Chapter 23
1. B. M. Oviatt and P. P. McDougall, “Toward a Theory of International New Ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies 25(1) (1994): 45–64; T. K. Madsen and P. Servais, “The Internationalization of Born Globals: An Evolutionary Process?” International Business Review 6(6)(1997): 561–83; M. W. Rennie, “Global Competitiveness: Born Global”, The McKinsey Quarterly 3(1993): 45–52.
2. J. B. Say, Catechism of Political Economy (London, 1816).
3. F. H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921).
4. Athreya Suma, “Economic Adversity and Entrepreneurship Led Growth: Lessons from the Indian Software Sector”, UNU Merit WP 2010-007 (2010), available at http://www.merit.unu.edu, last accessed on 12 September 2011.
5. J. A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934).
6. K. G. Smith and D. Di Gregorio, “Bisocation, Discovery and the Role of Entrepreneurial Action”, in M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland, S. M. Camp and D. L. Sexton (eds), Strategic Entrepreneurship (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2002), pp. 129–150.
7. S. Venkataraman, “The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research”, in J. Katz (ed.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1997), pp. 119–38; S. Shane, A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus (Cheltenham, UK: Elgar, 2003)
8. I. M. Kirzner, “The Limits of the Market: The Real and the Imagined”, in I. M. Kirzner (ed.), The Driving Force of the Market—Essays in Austrian Economics (Milton Park: Routledge, 2000).
9. Venkataraman, “The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research”.
10. S. Shane, A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publication, 2004).
11. This section is based on Sumati Varma, “International Entrepreneurship—An Indian Case Study”, paper presented at “‘Emerging Multinationals’: Outward Investment from Emerging and Developing Economies”, Copenhagen Business School, 25–26 November 2010, http://cbs.dk/ofdi, last accessed on 12 September 2011.
12. B. M. Oviatt and P. P. McDougall, “Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (2005): 537–54.
13. A. Rialp, J. Rialp, and G. A. Knight, “The Phenomenon of Early Internationalizing Firms: What Do We Know After a Decade (1993–2003) of Scientific Inquiry?” International Business Review 14 (2005): 345–56.
14. Michael W. Rennie, “Global Competitiveness: Born Global”, McKinsey Quarterly 4 (1993), 45–52.
15. G. Hedlund, and A. Kverneland, “Are Strategies for Foreign Markets Changing? The Case of Swedish Investment in Japan”, International Studies of Management and Organization, 15(2) (1985): 41–59.
16. J. Johanson and J. E. Vahlne, “The Internationalization Process of the Firm: A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments”, Journal of International Business Studies 8(1) (1977): 23–32; J. Johanson and J. E. Vahlne, “The Mechanism of Internationalization”, International Marketing Review, 7(4) (1990): 11–24.
17. J. Ganitsky, “Strategies for Innate and Adoptive Exporters: Lessons from Israel's Case”, International Marketing Review, 6(5) (1989): 50–65.
18. B. M. Oviatt and P. P. McDougall, “Toward a Theory of International New Ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies 25(1) (1994): 45–64.
19. S. B. Preece, G. Miles, and M. C. Baetz, “Explaining the International Intensity and Global Diversity of Early-Stage Technology Based Firms”, Journal of Business Venturing 14(3) (1999): 259–81.
20. I. Litvak, “Instant International: Strategic Reality for Small High-Technology Firms in Canada”, Multinational Business 2(2) (1990): 1–12.
21. M. Alahuhta, Global Growth Strategies for High Technology Challenger (Helsinki: ACTA Polytechnica Scandinavia, 1990).
22. M.V. Jones, “The Internationalization of Small High-Technology Firms”, Journal of International Marketing 7(4) (1999): 15–41
23. L. Hurmerinta-Peltomäki, “Conceptual and Methodological Underpinnings in the Study of Rapid Internationalizers” in M. V. Jones and P. Dimitratos (eds), Emerging Paradigms in International Entrepreneurship (Cheltenham-Northampton: Edward Elgar Publications, 2004), pp. 64–88.
24. B. M. Oviatt and P. P. McDougall, “Toward a Theory of International New Ventures”,. Journal of International Business Studies 25(1) (1994): 45–64.
25. E. Autio, “Creative Tension—The Significance of Ben Oviatt and Patricia McDougall's Article Towards a Theory of International New Ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies 36 (1) (2005): 9–19; B. M. Oviatt and P. P. McDougall, “Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (5) (2005): 537–554; S. A. Zahra, J. S. Korri, J. Yu, “Cognition and International Entrepreneurship: Implications for Research on International Opportunity Recognition and Exploitation”, International Business Review 14 (2005):129–146; S. A. Zahra and G. George, International Entrepreneurship: The Current Status of the Field and Future Research Agenda (Atlanta: Georgia State University, 2002); Z. Acs, L.P. Dana, and M. Jones, “Toward New Horizons: The Internationalization of Entrepreneurship”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship 1 (2003): 5–12.
26. J. G. Covin and D. P. Slevin, “Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments”, Strategic Management Journal 10 (1989): 75–87; D. Miller, “The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms”, Management Science 29 (1983): 770–91.
27. B. M. Oviatt and P. P. Mc Dougall, International Entrepreneurship: The Interaction of Two Research Paths”, Academy of Management Journal 43 (2000): 902–908.
28. Shane and Venkataraman, “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research”, Academy of Management Review 25(1) (2000): 217–26.
29. S. Shane, (2000). “Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities”, Organization Science 11: 448–69.
30. J. A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1934).
31. Dante Di Gregorio, Martina Musteen and Douglas E. Thomas, “International New Ventures: The Cross-Border Nexus of Individuals and Opportunities”, Journal of World Business 43 (2008): 186–96.
32. S. Shane, A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publication, 2004).
33. Man Zhang, Patriya Tansuhaj and James McCullogh “International Entrepreneurial Capability: The Measurement and a Comparisons Between Born Global Firms and Traditional Exporters in China”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship 7 (2009): 292–322.
34. T. Baker, E. Gedajlovic and M. Lubatkin, “A Framework for Comparing Entrepreneurship Processes Across Nations”, Journal of International Business Studies 36 (2005): 492–504; J. S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, Volume 1, 5th Edition (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1891).
35. K. E. Weick, Sense Making in Organisations (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1995).
36. G.Hofstede, Culture's Consequences (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2001).
37. S. Kandasaami and X. Huang (2000), “International Marketing Strategy of SMEs: A Comparison of Born-Global vs Non Born-Global Firms in Australia”, Paper presented at the ICSB Conference, Brisbane, June 2000.
38. T. K. Madsen, E. Rasmussen, and P. Servais, “Differences and Similarities Between Born Globals and Other Types of Exporters” in A. Yaprak and H. Tütek, eds, Globalization, the Multinational Firm, and Emerging Economies (Amsterdam: JAI Press, 2000), pp. 247–265.
39. H. J. Lummaa, Internationalization behavior of Finnish born global companies, Master Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2002.
40. J. S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, Volume 1, 5th Edition (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1891).
41. B. M. Oviatt and P. P. McDougall, “Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (5) (2005): 537–554.
42. J. E. Johnson, “Factors Influencing the Early Internationalization of High Technology Start-ups: US and UK Evidence”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship 2 (1–2) (2004): 139–154.
43. W. Bygrave and C. Hofer, “Theorizing About Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16, Winter (1991): 13–22.
44. W. Gartner, “A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation”, Academy of Management Review 10(4) (1985): 696–706.
45. D. C. McClelland, The Achieving Society (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1961).
46. J. B. Rotter, “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs 80 (1966), in J. B. Rotter (ed.), The Development and Application of Social Learning Theory (Praeger Publishers, 1982), pp. 1–28.
47. D. Mitton, “The Complete Entrepreneur”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 13, Spring (1989), pp. 9–19.
48. T. Bateman and J. M. Crant, “The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior: A Measure and Correlates”, Journal of Organizational Behavior 14(2) (1993): 103–18.
49. E. Dichtl, H. G. Koeglmayr and S. Mueller, “International Orientation as a Precondition for Export Success”, Journal of International Business Studies 21(1), (1990): 23–40.
50. D. Keeble, C. Lawson, H. Lawton Smith, B. Moore and F. Wilkinson, “Internationalisation Processes, Networking and Local Embeddedness in Technology Intensive Small Firms”, Small Business Economics 11 (1998): 327–42.
51. B. Gray, “Profiling Managers to Improve Export Promotion Targeting”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(2) (1997): 387–420.
52. N. Coviello and M. Cox, “The Resource Dynamics of International New Venture Networks”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship 4 (2006): 113–32.
53. M. Lindqvist, “Infant Multinationals: The Internationalization of Young, Technology-Based Swedish Firms”, Dissertation, Institute of International Business, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden, 1991; N. E. Coviello and H. J. Munro, “Growing the Entrepreneurial Firm”, European Journal of Marketing 29 (7) (1995): 49–61; A. Schmidt-Buchholz, Born globals: Die schnelle Internationalisierung von High-tech Start-ups (Lohmar: Josef Eul Verlag, 2001); V. Mahnke and M. Venzin, “The Internationalization Process of Digital Information Good Providers”, Management International Review 1 (Special Issue 2003): 115–142 ; J.E. Johnson, “Factors Influencing the Early Internationalization of High Technology Start-Ups: US and UK Evidence”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship 2(1-2) (2004): 139-154; A. McAuley, “Entrepreneurial Instant Exporters in the Scottish Arts and Crafts Sector”, Journal of International Marketing 7(4) (1999): 67-82.
54. D. Crick and M. V. Jones, “Small High-Technology Firms and International High-Technology Markets”, Journal of International Marketing 8(2) (2000): 63–85.
55. B. M. Oviatt and P. P. McDougall, “Global Start-Ups: Entrepreneurs on a worldwide Stage”, Academy of Management Executive 9 (2) (1995): 30–43.
56. A. R. Reuber and E. Fischer, “The Influence of the Management Team's International Experience on the Internationalization Behaviors of SMEs”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4) (1997): 807–825
57. M. Lindqvist, “Infant Multinationals: The Internationalization of Young, Technology-Based Swedish Firms”, Dissertation, Institute of International Business, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden, 1991; A. Schmidt-Buchholz, Born globals: Die schnelle Internationalisierung von High-tech Start-ups (Lohmar: Josef Eul Verlag, 2001); V. Gaba, Y. Pan and G.R. Ungson, “Timing of Entry in International Market: An Empirical Study of United States Fortune 500 Firms in China.” Journal of International Business Studies 33(1) (2002): 39–55.
58. R.E. Caves, “International Corporations: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment”, Economica 38(1) (1971); T. Khanna and K. Palepu, “The Future of Business Groups in Emerging Markets: Long Run Evidence from Chile”, Academy of Management Journal 433 (2000b): 268–85.
59. J. Barney, “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage”, Journal of Management 17(1) (1991): 99–120.
60. Tarun Khanna and K. G. Palepu, “Why Focused Strategies May Be Wrong for Emerging Markets”, Harvard Business Review 75 (4) (July–August 1997): 41–51.
61. J. Pfeffer and G. R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
62. D. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 3; W.R. Scott, Institutions and Organisations (Thousand Oaks; Sage, 1995).
63. M.W. Peng, “Institutional Transitions and Strategic Choices”, Academy of. Management Review 28 (2003): 275–96.
64. S. Ray, “Strategic Adaptation of Firms During Economic Liberalization: Emerging Issues and a Research Agenda”, International Journal of Management 20(3) (2003): 271–281.
65. M.W. Peng, “Institutional Transitions and Strategic Choices”, Academy of Management Review 28 (2003): 275–96.
66. Ray and Chitoor, “Internationalisation as a Strategic Response to Institutional Transition: Evidence form the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry”, WPS 608/2007, IIM Kolkatta (2007).