-out, 66
pixel fix, 97
timing, 171
CPU cores, performance, 30
Credit rollers, 98
Crop frame example, 150f
purpose, 149
Cross-fade, 21t
Cross processing, color correction, 140–141
Cross-talk, 70
Crushing basic concept, 123–127
frame example, 125f
Custom transitions, 192
Cuts description, 22t
soft, characteristics, 190
D
film, see Film damage frames, replacement, 179
video drop-out, 66
vignettes, 40
DarkAdapted, 32
Data corruption audio, 110
basic problem, 96
drop-out, 66
pixel fix, 97
timing, 171
Day-into-night Band of Brothers, 147
via color correction, 146f, 143–147
dB, see Decibels (dB)
dBFS, see Decibels full scale (dBFS)
Decibels (dB), 111
Decibels full scale (dBFS) definition, 111
meter, 112f
volume consistency, 113
De-click filter, 23t
De-interlacing example, 60f
“film look”, 72
plug-ins, 60
Delay filter, 23t
Delete, 22t
Deleted files, 97
Desaturation cell phone video emulation, 91
flicker, 180
Difference mattes, 20
Digital artifacts compression damage, 103
pixel anti-aliasing, 98
removal, 97
scaling removal, 152
Digital audio from analogue, 116
corruption, 96
Digital cinema projector, 29
Digital Compositing for Film and Video (Wright), 6
Digital drop-out, 67
Digital intermediates, 105
Digital Intermediates for Film & Video, 105
Digital media banding reduction, 99–100
benefits, 95
compression, 101f
essence and metadata, 103
number crunching, 11
Digital photography frame extension, 166–168
saturation adjustment, 142
Digital scaling high-quality, 154
Digital sharpening out-of-focus shots, 48–49
Displays, see also Monitors as output devices, 29
Dissolves, troubleshooting, 191
Distortion, see Lens distortion
Docker, Louise, 96f
Downing, Jenny, 10f
Draw, description, 21t
Drop-out digital, 67
example, 67f
removal, 66
Duplicate frames iterations, 178
Dust cell phone video emulation, 90
and mold and watermarks, 79
security camera video emulation, 92
spotting, 78
DVD scaling video, 71
as storage option, 30
Dynamic adjustments, 25
Dynamic range basic concept, 111
definition, 123
E
Earth, 117f, 156f, 159f, 170f, 173f, 176f, 177f, 183f, 190f
Edge detection filter, 24t
Editing, see also Sequencing continuity maintenance, 187–188
custom transition creation, 192
dissolve troubleshooting, 191
duplicate edits, 177
Editing see also Sequencing (Continued) EDL mathematics, 199
flash frame correction, 189
frame rate metadata, 197
invisible edit removal, 189–190
multiple pull-downs, 196
reading recommendations, 6
ripple problem, 23
vs. sequencing, 22
shot speed-up, 172
soft cuts, 190f
timecode conforming, 198
timecode troubleshooting, 197–198
24 FPS footage conversion, 196–197
vertical, 22
EDL audit trails, 178
duplicate frame removal, 177
invisible edit removal, 189
mathematics, 199
sync correction, 114
timecode conforming, 198
Equalization (EQ) filter, 23t
Escobar Studios, 54f
Essence, 103
Exothermic Photography, 36f
Expand, 21t
description, 19t
Extend, 22t
F
Fades associated problems, 191
color correction, 192
FAT32 file format, 30
Fernandez, Steven, 101f
Field dominance correction, 62–63
reversed, 63f
Field order, 62
Fields concept, 57
incorrect cadence, 64f
Files, recovery, 97
Film, video emulation cell phone, 91f, 90–91
damaged video, 89
Film damage cell phone video emulation, 90
frame registration correction, 80–82
grain example, 84f
grain reduction, 85
HD video emulation, 88
mold and watermark example, 77f
mold and watermark removal, 78–79
overview, 75
security camera video emulation, 92
watermark and mold, 77f
“Film look” frame example, 73f
Film shake, 42
Filters barrel distortion, 36–37
camera simulation, 53
filtering technique, 23
out-of-focus shots, 48
plug-ins, 25
pop and click, 117
Fisheye lens, 36f
FLAC, transcoding, 27
Flash frames and color correction, 189f
correction, 189
Flicker causes, 180
Focus, typical problems, 45–46
4:3 ratio, 159f
Frame rate metadata changes, 197
video format conversion, 70
Frames brightness and highlights, 125f
brightness and shadows, 126f
clipping and crushing, 125f
concept, 56
damaged, replacement, 179
drop-out example, 67f
duplicate, iterations, 178
field sync, 64f
“film look” example, 73f
flash, color correction, 189f
flash, correction, 189
highlights and shadows, 135f
as interlaced fields, 57f
missing, regeneration, 179–180
progressive scan, 58f
registration correction, 80–82
removal, repeating frames, 178
reversed field dominance, 63f
splice damage repair, 82
watermark damage, 77f
Francis, Andrew, 50f, 51f, 69f, 74f, 76f, 77f, 84f, 89f, 104f, 130f, 133f, 138f, 140f, 142f, 144f, 146f, 150f, 151f, 182f, 186f
Fuse, as storage option, 30
G
Gamma changing, 32
description, 19t
difference matte, 20
Gamut, see Color space Garbage masks, 14
Garcia, Daniel, 172f
Ghosting, see also Ringing as problem, 70
Google, Fuse, as storage option, 30
GOP, see Group of pictures (GOP)
example, 84f
HD video emulation, 88
reduction, 85
Graphics, pixel aspect ratio, 161
Graphics tablets, 29
Grayscale, 15f
Group of pictures (GOP), 56
H
Hair in the Gate, 45
Haloing, see Ringing
Hardware toolbox color correction, 126
output devices, 29
Hardware toolbox (Continued) performance, 30–31
Hart, Paul, 39f
High-definition (HD) video aspect ratio, 154–155
color space, 130
format outputs, 106
letterbox, 151
non-square pixels, 161f
safe areas, 156f
scaling, 71
Highlights color correction, 134–135
and frame brightness, 125f
frame example, 135f
High pass filter, 23t
Histograms, color correction, 127
Holography, 30
Hotkeys, 28
Hue color correction, 18
day-into-night, 147
description, 19t
and fl icker, 181
lens flare, 52
I
Icon Factory, xScope software, 31f
Image editors, 11
Image files, transcoding, 27
Image quality, and film grain, 85
Imagineer, Monet, 166
Infrared, scanned film, 77
Insert, 22t
Interframe compression, 102
Interlaced fields, 57f
Interlacing field dominance, 62–63
video format conversion, 70
Internet-based storage systems, 30
Interpolation pixel resizing, 153f
speed-changing sequence, 174
In the Blink of an Eye (Murch), 6
Intraframe compression, 102
iPod, 96
J
James, Jack, 8f, 67f, 122f, 124f, 125f, 159f
Johnson, Steve, 135f
Jordan, Lee, 34f
transcoding, 27
K
K. Fogle Photography, 137f
Keyboard, as input device, 28
Key-framed adjustments, 25f
Keys color change, 17f
digital noise reduction, 98
film grain reduction, 85
with mask, 17f
with overlay, 17f
purpose, 16
L
Lanczos interpolation, 153f
Law, Keven, 45f
Layering tools calculations with, 11
purpose, 12
LCD monitor, 29
Lens distortion barrel correction, 36–38
correction, 35
warping tools, 38
zoom lens, 38
Lens flare characteristics, 51–52
cloning out, 53f
example, 53f
removal, 52
Letterbox, 151
LFE, see Low-frequency emitter (LFE)
Lift, 19t
Light, color temperature, 135
Limiter filter, 23t
Line-up chart example, 84f
film gates removal, 83
Linux, 30
Lloyd, Timothy, 152f
Looping, 120
Lorenzo, Maria, 94f
Lossless compression characteristics, 101
conversion, 102
Low-frequency emitter (LFE), 117–118, 119
Low pass filter, 23t
Luminance banding reduction, 100
bleach bypass, 139
color casts, 136
color sampling, 103
cross processing, 140
digital noise reduction, 98
digital sharpening, 47
keying, 16
lens flare, 52
noise reduction, 98
out-of-focus shots, 48
sharpness from noise, 49
waveform monitors, 126
M
Mac OS X color calibration, 129
OS comparison, 31
Magil, Andrew, 108f
Mann, Jim, 84f
Margari, Paolo, 148f
Masks audio, 188
camera filter simulation, 53t
definition, 16
for enhancements, 14f
frame registration correction, 81
garbage masks, 14
grayscale representations, 15f
image blur, 15f
overlays, 15f
purpose, 13
for removals, 14f
selections, 16
Mathematics, EDL, 199
Media digital, see Digital media
evaluation, 31
and interlaced footage, 58
optical, 30
Median filter, 24t
Merz, Jessica, 42f
Mesh Warp, 38f
Metadata definition, 103
frame rate, changing, 197
Meulemans, Joel, 36f
Mid-side encoding, 118
Mid-tones day-into-night, 147
enhancement, 133
film like HD video, 88
noise reduction, 98
out-of-focus shots, 48
ringing reduction, 69
video like film, 72
Modulation filter, 23t
Mold damage with dust fixing, 79
example, 77f
Monet (Imagineer), 166
Monitoring, audio, 113
Monitors, see also Displays gamma changes, 32
as output devices, 29
waveform, 31
Mono audio, into stereo, 118
Motion blur addition, 182
cause, 181
cell phone video emulation, 91
“film look”, 72
security camera video emulation, 92
Motion-estimation-based algorithms, 174
Motion software, 25f
Mouse, 28
MP3 audio compression, 104
transcoding, 27
MPEG compression, 102
and GOP, 56
transcoding, 27
Murch, Walter, 6
N
Nearest neighbor interpolation, 153f
Network attached storage (NAS), 30
Neutral density filter, 53t
Neutral desktops, 136
Noise audio, reduction, 115–116
banding reduction, 100
cell phone video emulation, 90
electronic, as audio problem, 115–116
“film look”, 72
HD video emulation, 88
security camera video emulation, 92
Nondynamic applications, Photoshop as, 26
Non-square pixels approximation, 161f
DVCProHD,161f
NTSC color legalization, 131
definition, 55
Number crunching, 11
O
Objects blurred into focus, 4
censoring, 163
color fringing, 49
extend framing, 166
motion blur reduction, 183
out-of-focus shots, 48
rotoscoping, 26
tracking, 18
OnLocation (Adobe), 127
Operating systems color calibration, 129
comparison, 31
Optical media, 30
Optimus Maximus keyboard, 28f
Output devices, 29
Overexposure correction, 128f, 127
Overlays with key, 17f
with masks, 15f
Oversharpening cell phone video emulation, 90
film as HD video, 88
ringing reduction, 68
techniques, 46
Overwrite, 22t
P
PAL, 55
Pan, 21t
Panasonic, P2, 55
Peaking filter, 23t
Pearson, Anna, 155f
Performance, hardware, 30
Phase-shift, 21t
Photographic filters, 53t
Photography black and white, 136–137
books for, 10
color space, 129
color temperature, 135
field delays, 57
filter simulation, 53
flicker issues, 180
motion blur, 181
saturation adjustment, 142
Photoshop (Adobe) as image editor, 11
as nondynamic application, 26
Picture line-up generators (PLUGEs), 129
Picture manipulation, 10
Pincushion distortion correction, 36–38
Pitch-shift, 21t
Pixels anti-aliasing, 98
corruption fix, 97
resizing examples, 153f
video and graphics aspect ratios, 161
PLUGEs, see Picture line-up generators (PLUGEs)
Plug-ins de-interlacing, 60
filters, 25
Polariser filter, 53t
Pops filtering, 117
Postproduction overview anticipating problems, 5
budgets, 5
dust issues, 77
history and progress, 3
Printers, 29
Progressive footage, 60
Progressive scan, 58
Protection aspect ratio, 158
P2 (Panasonic), 55
multiple, 196
Pushing Daisies, 142
Q
QuickTime, 27
R
RAM, 30
RealMovie video format, 27
Reconstruction effect, 4
Recording, video fields, 58f, 57
Rectangular pixels, 160
RED format, 55
Reflections pseudo-reflections, 168–169
realistic simulation, 168
Registration correction, 80–82
Re-interlacing, 61
Rendering issues and compression, 102
performance, 30
Repeating frames, 178
Resample, 21t
Resolution cell phone video emulation, 90
HD video emulation, 88
security camera video emulation, 92, 93
video format conversion, 70
Responsiveness high-quality scaling, 154
performance, 30
Retiming, see alsoTiming audio, 113–114
footage, 171
quickly, 175
Reverberation filter, 23t
Reversals, shot, 172
Reversed dominance, 63f
RGB values color fringes, 50
digital sharpening, 47
Ringing example, 69f
as problem, 70
reduction example, 69f
reduction improvement, 69
Ripple description, 22t
in editing, 23
Rotoscoping, 26
S
Safe areas characteristics, 156
film gates removal, 83
Sampling ratio, 103
Saturation bleach bypass, 138
cell phone video emulation, 91
description, 19t
flicker, 180
lens flare, 52
vectorscopes, 127
vibrance boosting, 142
video like film, 72
Saving Private Ryan, 138
high-quality, 154
video, 71
Scratches tramline removal, 79
wire removal tools, 80
SD video, see Standard definition (SD) video
Selections, masks, 16
Sequencing, see also Editing vs. editing, 22
operations, 22t
purpose, 22
Shadows color correction, 134–135
and frame brightness, 126f
frame example, 135f
film shake, 42
soft, 43
Sharpen filter description, 24t
out-of-focus shots, 48
Sharpness digital sharpening, 46–47
focus, 45
SD into HD, 157
shot slow-down, 174
Shelving filter, 23t
Shooting, aspect ratio, 158
time-lapsed, 184
Sin City, 142
Single frames removal, 177–178
splice damage, 82
16 mm film, HD video emulation, 88–89
16:9 ratio protected for 4:3, 159f
rectangular pixels, 160
Skies with atmosphere, 164
Skin tones color casts, 136
vibrance boost, 143
Slide, 22t
Slip, 22t
Slow down description, 22t
Slow-mo process, 179
Smoothing, unsteady shots, 44–45
Soft cuts, 190
Soft focus/diffusion filter, 53t
Soft shakes, 43
Software tools audio manipulation, 21
capabilities and limitations, 10
cloning, 12
composition, 13
difference matte creation, 20
dynamic adjustments, 25
filtering, 23
for gamma changes, 32
grain reduction, 86
keys, 16
layering, 12
logo replacement, 166
masks, 13
nondynamic applications, 26
number crunching, 11
picture manipulation, 10
rotoscoping, 26
Software tools (Continued) for scaling, 154
sequencing, 22
tracking, 18
tramline removal, 80
transcoding, 27
Sony, XDCAM, 55
Speakers, 29
Speed change, 174
Speed up description, 22t
Square pixels, 160f
Stabilization, 42
Standard definition (SD) video aspect ratio, 154–155
color space, 130
extending, 158
format outputs, 106
letterbox, 151
Starburst filter, 53t
Starfactor filter, 53t
Stereophonic audio from mono, 118
M/S model, 118
into surround sound, 119
Storage, 29
Storage area network (SAN), 30
Stuefer, Josef F., 50f
Subtraction, absolute, 20
Surreal Road, 199f
Surround pan, 21t
Surround sound, 119
Synaesthesia, 199f
Sync audio, correction, 114–115
fields and frames, 64f
and flash frames, 189f
T
Tape systems, 30
Telecine, 194
Television picture digital corruption, 96
safe areas, 156
1080p, 55
35 mm film, HD video emulation, 88–89
TIFF, 27
Timecodes conforming, 198
Time-lapsed shots, 184
Timing, see also Retiming duplicate frame removal, 176–177
flicker, 180
missing frame regeneration, 179–180
motion blur, 181
motion blur addition, 182
motion blur reduction, 182–183
repeating frame removal, 178
Tint, camera filter simulation, 53t
Tone black and white, 136
color casts, 136
color legalization, 131
vibrance boost, 143
Tracking tools, 18
Transcoding, formats, 27
Transitions, custom creation, 192
Trim, 22t
Troubleshooting dissolves, 191
24 FPS footage, conversion, 196–197
U
Ultrasound, 77
Underexposure correction, 128f, 127
Unsteady shot smoothing, 44–45
UV filter, 53t
V
Vectorscopes color correction, 127
purpose, 31
Venni, Fabi, 2f
Vertical editing, 22
Vibrance boosting, 144f, 142–143
definition, 55
drop-out removal, 66
frame example, 73f
frames, 56
ghosting and cross-talk, 70
GOP, 56
HD, see High-definition (HD) video incorrect cadence, 64f
pixel aspect ratio, 161
progressive scan, 58
re-interlacing, 61
reversed field dominance, 63f
ringing example, 69f
ringing reduction example, 69f
scaling, 71
SD, see Standard definition (SD) video security camera, 91–93
stretched field removal, 64–65
Video emulation cell phones, 91f, 90–91
damaged video, 89
Video file transcoding, 27
Video scopes, 126
Vignettes adding, 40
on simple pattern, 39f
Visual effects, 4
W
Warping tools, 38
Water, scanned film, 77
Watermark with dust fixing, 79
example, 77f
security camera video emulation, 92
Wave audio files, 27
Waveform monitors color correction, 126
purpose, 31
Windows color calibration, 129
OS comparison, 31
Window's Media, file transcoding, 27
Wire removal tools, 80
Wright, Steve, 6
X
XDCAM (Sony), 55
xScope software, 31f
Z
Zoom lens distortion, 38