A
Accounting
accounts payable, 22-3
accounts receivable, 22-3
amortization and depreciation, 22-5–22-6
asset, 22-2
balance sheet, 22-2
bond transaction, 22-3
capital employed, 22-5
dividend, 22-5
financial statements, 22-6–22-7
fixed assets, 22-5
goodwill, 22-5
intangible assets., 22-5
owner’s equity., 22-2
paid-in capital, 22-5
paid-in capital., 22-2
retained earnings, 22-5
working capital, 22-5
AC-DC-AC converter, 28-9–28-10
AC reactor vs. DC link choke, 24-18–24-19
Active crowbar topology, 28-8–28-9
Active filters for power conditioning
classification
frequency-domain and time-domain, 26-9–26-10
harmonic detection methods, 26-10
hybrid active/passive filters, 26-8–26-9
by power circuit, 26-9
shunt active filters and series active filters, 26-7–26-8
energy storage capacity, 26-5–26-6
functions, 26-1
harmonic-producing loads
harmonic current and voltage sources, 26-2–26-3
identified loads and unidentified loads, 26-2
integrated series active filters
experimental results, 26-13–26-15
operating principle, 26-11–26-12
system configuration, 26-10–26-11
practical applications
48-MVA shunt active filter, 26-16–26-18
present status and future trends, 26-15
shunt active filter for three-phase four-wire system, 26-16
Air insulation, flashover characteristics
altitude, 14-6
effect of atmospheric conditions, 14-5–14-6
effect of insulator, 14-5
electrode configuration, 14-5
insulator contamination, 14-6–14-7
surge arresters, application of, 14-8–14-11
Analytical probabilistic power flow studies, 20-4–20-6
Artificial neural networks (ANN)
definition, 16-1
error back-propagation learning rule, 16-3
multilayer perceptron, 16-1–16-2
online forecasting, 16-3
properties, 16-2
short-term load forecasting
ANNSTLF architecture, 16-4–16-5
holidays and special days, 16-6–16-7
humidity and wind speed, 16-5
short-term price forecasting
architecture, 16-9
Artificial neural network short-term load forecaster (ANNSTLF)
holidays and special days, 16-6–16-7
humidity and wind speed, 16-5
ASCR, see Asymmetrical silicon-controlled rectifier (ASCR)
Asset, 22-2
Asymmetrical silicon-controlled rectifier (ASCR), 23-4
ATC, see Available transfer capability (ATC)
Available transfer capability (ATC), 20-6–20-8
“a” Vector, properties of, 2-6
Average System Availability Index (ASAI), 19-8
B
Balanced three-phase fault, 4-4–4-5
Basic impulse insulation level (BIL), 7-1
Basic per-unit scaling equation, 1-1
Basic power flow equations, 3-7–3-8
Brokerage Company (BROCO), 15-8–15-9
Bulk power system reliability
characteristics of, 17-2
continuity of supply, 17-1
deterministic reliability criteria, 17-2–17-3
reliability objectives, 17-1–17-2
Bus admittance matrix, 3-3
Bushings, 10-17
Business essentials
accounting
accounts payable, 22-3
accounts receivable, 22-3
amortization and depreciation, 22-5–22-6
asset, 22-2
balance sheet, 22-2
bond transaction, 22-3
capital employed, 22-5
dividend, 22-5
financial statements, 22-6–22-7
fixed assets, 22-5
goodwill, 22-5
intangible assets., 22-5
owner’s equity, 22-2
retained earnings, 22-5
working capital, 22-5
finance
capital structure, 22-9
time value of money, 22-7–22-9
financial ratios
dividend yield, 22-16
earnings per share, 22-16
net profit margin, 22-14
operating profit margin, 22-14
payout ratio, 22-15
price-to-book, 22-16
price-to-earnings, 22-15–22-16
profitability ratios, 22-14
return on capital employed, 22-15
return on equity, 22-15
financial risk
capital asset pricing model, 22-11–22-12
financial options, 22-12–22-13
C
Capacitor bank switch opening, TRV for, 12-6–12-10
Capacitor-based passive filters
low-pass broadband filter, 24-21–24-22
series passive filter, 24-20
shunt passive filter, 24-20–24-21
Capacity expansion problem, 15-11–15-12
Capital asset pricing model, 22-11–22-12
Capital employed, definition, 22-5
Cascaded H-bridge inverter
neutral point clamped inverter, 25-7
topology, 25-8
Centralized inverter topology, 28-20
Circuit breakers, 10-8
Cloud-to-ground flash, 6-2
Common stock equity, 22-5
Complex electrode shapes, transmission system
analytical treatment of, 11-9–11-10
numerical treatment of, 11-10–11-11
Component power flows, 3-10–3-11
Computational methods, electric power systems
optimal power flow
basic objective of, 5-13
dependent variables, limitations on, 5-22–5-24
independent variables, limitations on, 5-21–5-22
Lagrange multipliers, 5-14
steepest descent algorithm, 5-15–5-21
power flow
mismatch equations, 5-2
Newton–Raphson method, 5-5–5-13
power flow equations, 5-1
principle, 5-1
Computerized auction market structure, 15-9–15-11
Contingency enumeration, reliability assessment, 17-8–17-9
Continuity of supply, 17-1
Controlled rectifier
average output voltage, 24-42
gate circuit requirements, 24-36–24-37
HVDC transmission systems, 24-45–24-46
single-phase H-bridge rectifier circuits with thyristors, 24-37–24-40
three-phase controlled AC to DC rectifier systems, 24-40–24-41
three-phase thyristor AC to DC rectifier systems, 24-46–24-47
thyristor
gate current injection, 24-35
increasing applied voltage, 24-34
rectifier circuit vs. single diode rectifier circuit, 24-35–24-36
temperature, 24-35
v-i characteristic of, 24-36
virtual representation and operation, 24-33–24-34
thyristor-based inverters, 24-42–24-45
Cost-benefit analysis, 18-10
Cost curve development
coincidence factor–load factor relationship, 21-22–21-23
unit demand cost components, 21-23–21-26
Cost-of-service study
cost assignment step, 21-5–21-6
cost classification step, 21-5
cost functionalization step, 21-5
net operating income, 21-6
principal cost analysis, 21-4–21-5
return on equity, 21-6
return on investment, 21-6
12-CP allocation factor, 21-12
Critical flashover (CFO) voltage, 7-1
Current-fed PWM inverter, 26-9
Current-limiting reactor faults, TRV for, 12-13–12-14
Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), 19-8
Customer reliability indices, 19-8
D
Darlington transistor, 23-4–23-5
Demand and energy loss analysis
annual unitized load duration curves, 21-14–21-16
34.5 kV subsystem, 21-16–21-17
load-and no-load-related losses, 21-14–21-15
transformer’s energy load loss, 21-17–21-18
Dependent variables, limitations on, 5-22–5-24
Deterministic power flow studies, 20-2–20-3
Deterministic reliability criteria, 17-2–17-3
DFIG, see Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
Diode conduction mechanism, 24-2–24-3
Diode rectifier
with capacitive load, 26-3
with inductive load, 26-2
Direct lightning strokes
corona under lightning, 7-16–7-17
definition, 7-1
effects of induction, 7-15–7-16
illustration of, 7-2
outage rates by
definition, 7-11
to shielded lines
advantages, 7-5
effective surge impedance, 7-5
insulator voltage profile, 7-6
significant parameters, 7-9–7-11
Disconnectors and breakers, 10-16–10-17
Distribution Company (DISTCO), 15-7
Distribution reliability indices, 19-7–19-9
Distribution system reliability, 19-6-19-7
Dividend, 22-5
Dividend yield, 22-16
Double phase-to-ground fault, 2-3, 4-7
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), 28-2, 28-5, 28-6, 28-8–28-14
Dynamic security assessment, 19-5
E
Earnings, 22-3
Earnings per share (EPS), 22-16
Electric cost-of-service study, 21-3–21-4
cost curve development, 21-21–21-26
cost-of-service study framework, 21-4–21-7
demand and energy loss analysis, 21-14–21-21
electric cost-of-service study, 21-3–21-4
electric rate designs, 21-21
fundamental components, 21-1–21-2
large commercial or industrial rate, 21-2–21-3
load diversity analysis, 21-10–21-14
minimum distribution system analysis, 21-7–21-10
rate design methodology, 21-26–21-29
residential or small commercial rate, 21-2
Electric rate designs, 21-21
Energy Management Company (EMCO), 15-7–15-8
Energy Mercantile Association (EMA), 15-8–15-9
Energy Service Company (ESCO), 15-7–15-8
Energy Service Supplier (ESS), 15-7–15-8
Energy storage capacity, 26-5–26-6
Error back-propagation learning rule, 16-3
Expected energy not served (EENS), 19-4
Externally gapped line arrester (EGLA), 13-2–13-3
External transients
computation of
circuit breakers, 10-8
gas-to-air bushings, 10-9
power transformers, 10-9
surge arresters, 10-8
three-phase models, 10-9–10-10
on overhead connections, 10-6
transient electromagnetic fields, 10-6–10-7
transient enclosure voltages, 10-4–10-6
F
Fast decoupled power flow solution, 3-9–3-10
Fault, 4-1
Fault analysis
causes of faults, 4-1
definition, 4-1
interruption process, 12-1–12-2
types
balanced three-phase fault, 4-4–4-5
double phase-to-ground fault, 4-7
single phase-to-ground fault, 4-5–4-6
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 15-7
Finance
capital structure, 22-9
time value of money, 22-7–22-9
Financial ratios
dividend yield, 22-16
earnings per share, 22-16
net profit margin, 22-14
operating profit margin, 22-14
payout ratio, 22-15
price-to-book, 22-16
price-to-earnings, 22-15–22-16
profitability ratios, 22-14
return on capital employed, 22-15
return on equity, 22-15
Financial risk
capital asset pricing model, 22-11–22-12
financial options, 22-12–22-13
Fixed assets, 22-5
Fixed or mechanically switched capacitors, 27-4
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
controller’s applications
Channel Tunnel Rail Link, 27-36–27-37
Convertible Static Compensator in NewYork, 27-39–27-40
500 kV Winnipeg-Minnesota Interconnection, 27-36
STATCOM “Voltage Controller,” 27-37–27-38
unified power flow controller, 27-38–27-39
hybrid compensation
interline power flow controller (IPFC), 27-33–27-34
unified power flow controller (UPFC), 27-32–27-33
unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), 27-34–27-35
origin, 27-1
self-commutated shunt compensators
multilevel converters, 27-12–27-15
principles of operation, 27-11–27-12
semiconductor devices, 27-18
STATCOM design principles, 27-15–27-18
VAR compensator topology, 27-10
series compensation
static synchronous series compensator, 27-27–27-32
shunt compensators
fixed or mechanically switched capacitors, 27-4
synchronous condensers, 27-4
thyristorized VAR compensators, 27-4–27-10
superconducting magnetic energy storage, 27-20–27-21
thyristor-controlled series compensation, 27-32
thyristorized and self-commutated compensators, 27-18–27-20
Forward market, 15-10
Four-bus power system, one-line diagram of, 3-4
Frequency-domain and time-domain, 26-9–26-10
Full-wave rectifiers
electrical schematic of, 24-5
industrial applications, 24-8
single-phase full-wave H-bridge rectifier, 24-6–24-7
soft-charge resistor-contactor arrangement, 24-8–24-9
Futures market, 15-10
G
Gas-to-air bushings, 10-9
Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO), 23-3
Generation Company (GENCO), 15-7
Generator impedances, 2-3
Generator sequence circuit models, 4-2
GFD, see Ground flash density (GFD)
Goodwill, 22-5
Grid-side converter control, 28-14–28-15
Ground flash density (GFD), 6-4–6-5
GTO, see Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)
H
Harmonic current-free AC/DC power conversion system, 26-11
Harmonic current sources, 26-2–26-3
Harmonic detection methods, 26-10
Harmonic limit calculations, 24-13–24-15
Harmonic mitigating techniques, 24-15
Harmonic voltage sources, 26-2–26-3
High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems, 28-6, 28-17, 28-18
transmission systems
advantages, 24-45
schematic representation of, 24-45–24-46
Hill climbing searching (HCS) control, 28-14
Hole, 24-2
Horizontally integrated industry, 15-6–15-7
HVDC systems, see High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems
Hybrid active filters, 26-8–26-9
Hybrid passive filters, 26-8–26-9
I
Identified loads, 26-2
IEEE and IEC standards
transmission system transients, grounding
IEEE Std 81.2-1991, 11-16–11-17
IEEE Std 81-1983, 11-16
IEEE Std 367-1996, 11-17
IEEE Std 837-2002, 11-17
IEEE Std 524a-1993, 11-17
for improving the lightning performance, 11-18
for instrumentation and control equipment grounding, 11-18
for insulation coordination, 11-18
protection against lightning, 11-16
for protective grounding of power lines, 11-17–11-18
for safety in AC substation grounding, 11-15–11-16
IGCT, see Integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT)
Independent contract administrator (ICA), 15-8
Independent system operator (ISO), 15-8
Independent variables, limitations on, 5-21–5-22
Indirect lightning strokes
doubly infinite single-conductor line
return-stroke-current, 8-7–8-10
effects of shield wires, 8-12–8-13
illustration of, 8-2
induced voltage
of doubly infinite single-conductor line, 8-6–8-9
effects of shield wires on, 8-12–8-13
equivalent circuit of transmission line with, 8-4–8-5
linearly-rising and falling return-stroke current, 8-17–8-18
on multiconductor lines, 8-10–8-12
linearly-rising and falling return-stroke current, 8-17–8-18
multiconductor lines, 8-10–8-12
outage rates caused by nearby lightning strokes, 8-14–8-17
stochastic characteristics, 8-13–8-14
total outage rates, 8-17
Inductive impedance
AC reactor vs. DC link choke, 24-18–24-19
three-phase line reactors, 24-15–24-17
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 23-6–23-8
Insulation coordination
flashover characteristics, of air insulation
altitude, 14-6
effect of atmospheric conditions, 14-5–14-6
effect of insulator, 14-5
electrode configuration, 14-5
insulator contamination, 14-6–14-7
surge arresters, application of, 14-8–14-11
flashover probability, 14-2–14-3
insulation characteristics, 14-2
nonself-restoring insulation, 14-1–14-2
self-restoring insulation, 14-1
Integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT), 23-8–23-9
Integrated series active filters
experimental results, 26-13–26-15
operating principle, 26-11–26-12
system configuration, 26-10–26-11
Interline power flow controller (IPFC), 27-33–27-34
Inverters
application, 25-1
fundamental issues, 25-2
line-commutated, 25-1–25-2, 25-11–25-12
modern, 25-2
L
Lagrange multipliers, 5-14
Least-cost planning, 18-9
Liabilities, 22-2
Lightning strike, 19-12
Lightning strokes
generation mechanism
correlation between lightning parameters, 6-6–6-7
incidence of lightning, 6-7–6-8
lightning current parameters
for negative flashes, 6-3
for positive flashes, 6-6
parameters for electric power engineering
Line-commutated inverters, 25-1–25-2, 25-11–25-12
Line-fed faults, TRV for, 12-10–12-13
Line (feeder or circuit) impedances, 2-3
Line sequence circuit models, 4-3
Load bus (P–Q bus), 3-7
Load diversity analysis
building production capacity, 21-12
coincidence factor, 21-12–21-13
12-CP methodology, 21-12
customer’s peak demand, 21-11–21-12
demand allocation factors, 21-13–21-14
demand-related cost drivers, 21-10–21-11
monthly load shapes, 21-10–21-11
Local area reliability, 17-12–17-14
Loss of load expectation (LOLE), 19-4
Low-pass broadband filter, 24-21–24-22
M
Market Company (MARKCO), 15-8–15-9
Maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV), 13-3–13-4
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), 28-14–28-16, 28-20–28-22
Metal oxide surge arresters, 13-2–13-3, 13-5–13-6, 13-14
Mid-America Interpool Network (MAIN), 15-13
Minimum distribution system analysis
minimum-intercept or zero-intercept methodology, 21-8
primary feeder system, 21-7
protective devices, 21-8
regression analysis, 21-9
transformer classification analysis, 21-10
Module-integrated inverter topology, 28-21
Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI), 19-8
Monte Carlo power flow studies, 20-3–20-4
Monte Carlo simulation, reliability assessment, 17-9–17-10
Motor impedance, 2-3
MPPT, see Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
Multiconductor lines, 8-10–8-12
Multilayer perceptron, 16-1–16-2
Multilayer soil effects, 11-11–11-12
Multilevel converters
with single-phase inverters, 27-13–27-14
three-level neutral-point clamped topology, 27-13
Multilevel inverters, 25-7–25-11
Multi-objective decision analysis
trade-off analysis, 18-11
utility function methods, 18-10–18-11
Multi-pulse rectifier techniques
active harmonic compensation, 24-32–24-33
autotransformer, drawbacks, 24-31–24-32
harmonic mitigation technique, 24-32
12-pulse techniques
autotransformer method, 24-25–24-27
hybrid 12-pulse method, 24-24–24-25
three winding isolation transformer method, 24-22–24-24
18-pulse techniques
autotransformer methods, 24-29–24-30
modified windmill construction of, 24-30–24-31
schematic representation of, 24-28
N
Negative sequence networks, 2-11–2-12
Negative sequence voltage vectors, 2-8
Net profit margin, 22-14
Network reliability management company (NETRELCO), 15-13
Newton–Raphson method, 3-8–3-9
power flow, computational methods, 5-5–5-13
Nongapped line arrester (NGLA), 13-2–13-3
Nonself-restoring insulation, 14-1–14-2
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 19-2-19-3
O
Operating profit margin, 22-14
Operating voltage issue, 15-4
Optimized multilevel converters, 27-14–27-15
OptiSlip wind turbine generators, 28-4
Outage rates
caused by nearby lightning strokes, 8-14–8-17
direct lightning strokes
definition, 7-11
Overvoltages
caused by indirect lightning strokes
doubly infinite single-conductor line, 8-6–8-10
of doubly infinite single-conductor line, 8-6–8-9
effects of shield wires on, 8-12–8-13
equivalent circuit of transmission line with, 8-4–8-5
illustration of, 8-2
linearly-rising and falling return-stroke current, 8-17–8-18
multiconductor lines, 8-10–8-12
on multiconductor lines, 8-10–8-12
outage rates caused by nearby lightning strokes, 8-14–8-17
stochastic characteristics, 8-13–8-14
total outage rates, 8-17
by direct lightning strokes
corona under lightning, 7-16–7-17
definition, 7-1
effects of induction, 7-15–7-16
illustration of, 7-2
significant parameters, 7-9–7-11
Owner’s equity, 22-2
P
Paid-in capital, 22-5
Passive crowbar topology, 28-8–28-9
Payout ratio, 22-15
Penalty function, 5-22
Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) power pool, 15-13
Per-unit scaling system
advantages and disadvantages, 1-1
circuit with elements in, 1-3
impact on transformers, 1-4–1-7
per-unit scaling equation, 1-1
Phase-to-ground fault calculation, 2-16–2-17
Phase-to-phase fault calculation, 2-12–2-13, 4-6–4-7
Photovoltaic (PV) power systems
inverters, topologies and control, 28-21–28-22
topologies
centralized inverter topology, 28-20
module-integrated inverter topology, 28-21
string inverter topology, 28-20–28-21
Planning and operational analysis, probabilistic methods; see also Power system planning
analytical probabilistic power flow studies, 20-4–20-6
available transfer capability (ATC), 20-6–20-8
deterministic power flow studies, 20-2–20-3
expected financial income from transmission tariffs, 20-8–20-10
Monte Carlo power flow studies, 20-3–20-4
stochastic ATC, 20-8
stochastic power flow studies
solar photovoltaic energy resources, 20-11
wind energy resources for, 20-10
uncertainty, in power system engineering, 20-1–20-2
Planning environments
competitive framework
capacity expansion problem definition, 15-11–15-12
computerized auction market structure, 15-9–15-11
fully evolved marketplace, 15-6–15-9
market structure, 15-6
regulated environment, 15-12–15-14
transmission planning, 15-14
Planning market, 15-11
Positive sequence networks, 2-10
Positive sequence voltage vectors, 2-8
Power bipolar junction transistor, 23-4–23-5
Power electronics
for PV power systems
PV inverters, topologies and control, 28-21–28-22
for wind power systems
for control and grid integration of wind turbine generators, 28-2–28-9
control of power electronic converters, 28-9–28-16
for wind power plants, 28-16–28-18
Power flow
computational methods, electric power systems
mismatch equations, 5-2
Newton–Raphson method, 5-5–5-13
power flow equations, 5-1
principle, 5-1
optimal, computational methods
dependent variables, limitations on, 5-22–5-24
independent variables, limitations on, 5-21–5-22
Lagrange multipliers, 5-14
steepest descent algorithm, 5-15–5-21
Power flow analysis
basic power flow equations, 3-7–3-8
bus admittance matrix, 3-3
bus classifications, 3-7
component power flows, 3-10–3-11
four-bus power system, 3-4
generalized power flow development, 3-7–3-8
off nominal turns ratio transformer, 3-3
one-line diagram, power system, 3-2
P–V buses, 3-6
solution methods
fast decoupled power flow solution, 3-9–3-10
Newton–Raphson method, 3-8–3-9
Power flow development, generalized, 3-7–3-8
Power semiconductor devices
asymmetrical silicon-controlled rectifier, 23-4
gate turn-off thyristor, 23-3
insulated-gate bipolar transistor, 23-6–23-8
integrated gate-commutated thyristor, 23-8–23-9
power bipolar junction transistor, 23-4–23-5
reverse-conducting thyristor, 23-4
Power signal feedback (PSF) control, 28-14
arenas, 18-2
assessment, 18-9
choice of
cost-benefit analysis, 18-10
to minimize revenue requirements, 18-10
multi-objective decision analysis, 18-10–18-11
risk, 18-12
considerations, 18-1
description, 18-1
entities, 18-2
generation planning, 18-9
generation vs. transmission vs. least-cost planning, 18-2
least-cost planning, 18-9
long-term vs. short-term planning, 18-2
principal elements, 18-1
problems
demand management, 18-3
market and strategic options, 18-3
planning and operating criteria, 18-3
setting standards or criteria, 18-8
transmission planning, 18-9
Power system reliability
annual variations in, 19-15
component reliability data, 19-10–19-11
distribution reliability indices, 19-7–19-9
distribution system reliability, 19-6-19-7
overhead distribution fault, sequence of events, 19-7
probabilistic security assessment, 19-5-19-6
storms and major events, 19-9–19-10
system adequacy assessment, 19-3-19-4
system security assessment, 19-4-19-5
utility reliability problems
bears, bison, and cattle, 19-13
birds, 19-13
insects, 19-13
lightning, 19-12
mice, rats, and gophers, 19-14
snakes, 19-13
squirrels, 19-13
transformer failures, 19-11–19-12
tree contact, 19-12
underground cable, 19-11
vandalism, 19-14
Power system single line diagram, 2-9
Power transformers, 10-9
Price-to-book, 22-16
Price-to-earnings, 22-15–22-16
Pricing, see Electricity pricing Probabilistic reliability assessment methods
contingency enumeration approach, 17-8–17-9
contingency enumeration vs. Monte Carlo simulation, 17-10
Monte Carlo approach, 17-9–17-10
Probabilistic security assessment, 19-5-19-6
Profitability ratios, 22-14
12-Pulse techniques
autotransformer method, 24-25–24-27
hybrid 12-pulse method, 24-24–24-25
three winding isolation transformer method, 24-22–24-24
18-Pulse techniques
autotransformer methods, 24-29–24-30
modified windmill construction of, 24-30–24-31
schematic representation of, 24-28
P–V buses, 3-6
R
Rate design methodology, 21-26–21-29
RCT, see Reverse-conducting thyristor (RCT)
Rectifiers
controlled rectifier
average output voltage, 24-42
gate circuit requirements, 24-36–24-37
HVDC transmission systems, 24-45–24-46
single-phase H-bridge rectifier circuits with thyristors, 24-37–24-40
three-phase controlled AC to DC rectifier systems, 24-40–24-41
three-phase thyristor AC to DC rectifier systems, 24-46–24-47
thyristor-based inverters, 24-42–24-45
definition, 24-1
uncontrolled rectifiers
average output voltage, 24-11–24-12
capacitor-based passive filters, 24-20–24-22
diode conduction mechanism, 24-2–24-3
full-wave rectifiers, 24-5–24-9
harmonic limit calculations, 24-13–24-15
harmonic mitigating techniques, 24-15
inductive impedance, 24-15–24-19
multi-pulse techniques, 24-22–24-33
single-phase half-wave rectifier circuits, 24-3–24-5
three-phase rectification, 24-12
three-phase rectifiers, 24-9–24-11
variable frequency drive, 24-12–24-13
Regional transmission organization (RTO), 15-8
Regulated business environmental model, 15-12–15-14
Reliability, see Transmission plan evaluation
Renewable energy, power electronics
for PV power systems
PV inverters, topologies and control, 28-21–28-22
for wind power systems
for control and grid integration of wind turbine generators, 28-2–28-9
control of power electronic converters, 28-9–28-16
for wind power plants, 28-16–28-18
Retained earnings, 22-5
Return on assets (ROA), 22-14–22-15
Return on capital employed, 22-15
Return on equity, 22-15
Reverse-conducting thyristor (RCT), 23-4
S
Self-commutated shunt compensators
multilevel converters
with single-phase inverters, 27-13–27-14
three-level neutral-point clamped topology, 27-13
principles of operation, 27-11–27-12
semiconductor devices, 27-18
STATCOM design principles
coupling reactor design, 27-15–27-17
dc capacitor design, 27-17–27-18
VAR compensator topology, 27-10
Self-restoring insulation, 14-1
Series active filters
control circuit, 26-13
system configuration, 26-7–26-8
Series capacitor bank, 9-5
Series passive filter, 24-20
SF6 insulation, 10-16
Shielded lines
advantages, 7-5
effective surge impedance, 7-5
insulator voltage profile, 7-6
Short-term price forecasting, ANN
architecture, 16-9
Shunt active filters
on commercial base in Japan, 26-15
system configuration, 26-5, 26-7–26-8
for three-phase four-wire system, 26-16
Shunt capacitor bank, 9-5
Shunt compensators
fixed or mechanically switched capacitors, 27-4
synchronous condensers, 27-4
thyristorized VAR compensators, 27-4–27-10
Shunt passive filter, 24-20–24-21
Single-phase half-wave rectifier circuits
electrical schematic of, 24-3
modified circuit of, 24-4
voltage across load resistor, 24-4–24-5
Single-phase H-bridge rectifier circuits with thyristors, 24-37–24-40
Single-phase inverters, 25-2–25-3, 27-13–27-14
Single phase to ground fault, 2-2
Single phase-to-ground fault, 4-5–4-6
Slack bus, 3-7
Soil ionization, treatment of, 11-13–11-14
Solar photovoltaic energy resources, 20-11
Squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG), 28-2, 28-3, 28-5, 28-8–28-10, 28-16, 28-17
Stability issue, 15-4
STATCOM design principles
coupling reactor design, 27-15–27-17
dc capacitor design, 27-17–27-18
State Public Utility Commission (SPUC), 15-7
Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
compensation strategies
boosting or in-phase compensation, 27-25–27-26
magnitude of the compensated voltage, 27-23
minimum power injection, 27-26
power circuit design
coupling transformer, 27-31
PWM voltage-source inverter, 27-30–27-31
secondary ripple filter, 27-31
reference signal generation
Pythagoras method, 27-26–27-27
sequence components in synchronous reference frame, 27-28–27-29
synchronous reference frame method, 27-27–27-28
voltage-source converter, 27-22–27-23
Steepest descent algorithm, 5-15–5-21
Stochastic ATC, 20-8
Stochastic power flow studies
solar photovoltaic energy resources, 20-11
wind energy resources for, 20-10
String inverter topology, 28-20–28-21
Superconducting magnetic energy storage, 27-20–27-21
Supply point reliability
assessment methods
cost of interruptions, 17-5–17-6
reliability measures, 17-4–17-5
system indices, 17-5
types, 17-4
deterministic or probabilistic reliability criteria, 17-3
prediction of, 17-3
Surge arresters, 10-8
application of
effect of surge reduction techniques, 14-11
energy, 14-9
34.5-kV system application, 14-9–14-10
500-kV system application, 14-10–14-11
TOV, 14-9
applications of
distribution transformer protection, 13-15
protection from lightning flashovers, 13-15
to protect overhead transmission lines, 13-14
station protection, 13-13
on transmission line towers, 13-14
and auxiliary equipment, 13-1–13-3
definition, 13-1
metal oxide surge arresters, 13-2
modeling
Cigre model, 13-10
frequency-dependent surge arrester models., 13-9
IEEE model parameters, 13-10–13-11
SiC arrester, 13-12
selection by energy rating, 13-7–13-8
Switchgear tests and standards
IEC and harmonized IEEE TRV ratings, 12-16
IEEE and IEC standards, 12-14
interpolated TRV ratings, 12-15
short-line fault TRV capability, 12-17
Switching surges
series capacitor bank applications, 9-5
shunt capacitor bank applications, 9-5
shunt reactor applications, 9-5–9-6
transmission line switching operations
DC trapped charge, 9-2
oscillating trapped charge, 9-3
phase-to-ground surges, 9-3–9-4
phase-to-phase surges, 9-4
Symmetrical components
“a”operator, 2-6
double phase to ground fault, 2-3
fundamental principles of, 2-6
general three-phase circuit, 2-2
negative sequence networks, 2-11–2-12
phase and sequence relationships, 2-7–2-10
phase-to-phase fault, equivalent circuit, 2-2
positive sequence networks, 2-10
sample phase-to-ground fault calculation, 2-16–2-17
sample phase-to-phase fault calculation, 2-12–2-13
sample three-phase fault calculation
at bus T2L, 2-11
single phase to ground fault, 2-2
three-phase fault, equivalent circuit, 2-2
zero sequence networks, 2-13–2-16
Synchronous condensers, 27-4
System adequacy assessment, 19-3-19-4
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), 19-8
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), 19-8
System reliability, see Transmission plan evaluation
System security assessment, 19-4-19-5
T
TEV, computation of
earthing grid, 10-12
Thermal overload issue, 15-4
Three-level neutral-point clamped topology, 27-13
Three-phase controlled AC to DC rectifier systems, 24-40–24-41
Three-phase fault calculation
at bus T2L, 2-11
Three-phase inverters, 25-3–25-6
Three-phase line reactors, 24-15–24-17
Three-phase rectifiers, 24-9–24-11
Three-phase three-wire system, 26-3
Three-phase thyristor AC to DC rectifier systems, 24-46–24-47
gate current injection, 24-35
increasing applied voltage, 24-34
rectifier circuit vs. single diode rectifier circuit, 24-35–24-36
for soft charging DC bus of voltage source inverters
principle of operation, 24-43–24-45
thyristor assist clamp circuit, 24-43
temperature, 24-35
v-i characteristic of, 24-36
virtual representation and operation, 24-33–24-34
Thyristor-controlled series compensation, 27-32
Thyristor converters, 28-6
Thyristorized and self-commutated compensators, 27-18–27-20
Thyristorized VAR compensators
combined TSC and TCR configuration, 27-9–27-10
thyristor-controlled reactor, 27-7–27-8
thyristor-switched capacitors, 27-5–27-7
VAR compensation characteristics, 27-8–27-9
Trade-off analysis, 18-11
Transformer failures, 19-11–19-12
Transformer-fed faults, TRV for, 12-5–12-6
Transformer impedances, 2-3
Transformer sequence circuit models, 4-3
Transient electromagnetic fields, 10-6–10-7
Transient recovery voltage (TRV)
analysis principles, 12-2–12-4
for capacitor bank switch opening, 12-6–12-10
for current-limiting reactor faults, 12-13–12-14
definition, 12-1
fault interruption process, 12-1–12-2
for line-fed faults, 12-10–12-13
switchgear tests and standards, 12-14–12-17
for transformer-fed faults, 12-5–12-6
Transient security assessment, 19-5
Transmission Company (TRANSCO), 15-7
Transmission line switching operations
DC trapped charge, 9-2
oscillating trapped charge, 9-3
phase-to-ground surges, 9-3–9-4
phase-to-phase surges, 9-4
application examples
local area reliability, 17-12–17-14
major manufacturing complex, 17-10–17-12
bulk power system reliability
continuity of supply, 17-1
deterministic reliability criteria, 17-2–17-3
reliability objectives, 17-1–17-2
probabilistic reliability assessment methods
contingency enumeration approach, 17-8–17-9
contingency enumeration vs. Monte Carlo simulation, 17-10
Monte Carlo approach, 17-9–17-10
supply point reliability
deterministic or probabilistic reliability criteria, 17-3
Transmission system transients, grounding
complex electrode shapes
analytical treatment of, 11-9–11-10
numerical treatment of, 11-10–11-11
conducting layer over insulator, 11-12–11-13
design process, 11-14
design recommendations, 11-15
electrode dimensions, 11-3–11-6
ground electrode impedance, 11-8
IEEE and IEC standards
IEEE Std 81.2-1991, 11-16–11-17
IEEE Std 81-1983, 11-16
IEEE Std 367-1996, 11-17
IEEE Std 837-2002, 11-17
IEEE Std 524a-1993, 11-17
for improving lightning performance, 11-18
for instrumentation and control equipment grounding, 11-18
for insulation coordination, 11-18
protection against lightning, 11-16
for protective grounding of power lines, 11-17–11-18
for safety in AC substation grounding, 11-15–11-16
inductance grounded, 11-1
initial transient response from capacitance, 11-6–11-8
material properties, 11-2–11-3
multilayer soil effects, 11-11–11-12
resistance grounded, 11-2
resonant grounded, 11-2
self-capacitance of electrodes, 11-6
soil ionization, treatment, 11-13–11-14
TRV, see Transient recovery voltage (TRV)
TSR control, 28-14
U
Uncertainty
in power system engineering, 20-1–20-2
power system planning
construction, 18-6
high-risk, low-probability events, 18-7
markets and capital recovery, 18-7
models of, 18-4
new technologies, 18-6
regulation, 18-7
Uncontrolled rectifiers
average output voltage, 24-11–24-12
capacitor-based passive filters, 24-20–24-22
diode conduction mechanism, 24-2–24-3
full-wave rectifiers, 24-5–24-9
harmonic limit calculations, 24-13–24-15
harmonic mitigating techniques, 24-15
inductive impedance, 24-15–24-19
multi-pulse techniques, 24-22–24-33
single-phase half-wave rectifier circuits, 24-3–24-5
three-phase rectification, 24-12
three-phase rectifiers, 24-9–24-11
variable frequency drive, 24-12–24-13
Unidentified loads, 26-2
Unified power flow controller (UPFC), 27-32–27-33
Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), 27-34–27-35
Utility reliability problems
bears, bison, and cattle, 19-13
birds, 19-13
insects, 19-13
lightning, 19-12
mice, rats, and gophers, 19-14
snakes, 19-13
squirrels, 19-13
transformer failures, 19-11–19-12
tree contact, 19-12
underground cable, 19-11
vandalism, 19-14
V
VAR compensator topology, 27-10
Variable frequency drive (VFD), 24-12–24-13
Very fast transients (VFT), GIS
definition, 10-1
effects on equipment
bushings, 10-17
disconnectors and breakers, 10-16–10-17
enclosure and cable interfaces, 10-17
secondary equipment, 10-17
SF6 insulation, 10-16
transformers, 10-16
modeling guidelines and simulation
internal transients, computation of, 10-7–10-10
statistical calculation, 10-14
testing and simulation, 10-12–10-14
TEV, computation of, 10-10–10-12
propagation of
external transients, 10-4–10-7
internal transients, 10-3–10-4
Voltage-controlled bus (P–V bus), 3-7
Voltage-fed PWM inverter, 26-9
Voltage magnification circuit, 9-5
W
Wind energy resources, 20-10
Wind power systems
for control and grid integration of wind turbine generators
wind turbine type 1, 28-2–28-3
wind turbine type 2, 28-3–28-5
wind turbine type 3, 28-5–28-9
wind turbine type 4, 28-9–28-10
control of power electronic converters
for wind turbine type 3, 28-11–28-15
for wind turbine type 4, 28-15–28-16
for wind power plants, 28-16–28-18
Wind turbine type 1
for control and grid integration of wind turbine generators, 28-2–28-3
Wind turbine type 2
for control and grid integration of wind turbine generators, 28-3–28-5
Wind turbine type 3
for control and grid integration of wind turbine generators, 28-5–28-9
control of power electronic converters
generator-side converter control, 28-11–28-12
grid-side converter control, 28-14–28-15
maximum power point tracking, 28-12–28-14
Wind turbine type 4
for control and grid integration of wind turbine generators, 28-9–28-10
control of power electronic converters, 28-15–28-16
Working capital, 22-5
Wound-rotor induction generator (WRIG), 28-2–28-5
Z
Zero sequence networks, 2-13–2-16
Zero sequence voltage vectors, 2-9