Except for wire‐wound/cermet/high‐power/precision resistors, most common resistors do not have their resistance value printed on them, but rather have a color code representing their resistance value as illustrated in Figure G.1. Table G.1 shows the numerical value or tolerance (manufacturer’s reliability rating) represented by each color. For example, the resistance value of a resistor with the four‐color band of yellow‐violet‐red‐silver is
and that of a resistor with the five‐color band of orange–black–white–gold–gold is
Discrete resistors are commercially available only in standard values depending on their tolerance as listed in Table G.2. Consequently, when the designed value of a resistor is 3.1 kΩ, we should use 30×102 ± 5%[Ω] or 309×101 ± 1%[Ω] unless we somehow have a resistor of 3.1 kΩ fabricated.
Table G.1 Color code of resistors.
Color | Digit | Color | Digit | Color | Tolerance (%) |
Black | 0 | Blue | 6 | Brown | 1 |
Brown | 1 | Violet | 7 | Red | 2 |
Red | 2 | Gray | 8 | Gold | 5 |
Orange | 3 | White | 9 | Silver | 10 |
Yellow | 4 | Gold | ‐1 (applied only to multiplier m) | None | 20 |
Green | 5 | Silver | ‐2 (applied only to multiplier m) |
Discrete capacitors are commercially available only in standard values depending on their physical material/shape as listed in Tables G.3.1 and G.3.2. Table G.3.3 shows the letter tolerance code of capacitors. Most of them have their value (like 22 μF) printed on their body together with their breakdown voltage, while the capacitance value of ceramic condenser is printed as, say, 104, which means the capacity of
Table G.2 Standard values of resistors.
1% tolerance | 5% tolerance | 10% tolerance | 20% tolerance | |||||||||||||||
100 | 121 | 147 | 178 | 215 | 261 | 316 | 383 | 464 | 562 | 681 | 825 | 10 | 18 | 33 | 56 | 10 | 33 | 10 |
102 | 124 | 150 | 182 | 221 | 267 | 324 | 392 | 475 | 576 | 698 | 845 | 11 | 20 | 36 | 62 | 12 | 39 | 15 |
105 | 127 | 154 | 187 | 226 | 274 | 332 | 402 | 487 | 590 | 715 | 866 | 12 | 22 | 39 | 68 | 15 | 47 | 22 |
107 | 130 | 158 | 191 | 232 | 280 | 340 | 412 | 499 | 604 | 732 | 887 | 13 | 24 | 43 | 75 | 18 | 56 | 33 |
110 | 133 | 162 | 196 | 237 | 287 | 348 | 422 | 511 | 619 | 750 | 909 | 15 | 27 | 47 | 82 | 22 | 68 | 47 |
113 | 137 | 165 | 200 | 243 | 294 | 357 | 432 | 523 | 634 | 768 | 931 | 16 | 30 | 51 | 91 | 27 | 82 | 68 |
115 | 140 | 169 | 205 | 249 | 301 | 365 | 442 | 536 | 649 | 787 | 953 | |||||||
118 | 143 | 174 | 210 | 255 | 309 | 374 | 453 | 549 | 665 | 806 | 976 |
Table G.3.1 Standard values of electrolytic capacitors [μF].
Maximum voltage 10 V | Maximum voltage 25 V | Maximum voltage 50 V | |||||||||
100 | 1000 | 10 000 | 10 | 100 | 1000 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10 | 100 | 1000 | |
22 | 220 | 2200 | 22 | 220 | 2200 | 0.22 | 2.2 | 22 | 220 | 2200 | |
33 | 330 | 3300 | 33 | 330 | 3300 | 0.33 | 3.3 | 33 | 330 | ||
47 | 470 | 4700 | 47 | 470 | 4700 | 0.47 | 4.7 | 47 | 470 | ||
6800 |
Table G.3.2 Standard values of ceramic and mylar polyester capacitors.
Ceramic disc capacitors [pF] with maximum voltage 200 V | Mylar polyester capacitors [μF] with maximum voltage 100 V | ||||||
10 | 100 | 1000 | 10 000 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.33 |
15 | 150 | 1500 | 15 000 | 0.0015 | 0.015 | 0.12 | 0.39 |
22 | 220 | 2200 | 0.0022 | 0.022 | 0.15 | 0.47 | |
33 | 330 | 3300 | 0.0033 | 0.033 | 0.18 | 0.56 | |
47 | 470 | 4700 | 0.0047 | 0.047 | 0.22 | 0.68 | |
68 | 680 | 6800 | 0.0068 | 0.068 | 0.27 | 0.82 | |
0.0082 | 0.082 | 1.0 |
Table G.3.3 Letter tolerance code of capacitors.
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K | M | N | P | Z |
+0.05 pF | +0.1 pF | +0.25 pF | +0.5 pF | +0.5% | +1% | +2% | +3% | +5% | +10% | +20% | +30% | +100% | +80% |
‐ 0.05 pF |
−0.1 pF | −0.25 pF | −0.5 pF | −0.5% | −1% | −2% | −3% | −5% | −10% | −20% | −30% | −0% | −20% |
If the tolerance is missing, it can be assumed to be ±20%. Note that electrolytic capacitors have positive/negative terminals with the positive one having longer leg, and if we are not careful to connect them in accord with the polarity they will leak or may be destroyed.
Discrete inductors are commercially available only in standard values (with the tolerance of ±5%, ±10%, and ±20%) listed in Table G.4.
For the desired values of the resistances, capacitances, and inductances, the standard values can easily be chosen from Tables G.2, G.3.1, G.3.2, and G.4 by using the following MATLAB routine ‘standard_value(val,RLC,glc,tol)’ where the input arguments are supposed to be given as follows:
Table G.4 Standard values of inductors.
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.2 8.7 9.1 nH, μH |
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.2 8.7 9.1×10 nH, μH |
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.2 8.7 9.1×102nH, μH |
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.2 8.7 9.1×103nH, μH |
2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.2 8.7 9.1 |
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 |
24 25 27 28 30 33 36 39 43 47 51 56 60 62 68 75 82 87 91 |
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 |